The subject of the research is the dynamics of the volume of state support for domestic producers. The purpose of the research is to assess the current state, trends in providing state support for domestic producers, as well as to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of such state measures. Methods of the research. Methodological basis for the research was the use of a set of general scientific and special methods of research: generalizations and scientific abstraction (when opening the conceptual and categorical apparatus of the investigated problems); historical and logical (for conducting research of the field of scientists on the necessity of state intervention in the activity of the subjects of state administration); extrapolation (in determining the possibility of implementing existing world experience into the domestic practice); spatial (in the process of revealing national peculiarities of providing state support to economic entities); the graphical method of visualization (to clearly show the trends in the state support of domestic economic entities), econometric modeling (to clarify the casualty of budget support volumes with targets). Results of work. The paper shows that the main goals that state aid should aim at are to correct «market mechanism failures»: positive externalities, inefficient competition; public goods; unemployment. On the basis of the analysis of the effectiveness of state aid, it is concluded that the amount of budget expenditures on research funding and infrastructure development have a positive impact on economic development. In contrast, promoting full employment by providing budget support to producers is not effective enough. Scope of application of results: general government. Conclusions. Provision of state support for correcting the failures of the market mechanism is appropriate and justified as it ensures the achievement of the purpose of existence and activity of the state as an entity created to ensure the efficient development of the economy and satisfy the ...
The article is concerned with the role and development of governance effectiveness evaluation practices. Key features of the new theoretical and methodological basis for contemporary administrative reforms are carefully examined in this paper, particularly advantages and disadvantages of different evaluation models, and possibilities for its usage in public administration.
Extensive research has shown that land use and transportation features are linked by a complex, yet identifiable, set of relationships, hence, in order to interpret this link and relationship, there are just a few investigations and models, especially in IRAN. Nowadays, Transportation Plans rarely acknowledge any feedback effects from transportation improvements on land use, and thereby ignore these effects in plan evaluation. This omission has the potential consequence of exaggerating mobility and environmental benefits of transportation projects and undervaluing the potential benefits of land use or transportation policies.This paper uses the main concepts of transportation efficiency of metropolitan transportation systems. It offers a neural model to measure and assess land use and transportation system efficiency. Besides the fact that many different factors work simultaneously, shaping our land use and its transportation efficiency, such as agricultural features, socioeconomic parameters, environmental parameters and so on, but in order to evaluate land use‐transportation efficiency, it is useful to consider just transportation infrastructure parameters. As long as through a region, land use conditions (especially transportation facility efficiencies) results in different travel behaviors, the region were divided into zones and are defined by individual or combinations of land use and transportation variables, such as network connectivity, pedestrian environment, density of activities, and other transportation infrastructure attributes. This neural‐based model uses GIS‐based data for each parcel of land use to evaluate its transportation efficiencies and result in percent of SOV (Self Occupancy Vehicle) trips through the region. SOV trip rates serve as a tool currently used for the evaluation of any land use and transportation efficiency through the region. The main concept of such an evaluation index is based on the fact that in a region, fulfilling the transportation accessibility needs will result in less use of SOV trips and vice versa.The model was calibrated and validated in neural network based on Tehran city's GIS data and evaluated. In order to increase the accuracy of the results, the AHP Model was applied to operationlize various effects of input parameters into the neural model.The aim of this study was to increase acknowledgement of any feedback effects of transportation improvements on land use and providing such a tool for Transportation departments at state, federal and local levels. This model is a powerful tool to guide decision‐makers about whether to build new transportation facilities or maintain or improve the existing ones, evaluation of the land‐use efficiency and also comparing regions by some transportation facilities. Žemėnaudos ir transporto efektyvumo vertinimas Santrauka.Išsamūs tyrimai parodė, kad žemėnaudą ir transportavimo ypatumus sieja visuma identifikuojamų sąsajų, vis dėlto, siekiant paaiškinti tas sąsajas ir jų santykį, bent Irane, yra mažai tyrimų ir modelių. Nūdienos transporto planuose retai kada atsižvelgiama į transporto patobulinimą, įtaką žemėnaudai. Perdėtai teigiama transporto projektų nauda mobilumui ir aplinkai, nepakankamai įvertinant galimą žemėnaudos arba transporto politikos naudą. Straipsnyje remiamasi pagrindinėmis transporto efektyvumo didmiesčio transportavimo sistemoje sąvokomis. Siūlomas modelis išmatavus įvertinti žemėnaudą ir transportavimo sistemos efektyvumą. Kad būtų galima įvertinti transportavimo kiekviename žemėnaudos sklype efektyvumą ir nustatyti procentais privačių transporto priemonių reisus regione, naudojamasi GIS duomenimis. Pagal privačių transporto priemonių reisų dažnį pastaruoju metu vertinama žemėnauda ir transportavimo efektyvumas regione. Šio vertinimo esmė yra tai, kad regione, kuriame tenkinami transportavimo prieinamumo poreikiai, mažiau naudojama privačių transporto priemonių, ir atvirkščiai. Modelis buvo kalibruotas ir patvirtintas remiantis Teherano miesto GIS duomenimis ir įvertinimais. Siekiant padidinti rezultatų tikslumą AHP modelis buvo pritaikytas modeliuojant įvairią įvesties parametrų įtaką. Šio tyrimo tikslas – išryškinti transportavimo gerinimo žemės naudojimo atžvilgiu svarbą pristatant metodą valstybės, federalinės ir vietinės valdžios transporto departamentams. Šis modelis yra efektyvi priemonė, padedanti sprendimų priėmėjams nuspręsti, ar statyti naujas transportavimo infrastruktūras, ar atnaujinti, pagerinti esamas, jis paremtas žemės naudojimo efektyvumo įvertinimu ir leidžia palyginti regionus pagal kai kuriuos transportavimo ypatumus. Reikšminiai žodžiai: eismo vertinimas, žemėnauda, prieinamas, transportavimo efektyvumas, nervų sistemos tinklas. Оценка эффективности землепользования и систем транспортирования Резюме.Исследования показали, что землепользование и особенности транспортирования тесно взаимосвязаны. Для объяснения этой взаимосвязи в Иране существует несколько моделей. В настоящее время транспортные парки редко учитывают возможное, более совершенное применение земельных территорий. Это преувеличивает значение транспортных проектов для мобильности и окружающей среды и недостаточно учитывает возможную пользу от землепользования и транспортной политики. В статье основывались на концепциях эффективности транспортных систем больших городов. Предложена модель для оценки эффективности землепользования и систем транспортирования. Несмотря на то, что эффективность землепользования и транспортирования формируется на основании нескольких различных факторов (особенностей сельского хозяйства, социально-экономических, природоохранных параметров и др.), для оценки эффективности землепользования и транспортирования целесообразно оценивать лишь параметры транспортной инфраструктуры. Условия землепользования в масштабе региона обуславливают разное поведение при передвижении. Регион был поделен на зоны и охарактеризован индивидуальными и общими переменными, а именно: густотой сети, условиями для пешеходов, частотой транспортной инфраструктуры и другими чертами. Эта модель, основанная на структуре нервной системы, для каждого участка земли применяет данные ГИС для того, чтобы оценить эффективность транспортной системы и в процентном отношении эффективность рейсов транспортных средств в регионе. Частота самоходных транспортных средств в последнее время является средством оценки эффективности землепользования для транспортных нужд в регионе. Суть такой оценки заключается в том, что в регионе, в котором удовлетворяются потребности в возможностях транспортирования, используется меньше самоходных транспортных средств и наоборот. Модель была калибрована и утверждена на основании данных ГИС города Тегерана и соответствующих оценок. Целью исследования было выявить возможности улучшения транспортных условий с учетом землепользования и представить метод государственным, федеральным транспортным департаментам и местным властям. Модель может служить эффективным средством при принятии решения о том, создавать новые транспортные инфраструктуры или совершенствовать имеющиеся на основании оценки эффективности землепользования и сравнения регионов по особенностям транспортирования. Ключевые слова: оценка движения, землепользование, доступность, эффективность транспортирования, сеть нервной системы. First Published Online: 14 Oct 2010
A dissertation submitted to the School of Production Engineering and Management at the Technical University of Crete in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ; Summarization: The aim of this thesis is the evaluation of energy efficiency in EU countries and industrial sectors over the period 2000-10 and 2000-09, respectively. In the first stage of analysis in which the energy efficiency in 26 EU countries is evaluated, we follow a two-stage approach based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Multicriteria Decision Aiding approach (MCDA). The proposed two-stage DEA/MCDA approach can be easily used for benchmarking purposes, allowing for the formulation of a complete ranking of all countries under consideration, as well as the monitoring of the performance of a country over time using data solely at the country level, without having to resort to relative assessments in comparison to data from a set of peer countries. The results of the empirical analysis indicate that despite the considerable improvements achieved in terms of energy intensity, a more refined view of energy consumption and economic activity data shows that there is still much to be done to improve the actual energy efficiency of European countries. Additionally, the economic crisis of the past few years has had negative effects on energy efficiency. Furthermore, it is has been found that for European countries, the effect due to the consideration of the structure of their economic activity is stronger than the effect due to the introduction of a breakdown by their energy mix. Next, we extend our research to evaluating the energy efficiency trends of ten energy-intensive industries in 23 EU countries. Specifically, the performance of the construction, electricity, mining and quarrying, transport, food and tobacco, textiles and leather, pulp and paper, coke and chemicals, other non-metallic mineral and fabricated metal, machinery and equipment is examined. In the first stage, the DEA combined with the ...
The digitalization of accounting processes offers significant benefits, including increased efficiency and reduced errors in accounting data. However, the successful implementation of new and modernization of existing computer programs in the accounting system requires consideration of cost, technical, professional, and managerial factors. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of qualitative and quantitative parameters that can form the basis for making decisions on the integration of automated accounting data processing, robotic process automation, artificial intelligence, blockchain, or their combinations into existing systems for the full digitalization of accounting. The integration of software robots and artificial intelligence into accounting systems offers various benefits related to the creation of a non-standard environment where the generation, transfer, and exchange of traditional accounting information is accelerated and improved through the integration of data from other management systems and databases. These improvements contribute to the efficiency and reliability of the automated accounting system. The introduction of software components such as robotic process automation and artificial intelligence helps to free accounting staff from the routine of repetitive operations and ensures automatic prioritization and sequencing of accounting registration in the digital space. Integration of bots into an automated accounting system also facilitates document sharing and provides remote automated monitoring. This increases interaction between departments and improves control over operations that require additional attention from managers.To assess the effectiveness of such software solutions, the authors critically evaluate existing approaches to determining the qualitative indicators that are expected to be obtained after the introduction of software innovations and propose to supplement the performance criteria with quantitative indicators, among which are the time-saving ratio in document processing, the error rate and the resource-saving ratio. In conclusion, this study substantiates the need to consider quantitative parameters and coefficients that can be used to assess the effectiveness of implementing software solutions in automated accounting systems for the digitalization of financial information. The results emphasize the need for a holistic approach to assessing the effectiveness, reliability, and security of these solutions. Improved technical knowledge and training of accounting professionals in security assessment are crucial for the successful implementation and use of digitalization of accounting systems.
In this article, the modern system of regulation of the national banking sector is viewed, which, according to the author, needs theoretical judgment, structuring, disclosure of the maintenance of efficiency of functioning is considered. The system of regulation reveals on a system basis, it is offered to consider it as set of elements and the mechanism of their interaction which are formed taking into account target reference points of regulation. Thus it is emphasized that for regulation the contradiction is concluded: achievement of financial stability of functioning of the banking sector, as a rule, contains economic growth. The need for development of theoretical ideas of efficiency of regulation of the banking sector gains special relevance taking into account the latest events connected with revocation of licenses of commercial banks on implementation of bank activity, the high cost of credit resources for managing subjects, an insignificant contribution of the banking sector to ensuring rates of economic growth. The author offered criteria of efficiency of regulation of the banking sector to which are referred: functional, operational, social, and economic efficiency. Functional efficiency opens ability of each subsystem of regulation to carry out the functions ordered by the law. Operational efficiency describes correctness suffered by the regulator and commercial banks of the expenses connected with regulating influence. At last, social and economic efficiency is connected with degree of compliance of a field of activity of the banking sector to requirements of national economy, and responsibility of banking business before society. For each criterion of efficiency of regulation of the banking sector the set of the quantitative and quality indicators, allowing to give the corresponding assessment of the working model of crediting is offered. The aggregated expert assessment of the Russian system of regulation of the banking sector which is characterized as compensatory and satisfactory is given in article.
This article describes an approach to measuring efficiency of a set of units operating in an administrative public service context, namely real estate cadastral offices, a venue which has not been analysed previously in the reported literature. This study was madepossible thanks to the dataset provided by the Directorate General of Real Estate Cadastral Assessment and includes relevant information on regional cadastral offices in Spain over the time period 2000 to 2005. Data Envelopment Analysis and Malmquist indices were used to estimate the efficiency levels of these units. The results of these analyses revealed the existence of significant differences between average efficiency levels and the identification of efficient units throughout the period under consideration, although it is possible to detect a substantial improvement in technical efficiency for the last two years of the data collection period, when the new regulation about real estate evaluation came into effect. Likewise, the estimation of a second stage model based on bootstrap techniques highlights the importance of collaborating with other public sector agents to enhance efficiency levels. Points for practitioners This article provides an empirical analysis of units providing cadastral services in Spain using Data Envelopment Analysis. This technique is an excellent tool for professionals working in public management and administration since it is easy to implement and allows identifying the best performers among producers operating in a field, which can be considered as benchmarks for other units searching to improve their results. Ourresults confirm that the units collaborating with other public sector agents (mainly councils and notaries) accomplish enhanced performances in terms of efficiency. This evidence can be useful for policy-makers interested in reducing costs and improving the organization of administrative units.
Most of the tools and diagnosis models of Masticatory Efficiency (ME) are not well documented or severely limited to simple image processing approaches. This study presents a novel expert system for ME assessment based on automatic recognition of mixture patterns of masticated two-coloured chewing gums using a combination of computational intelligence and image processing techniques. The hypotheses tested were that the proposed system could accurately relate specimens to the number of chewing cycles, and that it could identify differences between the mixture patterns of edentulous individuals prior and after complete denture treatment. This study enrolled 80 fully-dentate adults (41 females and 39 males, 25 ± 5 years of age) as the reference population; and 40 edentulous adults (21 females and 19 males, 72 ± 8.9 years of age) for the testing group. The system was calibrated using the features extracted from 400 samples covering 0, 10, 15, and 20 chewing cycles. The calibrated system was used to automatically analyse and classify a set of 160 specimens retrieved from individuals in the testing group in two appointments. The ME was then computed as the predicted number of chewing strokes that a healthy reference individual would need to achieve a similar degree of mixture measured against the real number of cycles applied to the specimen. The trained classifier obtained a Mathews Correlation Coefficient score of 0.97. ME measurements showed almost perfect agreement considering pre- and post-treatment appointments separately (κ ≥ 0.95). Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that a complete denture treatment for edentulous patients elicited a statistically significant increase in the ME measurements (Z = -2.31, p < 0.01). We conclude that the proposed expert system proved able and reliable to accurately identify patterns in mixture and provided useful ME measurements. ; This work was funded by the Secretaria Nacional de Educación, Ciencia y Teconología (SENESCYT) of the Government of Ecuador, with budget allocation No. 0099-SPP, http://www.educacionsuperior.gob.ec.
Zemes izmantošanas pārvaldības procesā pastāvīgi nākas risināt aktuālu pretrunu. To veido nemitīgi augošās sabiedrības vajadzības no vienas puses, un valsts, sabiedrības, uzņēmuma un indivīda rīcībā esošās zemes platības ierobežotību no otras puses. Valsts ekonomiskā izaugsme, sabiedrības pieaugošās sociālās vajadzības, zinātnes attīstība un iedzīvotāju skaita nemitīga palielināšanās nosaka nepieciešamību intensificēt lauksaimniecībā un citās saimnieciskās darbībās izmantojamās zemes platības. Zemes izmantošanas intensifikācijas procesa palielināšanās saistīta ar darījumu skaita un apjoma pieaugumu nekustamā īpašuma tirgū, ko izraisīja saimnieciskās darbības subjektu aktivizēšanās valsts ekonomiskās politikas ietekmē un saistībā ar Latvijas iestāšanos Eiropas Savienībā. Zemes izmantošanas efektivitātes vērtēšanā svarīgi pievērst uzmanību ne tikai ekonomiski aktīvākajam Rīgas pilsētas reģionam, bet arī lauku reģioniem, kuros netiek iekļautas lielās pilsētas. Tāpēc darba ietvaros galvenā uzmanība tiek veltīta zemes izmantošanas efektivitātes atšķirībām Latvijas reģionos.
