Children are more likely to develop and reach their full potential when they are protected from disease, provided proper nutrition, and live in stimulating and safe environments. Unfortunately, many children are deprived of nurturing care and favorable environment. In the Philippines, one-third of children under five years old were stunted based on 2015 estimates. This study aims to contribute in determining appropriate strategies for early childhood care and development interventions (ECCD) for the first 1000 days in a child's life by conducting a situation analysis in selected local government units in the province of Samar. It aims to examine the contextual factors underlying ECCD-F1KD interventions with emphasis on the policy and governance, the inputs and processes of planning and implementation of ECCD-F1KD programs and services, and the nurturing care practices of parents and caregivers. Results from the study emphasize, among others,the need for greater focus and resources to address current malnutrition problems and prevent malnutrition among children in the future. Likewise, there is a need for more integratedplanning amongst local offices and clearer delineation of roles for ECCD F1KD initiatives. There is also a need to establish objective metrics during planning and implementation, as well as capacitation of LGUs to conduct monitoring and evaluation. The capacity of the human resources and health infrastructure must also be improved through ample capacitation and compensation for personnel, as well as rethinking deployment of health workers and positioning of health facilities to improve access to health and nutrition services. Finally, initiatives must be designed to improve health and nutrition knowledge of parents, to provide safe environments for children, and to promote sustainable livelihoodsso that households can better provide nurturing care.
Despite the Philippines' sustained economic growth, persistently high malnutrition remains to be a significant issue in the country, especially in a number of subnational regions. This clearly illustrates the urgent need to examine the formulation and delivery of health and nutrition initiatives particularly for children in their first 1000 days at the local level. This integrative report draws together the key findings from the situation analyses concerning early childhood care and development (ECCD) for the first 1000 days (F1KD) of children in three UNICEF-KOICA areas namely Northern Samar, Western Samar and Zamboanga del Norte. The key objective is to examine the contextual factors that influence the delivery of ECCD-F1KD efforts in these areas. The discussion is partitioned into three key themes: policy and governance, the delivery ECCD-F1KD programs and services, and the nurturing care practices of parents and caregivers. The analyses implemented qualitative analysis of primary data gathered through interviews and focus group discussions with key stakeholders such as local chief executives, local planners and budgeting officers, program managers, frontline workers and parents/caregivers. This is supplemented by other documents that include data on health budgets and key nutrition indicators. The study found that access to and delivery of ECCD-F1KD programs and services is greatly affected by the following factors - lack of economic development/opportunities for most of the LGUs leading to low tax revenue base and poor capacity of many households to access such interventions; lack of integrated planning at the LGU level; lack of coordination in planning and budgeting; the absence of proper monitoring and evaluation; questionable quality of data coming from the OPT; lack of capacity of volunteer health workers; overburdened midwives; difficulty of reaching GIDAs due to security concerns and geographical barriers; and lack of awareness in some parents and even in local government leaders/officials, among others.
This study investigated the challenges facing the planning of Early Childhood Care, Development and Education [ECCDE] in Gwagwalada area council of FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. Descriptive research survey design was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprised sixty (60) respondents. Simple random technique was used to select the population. Questionnaire was used as data collecting instrument for the study. Test-retest was employed to determine the reliability of the instruments. Data collected were analyzed using simple percentage and Chi-square test. The result collected established that there is significant relationship between challenges and planning of early child education programme in Gwagwalada area council. The result also revealed that the following are the challenges facing the planning of early child education programme in Gwagwalada area council of FCT, Abuja, Nigeria; inadequate data/information, inadequate funding of planning, inadequate planning tools, political influence, political instability, administrative bottleneck and poor capacity development programme for educational planners. The result also showed that the implication of challenges facing the planning of early child education programme in Gwagwalada are responsible for poor implementation of early child education programme in Nigeria. The paper recommends that the government should increase the funding of early child education programme.etc. ; This study investigated the challenges facing the planning of Early Childhood Care, Development and Education [ECCDE] in Gwagwalada area council of FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. Descriptive research survey design was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprised sixty (60) respondents. Simple random technique was used to select the population. Questionnaire was used as data collecting instrument for the study. Test-retest was employed to determine the reliability of the instruments. Data collected were analyzed using simple percentage and Chi-square test. The result collected established that there is significant relationship between challenges and planning of early child education programme in Gwagwalada area council. The result also revealed that the following are the challenges facing the planning of early child education programme in Gwagwalada area council of FCT, Abuja, Nigeria; inadequate data/information, inadequate funding of planning, inadequate planning tools, political influence, political instability, administrative bottleneck and poor capacity development programme for educational planners. The result also showed that the implication of challenges facing the planning of early child education programme in Gwagwalada are responsible for poor implementation of early child education programme in Nigeria. The paper recommends that the government should increase the funding of early child education programme.etc.
(1) Background: The last few decades have seen researchers giving considerable attention to the physical context of early childhood care and development (ECCD) centers because many of the underlying processes that link physical context are quite similar to psychosocial environmental factors regarding child development. However, research on the physical environments, and the employees' understanding of the importance of physical environments, is often underestimated. The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of the physical environments of ECCD centers in the Cape Coast Metropolis, Ghana, and ascertain whether being a private or public center (center auspices) would be associated with the quality of its physical environment. A further inquiry into the educators' understanding of the importance of physical environment on children's developmental outcomes was made. (2) Methods: Using a sequential explanatory mixed-methods research design, all 160 ECCD centers in the Cape Coast Metropolis were assessed using a modified version of the Children's Physical Environment Rating Scale (CPERS) and a semi-structured interview guide. (3) Results: Descriptive statistics indicated that more than half of the ECCD centers, 56%, rated "fair" on the quality of their physical environment. Although the locations and sites of these centers were of good quality, other physical environmental characteristics (i.e., "Planning of the Centre", "Building as a Whole" and "Outdoor Space") of ECCD centers were also rated to be fair. A Chi-square test showed that center auspices (i.e., being private or public) were not significantly associated with the quality of the physical environments of the centers [χ(2) ((2)) = 2.490, p > 0.05], suggesting no significant difference between private and public ECCD centers in terms of the quality of their physical environment. A follow-up qualitative inquiry identified two themes as reasons why play yards in early years' schools were not good: a ''lack of funding" and "governmental support". (4) ...
This paper examined the existing funding strategies of Early Childhood Education (ECE) in Nigeria with a view to suggesting strategies for its better funding and sustenance. The paper recognised the commitment of the Nigerian Governments and the support of the community, individuals and foreign sponsors in funding ECE programmes. The paper however submitted that much more still needs to be done towards providing adequate funds for quality teachers/caregivers, supply of appropriate facilities and stimulating learning materials as well as supervision of ECCD programmes. Towards this end, increased government allocations, sustained international support, financial allocation to ECE teacher training institutions, equity funding and cost-sharing strategies were recommended.
The study is designed to establish baseline data of out of school children (OOSC) in twenty primary schools' catchment communities in Balanga, and Yamaltu Deba Local Government Areas of Gombe State. The study was carried out on school aged children according to 3-5 years pre-primary and 6-11 years primary school groups, in the two local government areas. Twenty (20) primary schools` catchment communities were targeted in the LGAs. Data were sourced directly from the households in the target communities by the researcher. The data was collected through a complete enumeration of the households in the target population using a designed questionnaire. Each household head within the catchment communities was interviewed and the results recorded on the form. The retrieved questionnaires were coded and entered into the pre-designed database in EXCEL for analysis and storage. The study identified a total of 6008 children of aged 3-11 among which 3338 are males, 2670 are females, being out-of-school in 20 target communities in the two local government areas in Gombe State. The study recommended that State Universal Basic Education Board (SUBEB) and Local Government Education Authority (LGEA) should establish Early Child Care and Development (ECCDE)Centres in the focus communities. Adequate facility should be provided to the affected catchment communities to accommodate children aged 3-5. And also to encourage and institutionalize community driven enrolment campaigns to attract both new and drop-out children back to school. To sustain retention and completion of children in focus schools, the stake holders should also galvanize efforts to make the learning environment child-friendly.
The aim of this study was to analyze the concurrent validity, test–retest reliability, and capacity to detect changes of four different portable devices used to measure a wide range of neuromuscular parameters derived from countermovement jump (CMJ). An accelerometric device (Myotest), a jump mat (Ergojump), an optical device (Optojump), and a smartphone app (MyJump) were simultaneously examined for concurrent validity against gold-standard measures (motion-capture system and a force platform). Twenty-two CMJ-derived variables were collected from 15 healthy male subjects (n = 60 CMJs). Contraction time (CT) and eccentric duration (EccD) measurements obtained from the Myotest were moderately to largely associated with and not different from force platform measurements (r = 0.31 to 0.64, ES = 0.11 to 0.18) and showed moderate test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.92 to 0.97, coefficient of variation (CV) = 3.8 to 8.0%). Flight time (FT) and jump height (JH) from Ergojump, Optojump, and MyJump showed moderate to strong associations with gold-standard measurements (r = 0.57 to 0.98) and good test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.54 to 0.97, CV = 1.8 to 4.2). However, all portable devices underestimated JH (ES = 1.25 to 2.75). Independent of the instrument used, the analyzed CMJ variables showed good capacity to detect changes (standard error of measurement (SEM) < smallest worthwhile change (SWC)), with the exception of rate of force and rate of power development parameters, which showed marginal capacity (SEM > SWC). The Myotest is preferable to measure temporal parameters during ground contact, whereas Ergojump, Optojump, and MyJump devices may be preferable to measure FT and JH, with the Optojump being the most accurate.
Der Beitrag präsentiert Teilergebnisse einer Studie, in der die Verletzlichkeit und Widerstandskraft eritreischer Kinder mit qualitativen Methoden erforscht wird. 30 im Krieg geborene Eritreerinnen und Eritreer reflektierten retrospektiv ihre Befindlichkeit in Kriegs- und Nachkriegsphasen ihres Landes. Die Analyse anhand der Theorie sequentieller Traumatisierung (Keilson, Becker) bekräftigte zwei auch im Kontext "entwickelter" Gesellschaften relevante Aspekte: 1. die nachhaltig destruktive Auswirkung früher Gewalt- und Deprivationserfahrungen und 2. die Bedeutung konstruktiver, möglichst früh einsetzender Unterstützung für betroffene Kinder. In diesem Sinn werden Elemente eines in afrikanischen Ländern realisierten Early Childhood Care and Development - Programms als Anregung zu sozialpolitischem Handeln diskutiert.Schlüsselwörter Von Krieg betroffene Kinder; Armut; sequentielle Traumatisierung; Familien- und Jugendpolitik ; This article presents some findings of a qualitative study focussing on the vulnerability and resilience of Eritrean children. Thirty in-depth-interviews conducted with Eritreans born in war-time revealed their development during and after the wars in their country. The analysis conducted according to the sequential trau-matisation theory (Keilson, Becker) confirmed two aspects also relating to "developed" societies: 1. a lasting destructive effect of violence and deprivation experiences in childhood and 2. the sig-nificance of providing children with constructive support as early as possible. Elements of Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD) programmes are being discussed to stimulate socio-political action.Keywords Children affected by war; poverty; sequential traumati-sation; family and juvenile policies ; Cet article présente les résultats d'une recherche sur les conséquences à long terme de la guerre sur les enfants et propose des réflexions sur le soutien des enfants confrontés à des problèmes extrêmes, également dans des sociétés développées.Une analyse empirique menée en Erythrée se trouve au cœur de cette étude : 30 Erythréennes et Erythréens nés pendant la guerre ont été interrogés et ont livré leur interprétation personnelle de la guerre et de l'après-guerre. L'analyse de ces interviews a été effectuée sur la base de la théorie du traumatisme séquentiel développée par Hans Keilson (2005) qui conseilla des enfants juifs persécutés après la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, et a été reprise par David Becker (2004, 2006) qui apporta une aide psychologique aux victimes de tortures sous le régime de Pinochet au Chili. Cette théorie est applicable dans divers contextes avec un potentiel de traumatisme spécifique, dans lequel résident les causes d'une souffrance psychique individuelle.L'analyse menée en Erythrée a confirmé qu'il existe un lien évident entre les symptômes psychiques (peurs intenses, souffrances extrêmes, maladies physiques, etc.) et la violence qui résulte de la guerre, la destruction et la pauvreté, même si ces symptômes ne sont reconnus que 20 ans plus tard. Il a également clairement été démontré que les phases d'après-guerre, de par leurs conséquences psycho-sociales et économiques et une transformation sociale rapide, possèdent un potentiel de traumatisme spécifique et souvent sous-estimé.L'âge et le degré de maturité des enfants confrontés pour la première fois à une violence extrême sans aucune protection sont des facteurs déterminants, aussi bien chez Keilson que dans le groupe érythréen. Il est apparu qu'une guérison totale après une confrontation précoce à une violence politique et la peur de la mort qui en résulte est impossible.Cependant, un soutien psycho-social précoce a permis à un grand nombre de victimes de devenir des adultes capables d'agir de façon individuelle et de s'engager au niveau social dans une réalité pour le moins difficile. Les éléments qui se sont révélés bénéfiques pour le développement de leur personnalité furent en premier lieu : la création d'une sécurité au moins relative dans une dimension physique ainsi que sociale et émotionnelle, l'expérience d'une cohésion sociale et de relations réciproques également dans des contextes de guerre, l'incitation à l'apprentissage, une estime socioculturelle dominante pour les enfants, ainsi que la médiation vivante et adaptée en fonction de l'âge d'un espoir politique pour un avenir meilleur.En conclusion, l'article présente un des programmes de soutien aux enfants connu dans de nombreux pays africains, le programme Early Childhood Care and Development, orienté vers les familles et leurs enfants, du plus jeune âge jusqu'à leur entrée à l'école. Grâce au conseil en éducation intégré apporté aux parents et défini par l'expression parenting enrichment, la favorisation de réseaux sociaux et la participation des groupes cibles, il est possible, malgré la faiblesse des ressources, d'intégrer un grand nombre de familles confrontées à des situations difficiles.Des programmes aux composantes similaires pourraient également être instaurés dans des pays développés pour encourager la responsabilité politique au niveau social et familial, afin de pouvoir agir en faveur des enfants face aux crises économiques mondiales, à la pauvreté croissante et à la souffrance psychologique.
The government is attempting to obtain the access of Early Childhood Education pro- grams providing educational assistance. Unfortunately, the government has spent funds to calculate the unit costs that should not occur in the real world of education. In consequence, the aims of this study are to (1) calculate the amount of operational unit costs for Early Childhood Education pro- grams, and (2) enumerate variations and projections of the amount of the operational unit costs in Early Childhood Education programs by region category. This study uses quantitative data with pop- ulation of all Early Childhood Education institutions in Indonesia. The unit of analysis of this re- search is Early Childhood Education institutions consisting of kindergarten, Playgroup, Daycare, and ECCD units. The findings are that the highest operating unit cost is in TPA because there is a full day of service. Next is a Kindergarten institution because at this institution already has a special curriculum to prepare the child proceed to the level of basic education. Then the unit cost is the highest area in the eastern region. Recommendation in determining the amount of financial assistance it is necessary to consider the amount of operational unit costs so that the purpose of providing fi- nancial assistance is to improve access and quality can be achieved. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Operational Unit Cost, Fund Aid Reference Afmansyah, T. H. (2019). Efektifitas Dan Efisiensi Pembiayaan Pendidikan. INA-Rxiv Paper. https://doi.org/10.31227/osf.io/5ysw4 Akdon. (2015). Manajemen Pembiayaan Pendidikan. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Aos, S., & Pennucci, A. (2013). K–12 CLASS SIZE REDUCTIONS AND STUDENT OUTCOMES: A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE AND BENEFIT–COST ANALYSIS. Washington State Institute for Public Policy, (13), 1–12. Azhari, U. L., & Kurniady, D. A. (2016). 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Unsere Lebensmittel haben eine zweifache, auch vom Gesetz vorgegebene Zweckbestimmung, d.h. sie dienen einerseits dem Genuss und andererseits der Ernährung. Aktuelle For-schungsstrategien in der Lebensmittelchemie auf diesen Gebieten lassen sich dahingehend zusammenfassen, dass im ersten Bereich die Suche nach wirksamen Aromastoffen und deren Vorläufern sowie auch zunehmend Probleme der Herkunftsanalytik im Vordergrund stehen. Auf dem Gebiet der Ernährung spiegeln die Schlagworte "Funktionalität" und "Bioaktivität" die derzeitigen Entwicklungen wider. Für alle Bereiche bilden instrumentell-analytische Techniken die Grundlage für Bewertungen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit haben wir daher das uns zur Verfügung stehende analytische Potential genutzt, in den oben genannten Gebieten einschlägige Beiträge zu leisten, d.h. die Suche nach wertgebenden Aromastoffen fortzuführen, Zuckerkonjugate zu untersuchen, die sowohl als Aromavorläufer als auch im Hinblick auf Bioaktivitätsstudien von Bedeutung sein können, und schließlich Methoden zur Herkunftsanalytik zu forcieren. Zu diesen Studien sind als attraktive und wirtschaftlich be-deutsame Rohwaren Rucola (Eruca sativa Mill.) und Kaffee (Coffea arabica) eingesetzt worden. Mit Hilfe der Kopplung aus S-selektiver Detektion und strukturselektiver massen-spektro-metrischer Analytik sind in Extrakten von Rucolablättern 22 schwefelhaltige Verbindungen strukturell charakterisiert worden. Darunter befanden sich neben Minorkomponenten wie 3-Sulfanyl-1-hexanol, Glucosinolatabbauprodukte wie 4-Methylthiobutylnitril, 4-Methylthiobutylthiocyanat und 4-Methylthiobutylisothiocyanat. Mit [1,3]-Thiazepan-2-thion ist eine bislang nicht bekannte Komponente erstmals beschrieben wor-den. Das Vorkommen von 3-Sulfanyl-1-hexanol, welches im Übrigen anhand von MDGC-MS-Analytik in nahezu racemischer Form (44:56 Prozent, R:S) in Rucola gefunden wurde, forderte dazu heraus, in einer Modellstudie eine allgemeine Methode zur Bestimmung der Absolutkonfiguration azyklischer 2- und 3-Sulfanyl-1-alkanole mittels der ECCD-Methode zu entwickeln. Dabei wurden in einer Ein-Schritt-Synthese die funktionellen Grup-pen der 2- und 3-Sulfanyl-1-alkanole (in der Studie handelte es sich um enantiomerenreine 2- und 3-Sulfanyl-1-hexanole) jeweils mit dem Chromophor 9-Anthroylflourid derivatisiert. Die ent-sprechenden CD-Splitkurven erlaubten eine eindeutige Zuordnung der Konfiguration. Die entwickelte Mikro-Maßstab-Methode wurde ebenfalls er-folgreich zur Bestimmung der Absolutkonfiguration von in der Studie als zusätzliche Modellverbindungen eingesetzten 1,2- und 1,3-Diolen angewendet. 3-Sulfanyl-1-hexanol wurde abschließend in einer Zwei-Schritt-Synthese mit 9- und 2-Anthroylflourid derivatisiert, auch diese Variation erlaubte eine eindeutige Zuordnung der Absolutkonfiguration. Mittels präparativer HPLC-Techniken wurden drei neue Flavonoidglykoside aus Rucolablättern isoliert. Deren Charakterisierung erfolgte mittels Tandemmassenspektrometrie sowie ein- und zweidimensionalen NMR-Messungen. Die Verbindungen sind als Quercetin-3,3',4'-tri-O-beta-D-glucopyranosid, Quercetin-3'-(6-sinapoyl-O-beta-D-gluco-py-ra-nosyl)-3,4'-di-O-beta-D-gluco-pyranosid und Quercetin-3-(2-sinapoyl-O-beta-D-gluco-pyranosyl)-3'-(6-sina-poyl-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-4'-O-beta-D-gluco-py-rano-sid identifiziert worden. Diese Quercetin-Derivate zeigten sowohl hinsichtlich der Glucosilierung des Aglykons (an den Positionen 3, 3' und 4') als auch bezüglich der Acylierung ungewöhnliche Strukturen. Bei Rohkaffee hat man bislang keine Studien über das Vorkommen von Zuckerkonjugaten als Aromastoffvorläufer durchgeführt. Wir konnten diese Lücke anhand der Strukturaufklärung der nachfolgend aufgeführten Verbindungen schließen. Durch Kombination verschiedener präparativer Techniken (CCC, LC und HPLC) mit verschiedenen Methoden der Strukturaufklärung (HRGC-MS, HPLC-MS/MS, ein- und zweidimensionale NMR) sind aus Rohkaffee fünf Aromastoffprekursoren isoliert und identifiziert worden. Für die beiden aus Rohkaffee isolierten Linalyldisaccharide wurden als Strukturen 3(S)-Linalyl-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-alpha-L-arabinofuranosid (AK1) und 3(S)-Linalyl-3-O-beta-D-gluco-pyranosyl-(1-6)-beta-D-apiofuranosid ermittelt. Weiterhin sind erstmals drei neue Aromastoffprekursoren in Form von Zuckerestern, d.h. (3-Methylbutanoyl)-1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-apiofuranosid, (3-Methylbuta-noyl)-6-O-alpha-D-gluco-pyranosyl-(1-2)-beta-D-fructofuranosid und (3-Methyl-2-butenoyl)-O-beta-D-gluco-pyranosyl-beta-D-apio-furanosid in Rohkaffee charakterisiert worden. Die Kenntnis der Herkunft bestimmter Lebensmittel bzw. einzelner In-haltstoffe spielt für die Lebensmittelindustrie eine wichtige Rolle. Für die Zuordnung der geographischen Herkunft von Rohkaffee wurden in dieser Arbeit die 13C/12C-, 2H-/1H- und 18O/16O-Verhältnisse von extrahiertem Coffein mittels Elementaranalysator-Isotopen-massen-spektro-metrie (EA-IRMS) bestimmt. Zur Bewertung der Multielement-Messwerte wurden diese statistischen Berechnungen unterzogen. Zur Anwendung kamen die Lineare Diskrimi-nanzanalyse (LDA) und die Auswertung mittels sog. "Classification and Regression Trees" (CART). In der Anpassung wurde dabei eine Probe aus der Klasse 1 (Provenienz Afrika) der Klasse 2 (Provenienz Amerika) zugeordnet und eine Probe der Klasse 2 der Klasse 1 zugeordnet (Fehlerrate von 5,1 Prozent). Bei Kreuzvalidierung wurden drei der 39 Proben falsch zugeordnet (jeweils zwei der Klasse 1 und eine der Klasse 2), die Fehlerrate betrug hier somit 7,7 Prozent. Die Proben der Klasse 3 (synthetisches Coffein) ließen sich zu 100 Prozent von denjenigen natürlichen Ursprungs unterscheiden. ; Our foods exhibit two functions defined by legislation, too, i.e. to provide pleasure and nutri-tive effects. Current research strategies in food chemistry in these areas can be summarized as follows, i.e. that in the first-mentioned area the search for effective aroma substances and their precursors as well as, increasingly, also problems of authenticity assessments predominate. In the area of nutrition, the highlights "functionality" and "bioactivity" reflect the actual research trends. In all areas instrumental-analytical techniques form the fundament of evaluations. Thus, we used our analytical potential to provide new informations in the above-mentioned areas, i.e. to continue the search for valuable aroma compounds, to study sugar conjugates being important as flavour precursors and for bioactivity studies, as well as, finally, to strengthen methods for authenticity assessment. For these studies rocket salad (Eruca sativa Mill.) and green coffee (Arabica coffea), both known as attractive industrially important raw materials, were used. In flavour extracts of rocket salad leaves we characterized 22 sulphur-containing constituents by means of HRGC-MS/SCD analysis. This analytical tool allows parallel detection of com-pounds eluting from the GC column by mass spectrometry (to get structural information) and by chemiluminescence (to get selectively signals of sulphur-containing substances). Among the identified constituents we detected minor compounds such as 3-sulfanyl-1-hexanol, by-products of myrosinase hydrolysis such as 4-methylthiobutyl nitrile, 4-methylthio-butyl thiocyanate and 4-methylthiobutyl isothiocyanate as well as [1,3]-thiazepan-2-thion, the latter described for the first time. By means of multidimensional GC-MS (MDGC-MS) the enantiomeric ratio of 3-sulfanyl hexanol was determined as 44 per cent (R) to 56 per cent (S). In addition, a method for the determination of the absolute configuration of chiral 2- and 3-sulfanyl-1-alkanols (and 1,2 diols and 1,3 diols as model compounds) was developed. We demonstrated for the first time that the CD exciton chirality method can be extended to acyclic 2- and 3-sulfanyl-1-alkanols. The simple one-step derivatization using the 9-anthroate chromophore provided a general microscale method for the determination of the absolute configuration. Exciton coupling between the two 9-anthroate chromophores led to intense positive split CD curves for the (R)-configured 2-sulfanyl-1-alkanols and the (S)-configured 3-sulfanyl-1-alkanols as well as vice versa. The developed method was also useful for the stereochemical assignment of 1,2- and 1,3-diols. Furthermore, the application of the two step-derivatization using two different chromophores for both functional groups (2- and 9-anthroate) also resulted in mirror image split CD curves for both enantiomers, allowing the stereochemical assignment of 3-sulfanyl-1-alkanols. Three novel flavonoid glycosides were isolated of leaves of rocket salad by means of preparative techniques. Structural elucidation was performed using LC-MS/MS as well as one and two dimensional NMR experiments. The compounds were identified as quercetin 3',4'-tri-O-beta-D-gluco-py-ra-no-side, quercetin 3'-(6-sinapoyl-O-beta-D-gluco-pyra-no-syl)-3,4'-di-O-beta-D-gluco-py-ra-no-side and quercetin 3-(2-sinapoyl-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-3'-(6-sinapoyl-O-beta-D-gluco-pyra-no-syl)-4'-O-beta-D-gluco-py-rano-side. These quercetin derivatives exhibited unusual structures as to the glucosylation of the aglycones (at positions 3, 3' and 4') and the type of acylation. Studies of bound flavour precursors in green coffee beans (Coffea arabica) have not been carried out to date. We were able to fill out this gap by means of structural analysis of the following compounds. By combination of different preparative analytical steps (CCC, LC and HPLC) with several analytical methods of structural elucidation (HRGC-MS, HPLC-MS/MS, one and two dimensional NMR experiments) five flavour precursors were isolated and identi-fied in green coffee beans. The two isolated linalool disaccharides were identified as 3(S)-linalyl-3-O-beta-D-gluco-py-ra-nosyl-(1-6)-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside and 3(S)-linalyl-3-O-beta-D-gluco-pyra-no-syl-(1-6)-beta-D-apiofuranoside. In addition, three novel flavour precursors were identified as sugar esters, i.e. (3-methyl-butanoyl)-1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-apiofuranoside, (3-methylbutanoyl)-6-O-alpha-D-gluco-pyranosyl-(1-2)-beta-D-fructo-furano-side and (3-Methyl-2-buteno-yl)-O-beta-D-gluco-pyranosyl-beta-D-apio-furanoside. The knowledge of the origin of food and its ingredients is actually one of the major topics for the food industry. For the assignment of the geographic origin of green coffee we determined the ratios of 13C/12C, 2H/1H and 18O/16O of extracted caffeine by means of elemental analysator/isotopic mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS). To check the suitability of the analytical data obtained by EA-IRMS we used statistical calculations, i.e. (i) linear discrimination analysis (LDA) and (ii) validation via classification and regression trees (CART). In the course of adap-tion one sample of class 1 (origin Africa) was assigned to class 2 (origin middle and south America) and vice versa, resulting in an error rate of 5.1 per cent. Using cross validation three of the 39 analyzed samples were assigned incorrectly resulting in an error rate of 7.7 per cent. Samples of class 3 (synthetic caffeine) were discriminated from that of natural origin at a rate of 100 per cent.
Investing in young children is the responsible thing to do. All children deserve a chance to grow into healthy, educated, and competent people, no matter where and when they were born. While parents bear most of the responsibility for raising their children, especially in the early years of life, governments also have an important role during this critical time of human capital accumulation. For example, governments can ensure that all expectant mothers and young children have access to quality health services and nutrition. They can support parents and other caregivers in providing a positive and stimulating environment for children from birth on by promoting parenting information programs, investing in direct services such as home-based visits, funding daycare centers and preschools, or providing financial incentives to access good quality programs for infants and children. This Early Childhood Development (ECD) guide presents lessons and experiences that have been useful in informing the policy debate about ECD interventions and the design of such programs across the world. Whether the user of this guide is at the initial stage of deciding whether to expand an ECD portfolio or already in the program design stage, the content offers a range of evidence- based options to inform policy and investment choices.
