Suchergebnisse

Despite having an emerging economy, Peru is one of the main copper producers in the world, sustaining much of its development on the basis of this industry. In this sense, the objective of this research was to analyze the industrial system of copper mining in Peru from its exogenous and endogenous variables. With the help of an exploratory and descriptive design, a structural analysis (French strategic foresight technique) was carried out with the participation of a panel of 20 experts familiar with the mining industry and the MICMAC tool (Matrix of Crossed Impacts and Multiplication Applied to a Classification). The results identified as key variables the attractiveness of investment, socio-environmental conflicts and political management; which represent the exogenous character of the Peruvian copper industry. Variables endogenous to the system, such as productive efficiency, transport logistics, job creation and energy supply; they were characterized as exclusively dependent on the evolution of the aforementioned exogenous variables. This study constitutes an important starting point for the management of possible future scenarios for copper mining in Peru; as well as for investment in its economic, social and environmental development at the local and regional level.

"We develop an estimator for the parameters of a utility function that has interactions between the unobserved demand error and observed factors including price. We show that the Berry (1994)/Berry, Levinsohn, and Pakes (1995) inversion and contraction can still be used to recover the mean utility term that now contains both the demand error and the interactions with the error. However, the instrumental variable (IV) solution is no longer consistent because the price interaction term is correlated with the instrumented price. We show that the standard conditional moment restrictions (CMRs) do not generally suffice for identification. We supplement the standard CMRs with new moments that we call "generalized" control function moments and we show together they are sufficient for identification of all of the demand parameters. A major advantage of our setup is that it requires little more than the existence of the same instruments used in this standard IV setting. We run several monte carlos that show our approach works when the standard IV approaches fail because of non-separability. We also test and reject additive separability in the original Berry, Levinsohn, and Pakes (1995) automobile data, and we show that demand becomes significantly more elastic when the correction is applied"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

"We employ a latent class model to assess the impact of Mexico's Seguro Popular ("SP") program on the number of prenatal visits in a cross-sectional sample of 4,381 women who gave birth during 2002-2005. We specify an ordered probit model to permit a pregnant woman's probability of membership in one of three latent classes to depend on observed covariates. In the ordered probit model, enrollment in SP is explicitly treated as an endogenous variable. We model the number of prenatal visits, conditional upon membership in a particular latent class, as a Poisson regression. We employ the EM algorithm to reduce the computational burden of model estimation. At any iteration of the algorithm, the parameters of the model of latent class membership can be estimated separately from the parameters of the model of prenatal care utilization. We find that enrollment in SP was associated with a mean increase in 1.65 prenatal visits during pregnancy. Approximately 59 percent of this treatment effect is the result of increased prenatal care among women in the first latent class, that is, women who had with little or no access to care. The remaining 41 percent of the treatment effect is the result of a shift in membership from the second to the third latent class, which we interpret as increased recognition of complications of pregnancy prior to labor and delivery. Our model has a better fit and predicts a larger impact of SP than alternative models that relax the assumption of endogeneity, do not impose ordering on the latent classes, or incorporate only two latent classes. Our findings are consistent with prior work on the favorable impact of SP on maternal health (Sosa-Rubí, Galárraga, Harris 2009)"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site