Suchergebnisse

THE AUTHOR STUDIES THE INTERPLAY OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FORCES ON STABILIZATION BY EXAMINING STABILIZATION EXPERIENCES IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA AND THREE SUCCESSOR STATES -- SLOVENIA, CROATIA, AND MACEDONIA. FIRST, HE DISCUSSES STABILIZATION EFFORTS IN YUGOSLAVIA, FOCUSING ON THE COALITIONS THAT BLOCKED STABILIZATION AND REFORM. THEN HE EXAMINES THE EXPERIENCES OF SLOVENIA, MACEDONIA, AND CROATIA FROM 1991 TO 1994 TO ANALYZE HOW THE DEGREE OF SUCCESS WITH STABILIZATION CORRESPONDS TO SUCCESS IN INSTITUTION BUILDING AND CREATING SOCIAL CONSENSUS. HE CONCLUDES WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF SEPARATION AND ON LONG-TERM PROSPECTS IN THE THREE SUCCESSOR STATES.

NATIONALISM IS OFTEN REFLECTED ON THE LINGUISTIC LEVEL IN TERMS OF LANGUAGE PURISM. EFFORTS TO ELIMINATE FOREIGN ELEMENTS AND RETURN THE LANGUAGE TO AN EARLIER, "MORE AUTHENTIC" STATE HAVE BECOME ESPECIALLY PROMINENT IN CROATIA IN RECENT YEARS. HOWEVER, THE RISE OF CROATIAN LINGUISTIC PURISM CANNOT BE TRACED SOLELY TO THE EVENTS SURROUNDING THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA; RATHER, IT IS MOTIVATED BY A COMPLEX COMBINATION OF FACTORS REFLECTING THE UNIQUE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LANGUAGE. THE PRESENT PAPER IS AN ATTEMPT TO TRACE THE DEVELOPMENT AND SCOPE OF THE CURRENT TREND TOWARDS LANGUAGE PURISM IN CROATIA, FOCUSING SPECIFICALLY ON PUBLICATIONS THAT HAVE APPEARED IN RECENT YEARS WHICH PROMOTE CHANGES IN LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL USAGE AND THE EXTENT TO WHICH SUCH CHANGES HAVE BEEN ADOPTED IN THE LANGUAGE OF MEDIA.

THERE ARE AT LEAST TWO TYPES OF NATONALISM -- PRODUCTIVE AND DISTRIBUTIVE -WHICH ARE QUITE DIFFERENT IN NATURE AND LEAD TO VERY DIFFERENT OUTCOMES. IN THIS ESSAY, THE AUTHOR CONCENTRATES ON DISTRIBUTIVE NATIONALISM IN AN EFFORT TO DEMONSTRATE THAT IT INVOLVES AN ECONOMIC RATIONALITY THAT LEADS TO DISINTEGRATION, DUE TO ASYMMETRIES AMONG ECONOMIC ACTORS INHERITED FROM THE PRE-DISINTEGRATION SYSTEM AND OTHERS PRODUCED DURING THE PROCESS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONALISTIC POLICIES, WHICH LEADS TO POLICIES THAT FAVOR ONE GROUP OF ACTORS TO THE DETRIMENT OF THE ECONOMY AT LARGE. HE DISCUSSES THE ECONOMIC RATIONALE OF DISINTEGRATION AND THE BASIC ELEMENTS FOR A DISTRIBUTIVE NATIONALISTIC OUTCOME IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA. THEN HE SHOWS THAT, EVEN DURING THE ADVANCING DISAGGREGATION, FORCES AND BEHAVIORS EXIST THAT MAY EITHER FAVOR OR COUNTERACT THE PROCESS OF DISINTEGRATION. HE CONSIDERS NATIONALISM AS A PUBLIC GOOD WHERE THE PUBLIC NATURE OF THE GOOD POSES A FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION OF COLLECTIVE ACTION THAT MUST BE SOLVED IF THE NATIONALISTIC MOVEMENT IS TO BE SUCCESSFUL; THEN HE APPLIES THIS INTERPRETATION TO CROATIA AND SERBIA. HE ARGUES THAT REDISTRIBUTIVE PROCESSES ARE MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR WITHIN A NATIONAL GROUP THAN AMONG DIFFERENT NATIONAL GROUPS.

LANGUAGE POLITICS IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA HAS RESULTED IN "LANGUAGE DEATH" AND THE BIRTH OF 3 NEW STANDARD LANGUAGES SINCE 1991. SERBS AND CROATS SHARED A UNIFIED LANGUAGE TRADITION, BUT NEVER TRULY HAD A UNIFIED STANDARD LANGUAGE. IN ORDER TO MAKE SUCH A DETERMINATION, THREE MODELS OF LINGUISTIC UNITY ARE OFFERED: CENTRALLY-MONITORED UNITY; IMPOSED UNITY; AND TOLERANT UNITY. SERBS AND CROATS ATTEMPTED ALL THREE MODELS OF LANGUAGE UNITY BUT FAILED. REASONS FOR SUCH FAILURE ARE CONSIDERED. BY PERUSING RECENTLY PUBLISHED DICTIONARIES, GRAMMARS ORTHOGRAPHIC MANUALS, AND POLEMICAL ARTICLES ON CROATIAN, BOSNIAN AND SERBIAN, THE AUTHOR DRAWS CONCLUSIONS REGARDING THEIR FUTURE VIABILITY, MEANS BY WHICH THESE LANGUAGES ARE BEING DIFFERENTIATED AND PROSPECTS FOR THE EMERGENCE OF A FOURTH SUCCESSOR LANGUAGE - MONTENEGRIN.

THE AUTHOR DISCUSSES THE BACKGROUND TO YUGOSLAVIA'S CIVIL WAR AND THE WEST'S RESPONSE TO IT.

THE AUTHOR COMPARES THE BREAKUP OF YUGOSLAVIA TO A DIVORCE. THE SIX REPUBLICS AND THE TWO AUTONOMOUS PROVINCES MUST COME TO TERMS WITH ONE ANOTHER AND DIVIDE THEIR PROPERTY AS IN A DIVORCE SETTLEMENT, CREATING SOME UNPLEASANT ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL REALITIES FOR ALL PARTICIPANTS.

WHEN SERBIA'S PRESIDENT SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC REFUSED TO SIGN A POLITICAL AGREEMENT, NATO MOUNTED IN YUGOSLAVIA THE BIGGEST MILITARY OPERATION IN ITS HISTORY. EVERY INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION IS NOW DEEPLY ENGAGED IN THE AREA. AT EVERY STAGE OF THE YUGOSLAV WAR, WHICH HAS LASTED FOR ALMOST A DECADE, THE WEST DEALT WITH THE IMMEDIATE CRISIS, BUT REFUSED TO LOOK AT THE REGION AS A WHOLE. AS A RESULT IT IS POSSIBLE THAT WHEN ALL THE FIGHTING IS OVER, THE REGION WILL REVERT TO ITS TRADITIONAL ROLE AS EUROPE'S PERIPHERY, A ZONE WHICH IS THEORETICALLY PART OF THE CONTINENT, BUT SOMEHOW STILL NOT INTEGRATED.

YUGOSLAVIA IS NOW IRREVERSIBLY ON THE ROAD TO A MULTI-PARTY SYSTEM AS THE FRAMEWORK IN WHICH BOTH THE FATE OF DEMOCRACY AND THE FUTURE OF THE YUGOSLAV FEDERATION WILL BE DETERMINED. THAT AT LEAST IS QUITE CERTAIN, ALTHOUGH THE FATE OF NEITHER DEMOCRACY NOR YUGOSLAVIA IS CERTAIN. OLD HABITS AND SYSTEMS DIE HARD, AND NEW ONES ARE DEVELOPING WITH MANY FALSE OR AMBIGUOUS STARTS. DESPITE AN EVER FREER PRESS AND POLITICAL LIFE, MANY OLD INSTITUTIONS CONTINUE TO FUNCTION AS IF NOTHING HAS CHANGED. BUT MULTI-PARTY FREE ELECTIONS HAVE BEEN MANDATED FOR ALL YUGOSLAV FEDERAL UNITS BEFORE THE END OF 1990.