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Economic outcomes have long been neglected by students of social movements. However, recently a number of studies have emerged addressing this topic. This chapter reviews works on economic outcomes of social movements. Economic impacts of social movements are defined here as pertaining to the economic sphere either in terms of government actions to regulate the economy/impose redistribution/reform the practices of companies and corporations, or to changes in social practices and individual behavior with respect to consumption. As such, the current review addresses scholarship on movements' attempts to attain government regulation in markets, governments' direct interventions in markets, and changes in market rules and practices in the social sphere.

To evaluate the relative importance of a culture of cooperation and inclusive political institutions, I divide Europe into 120 km×120 km grid cells, and exploit the exogenous variation in both institutions created by medieval history. I document strong first‐stage relationships between present‐day norms of respect and trust and the severity of consumption risk—i.e. climate volatility—over the period 1000–1600 and between the inclusiveness of present‐day regional political institutions and the factors that raised the returns on elite‐citizenry investments—i.e. terrain ruggedness and direct access to the coast. Building on these first stages, I show that only culture has a first‐order effect on income, even after controlling for country fixed effects, proxies for the alternative roles of the excluded instruments, factors modulating the roles of institutions, and intermediate outcomes. Two possible explanations for these results are that more inclusive regional political institutions might have impeded, in the early modern era, state‐building and market integration, and that in modern representative democracies, they are irrelevant in easing the monitoring of politicians by voters when the latter are not morally compelled to punish political malfeasance or the former have weak civic virtues. Macro and micro evidence supports these ideas.

Forschung von Linguisten, Psychologen und Kognitionswissenschaftlern hat gezeigt, dass die grammatikalischen und lexikalischen Strukturen von Sprachen die Wahrnehmung des Menschen beeinflussen. Diese Hypothese der linguistischen Relativität wurde in den letzten Jahren von Ökonomen aufgegriffen und es wurde begonnen den Einfluss von Sprachstrukturen auf ökonomische Ergebnisse und die Überzeugungen von Menschen zu untersuchen. Ich untersuche in dieser Dissertation empirisch, wie sich die strukturellen Unterschiede zwischen Sprachen auf die Überzeugungen von Menschen und ihre ökonomischen Erge...

Abstract. The paper undertakes a detailed analysis of health and economic outcomes of COVID 19 pandemic. The paper explains the need for governments to implement steps like partial lock downs in major metropolitans of the world to safe guard the public and contain the outbreak. The paper discusses the economic risks and opportunities for both developed and developing countries due to this ongoing pandemic. There is a risk of a recession and thus the author presents few steps that the governments and institutions of international governance can take to prevent a steep trough in business cycle. For a country like Pakistan, economic response to the pandemic may also include improvement of regional ties, especially with neighboring India; creating thriving domestic economy by promoting entrepreneurship and further strengthening domestic and regional commerce.Keywords. Health economics, Pandemic, Economic outcomes, Covid-19.JEL. H51, H75, I00, I30.

We use a large-scale representative survey of households from October 19-21 that elicits respondents' expectations about the presidential election's outcome as well as their economic expectations to document several new facts. First, people disagree strongly about the likely outcome of the election, despite widespread publicly available polling information. Most Democrats are very confident in a Biden win while most Republicans are very confident in a Trump win. Second, respondents predict a fairly rosy economic scenario if their preferred candidate wins but a dire one if the other candidate wins. Since most respondents are confident in their favored outcome, unconditional forecasts are similar across parties despite the fact that underlying probability distributions and conditional forecasts are very different. Third, when presented with recent polling data, most voters change their views by little unless they are independent and/or have relatively weak priors about the outcome. Information that emphasizes the uncertainty in polling data has larger effects in terms of reducing polarization in expected probabilities over different electoral outcomes. Fourth, exogenous information that changes individuals' probability distribution over electoral outcomes also changes their unconditional forecasts in a corresponding manner. These changes in economic expectations in turn are likely to affect household economic decisions.