Suchergebnisse

Dottorao di ricerca in Ecologia forestale ; Le criticità di carattere ambientale e produttivo, che attualmente affliggono il settore agricolo, spingono l'attenzione della ricerca e l'interesse delle Istituzioni verso lo sviluppo dei sistemi agroforestali, in modo da abbinare produzioni erbacee e legnose, contribuendo alla salvaguardia ambientale. Il predominio della monocoltura e l'impatto di pratiche agricole intensive hanno contribuito ad una progressiva e pericolosa semplificazione degli agroecosistemi, con serie ripercussioni ambientali e produttive e con un notevole impoverimento di numerosi scenari rurali tradizionali. In tale contesto, il presente lavoro di dottorato si pone l'obiettivo di analizzare il ruolo dei sistemi agroforestali, moderni (sistemi silvoarabili) e tradizionali, nell'ambito della moderna agricoltura, verificandone l'applicabilità in termini di sostenibilità economica. Lo studio è stato condotto alla luce delle nuove direttive a sostegno dell'Agroselvicoltura (Misura 2.2.2 dei Piani di Sviluppo Rurale 2007/13: Primo impianto di sistemi agroforestali su terreni agricoli) e delle modalità di applicazione del Premio Unico Aziendale (PUA) sulle superfici agricole interessate dalla presenza di piante arboree forestali. La tesi ha interessato tre diversi campi d'indagine, strettamente connessi tra di loro e legati alle strategie incentivanti della Politica Agricola Comunitaria (PAC). La prima parte della ricerca ha riguardato l'analisi del modello silvoarabile del noce da legno. Tali sistemi, in base a precedenti ricerche europee di carattere modellistico, sono stati individuati tra i più remunerativi, abbinando la pregiata produzione del legno di noce alla consociazione con diverse colture agrarie. L'obbiettivo della ricerca è stato quello di completare gli studi sull'uso dell'area basimetrica (G) del noce, indice di modellizzazione e di previsione delle performance produttive delle due componenti, erbacea ed arborea, del sistema. Sono state condotte ricerche in una piantagione sperimentale di noce comune ed ibrido del CNR IBAF di Porano, che dal 1992 studia le interazioni tra noce da legno e diverse colture erbacee (grano, trifoglio e prato naturale). Lo studio ha confermato i benefici produttivi di tale sistema colturale, in grado cioè, di assicurare alti ritmi di accrescimento del noce e garantire una buona resa della coltura erbacea consociata. Riassunto Sulla base dei dati raccolti, sono stati elaborati dei modelli colturali di consociazione, per i quali, attraverso l'uso di G del noce, è possibile stimare, sino alla fine del ciclo di produzione legnosa, le interazioni competitive per la luce tra gli alberi e le colture erbacee consociate. La seconda parte della ricerca, realizzata mediante indagini territoriali GIS e rilievi aerofotogrammetrici, analizza la relazione tra sistemi agroforestali e PAC incentivante, con l'obiettivo di quantificare il decremento del PUA per le piante arboree presenti nei sistemi agroforestali tradizionali. Lo studio, condotto in Veneto, Umbria e Lazio, si è concretizzato nell'analisi sia di seminativi arborati tradizionali sia di sistemi lineari arborei lungo i perimetri parcellari. Nei casi esaminati è stata individuata una consistente riduzione del contributo percepito dall'agricoltore per particella catastale, in relazione alla tara generata dalle piante arboree presenti. Inoltre, la ricerca ha anche rivelato una errata fotointerpretazione degli spazi non eleggibili e occupati dalle piante sparse, in contrasto con quanto indicato dalle direttive AGEA per il calcolo del premio. Gli attuali meccanismi di calcolo del PUA per i sistemi agroforestali possono dunque disincentivare gli agricoltori al mantenimento degli alberi fuori foresta. Le informazioni ottenute sono state, infine, validate attraverso interviste strutturate a dottori agronomi, forestali e periti agrari, alla luce della recente introduzione, in alcune Regioni d'Italia, della misura 2.2.2, finanziamenti per l'impianto di nuovi sistemi agroforestali. Il campione studiato ha confrontato due diversi contesti socio-economici ed agronomici del Nord (Veneto) e del Centro (Umbria), per capire il ruolo svolto dalle associazioni di categoria e dai tecnici professionisti nella promozione e propaganda dell'agroselvicoltura e percepire, attraverso il loro rapporto con le aziende agricole, l'effettivo interesse verso tali sistemi. L'indagine ha messo in evidenza il totale insuccesso della misura 2.2.2, legato ad una sua scarsa divulgazione, alla mancanza di un'adeguata attività di ricerca di supporto e alla bassa attrattività economica dei sistemi agroforestali, fortemente legata ad incertezze e lacune del regolamento sulla modulazione del PUA. In generale emerge l'impellente necessità di una PAC più in grado di valorizzare le potenzialità dell'agroselvicoltura per un nuovo modello di sviluppo rurale, in cui gli alberi fuori foresta possano esplicare le proprie valenze produttive ed ambientali. ; Global environmental and productive emergencies, which are currently affecting the agricultural sector, have focused the research attention and the Institutions interest on the preservation and implementation of Agroforestry systems, for their intrinsic capacity of combing food and wood production with environmental preservation. Intensive agricultural practices, combined with predominant monocropping farming systems, have contributed to the progressive and dangerous simplification of agroecosystems, with serious environmental and productive consequences and with a dramatic impoverishment of many traditional rural scenarios. In this context, the PhD work aims to analyze the role of Agroforestry systems in modern agriculture, verifying their economic sustainability. The study, organized into three research papers, was developed in relation to the two main current regulations of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union linked with agroforestry: Measure 2.2.2 of the Rural Development Plans 2007/13: first establishment of Agroforestry systems on agricultural land; the Single Farm Payment (SFP), supporting farmers according to their Eligible Agricultural Area (EAA), that might be reduced by scattered trees across farmland. The first part of the study is related to Silvoarable models of walnut for timber production and intercropped with arable crops. According to recent modeling research, walnut Silvoarable models are amongst the most profitable farming systems under temperate conditions of western Europe. The PhD research was conducted in an experimental plantation of CNR-IBAF of Porano, where since 1992 there has been a continuous monitoring of the interaction between trees of common and hybrid walnut with the following crops: wheat, clover and meadow. The objective was to bring to the conclusion the observations on the use of tree basimetric area (G), as an index for estimation of the relative yield of intercrops according to the trees growth. This research has confirmed the benefits of walnut Silvoarable systems, combining high tree growth rates and good intercrops yield. According to the collected data, various Silvoarable models are presented according to the tree growth rates and whose G, up to the harvesting age of the plantation, can be Abstract used for minimizing the competitive interactions for the solar radiation towards the intercrops. The second research part analyzed the relationship between the trees outside forest (TOF) and CAP, quantifying the SFP decrement in traditional agroforestry systems. This study was conducted combing GIS with aerial surveys of rural parcels. It was carried out in the regions of Veneto, Umbria and Lazio, and analyzed traditional agroforestry systems, with TOF in the parcels lined up along the borders, as well scattered across. In the study cases it was found a considerable reduction of the SFP, because TOF canopy reduces the eligible agricultural area; additionally, incorrect photointerpretation, in contrast with the official rules regulating the payment of farmers' grants, further reduces the SFP in agroforestry systems. Therefore, the current relationship between SFP and TOF strongly discourage farmers to the maintenance of these trees in their farmland. In the third part, the above results were validated through structured interviews to agronomists and foresters, the professionals in charge to promote innovative farming systems to agricultural stakeholders. The study sample compared two different socio-economic and agronomic realities of the northern (Veneto) and central (Umbria) Italy. The survey showed the total failure of 2.2.2 measure (First Establishment of novel agroforestry systems), depending on: i) inappropriate extension and research activities; and ii) lack of economic attractiveness of agroforestry systems, strongly linked to uncertainties and gaps in the regulation on the SFP modulation. Overall, the research work have showed that the current CAP is not able to promote the high potentialities of agroforestry systems for sustainable rural development, that would be strongly implemented throughout a judicious management of the environmental and productive benefits of trees outside forest.

The unemployment is an important issue for all other groups of society such as adults, women, people with disabilities, migrants and of course, the main goal is the fighting for this problem for the whole society. However, there is also a fact that the problem amongst young generation affects more deeply to the society's present and future. Furthermore, solving the unemployment problem of today's youth should be noted that this would mean to solve the employment problem of the adults of the future. Therefore, in this study, the phenomenon of the growing rates of unemployment especially amongst young people is drawn attention and the picture of youth unemployment in Europe will be explored. Generally, youth unemployment leads to several significant social and personal problems in the areas of physiological, psychological, economic due to that as the most efficient labour capacity, it remains idle, as it will be specified in detail in the study. The lack of homogeneous structure of youth unemployment and also, their very high mobility tend to be a problem with youth unemployment. Correspondingly young people are belonging to the different education, skills, psychological structure, it complicates the solution of the problem. This issue exists as well as almost in all parts of the world, such as both in developed and developing countries as a common problem. The result of this problem is a much more complex rather than it looks actually. For this reason, the changing rates of youth unemployment are calling for changes in policies and it raises some key issues that policy-makers will need to address. Different policies which are the reflection of the education systems, labour market institutions and socio-cultural characteristics of the EU countries have been evaluated by these Member States in the transition of young people from school to work. This can be carried out applying various policy recommendations in the different fields that are described in the current research study. In order to examine the youth unemployment driving factors and analyse their impact, empirical data was obtained for EU-15 countries as a whole. The statistical data was composed of the different variables, such as minimum wage, youth employment to population ratio, unemployment, poverty rate, GNI per capita, youth population. Then, when data analysis and review of academic literature finished, results and discussions were accomplished in the present paper. This also involved possible recommendations for a more effective development in the countries of EU.

Dottorato di ricerca in Economia e territorio ; Obiettivo di questo lavoro è rispondere all'esigenza di una lettura della politica di sviluppo rurale che catturi le singole peculiarità a livello locale e contemporaneamente avere il quadro d'insieme a livello europeo. Si presenta quindi una un'analisi dell'evoluzione storica della politica e della programmazione allo scopo di farne emergere la complessità e l'eterogeneità dei contenuti tentando di evidenziare il passaggio da un approccio settoriale a uno territoriale. Successivamente si procede ad una verifica della coerenza della spesa rispetto ai macro-obiettivi dell'Unione Europea a cui la politica di sviluppo rurale è chiamata a contribuire replicando l'analisi proposta da Shucksmith et al. (2005). L'analisi condotta a livello istituzionale Nuts3 dell'Europa a 15 sul periodo di spesa (2004-2009), consente il confronto della spesa tra il periodo di programmazione 2000-2006 con l'attuale, tra i singoli Stati membri ed infine per tipologia di ruralità. Infine sulla base alcuni indicatori selezionati nell'ambito del Quadro comune di monitoraggio e valutazione si procede ad un analisi a componenti principali seguita da una cluster analysis dove vengono individuati sette gruppi. Confrontando i profili medi di spesa per politiche ne emerge che a fronte dell'eterogeneità tra gruppi si evidenzia una sostanziale divergenza in termini di spesa media ; The aim of this work is to respond to the need for a deeper reading of the rural development policy that captures the specific characteristics at the local level, and simultaneously to have the overall picture at the European level. Therefore, it presents an analysis of the historical evolution of both the policy and the programming, in order to bring out the complexity and diversity of the contents, trying to highlight the transition from a sector-wide approach to a territorial one. Then, the analysis proposed by Shucksmith et al. (2005) has been replicated in order to verify the consistency of the expenditure with the EU macro-objectives the rural development policy is being called to support. The review conducted at the NUTS3 institutional level of the EU-15 on the expenditure period 2004-2009 allows the comparison of expenditure between the period 2000-2006 and the current, among Member States and according to the rural type. Finally, basing on few selected indicators under the Common monitoring and evaluation framework, a principal components analysis is performed followed by cluster analysis identifying seven groups. Comparing the average spending on the policies, it emerges that in view of the heterogeneity between groups it is possible to highlight a substantial difference in terms of average expenditure.

Health research and innovation (R&I) is attracting the attention of EU, national and regional policymakers. As Health policies are becoming a public policy priority – targeting not only social needs but also the overall economic development of EU countries – Health R&I have been identified as key areas of investment. However, despite the attempts to reduce inequalities also in this field, a strong concentration of Health R&I across EU regions still exists. The paper provides recent and novel empirical evidence on the topic, describing the concentration of Health patents, publications and EU project participation in top EU regions. Regional data help in assessing that, also in the Health sector, concentration is not only a cross-country but also a within-country issue.

The Monetary Policy and The Exchange Rate Policy in China Index 1.The People's Bank of China 1.1 The history of The People's Bank of China 1.2 The role of The People's Bank of China 1.3 Internal departments 2.The Fiscal policy of china 3. The monetary policy of China 3.1 monetary policy 3.2 The Crisis over the last 10 years 3.3 independence of PBC 3.4 Taylor's rule in China 4. Comparison 4.1 Fed Reserve and ECB 4.2 Comparison of EU, US and China central banks and economies 5 The exchange rate policy of China 5.1 fixed exchange rate and floating exchange rate 5.2balance of international payments and capital mobility 5.3The policy ofChina 6 The future of CNY in the world arena 7.Can the CNY become a currency of international rank?

The increasing percentage of individuals aged 65 years and older and decreasing total fertility rate is contributing to European Union's demographic shift and increase in government expenditures. These changing demographics are calling for changes in macro-economic policies, particularly monetary policies. The increase in older population is placing a strain on governmental budgets calling for an increased expenditure on health care delivery, pensions, and long-term care. Just these factors alone are becoming a challenge for policy makers in the European Union, specifically, the EU-15 countries. Thus, measures need to be taken to curve the current macroeconomic environment based on the demographic shift that is taking place and it projected for the future of 2060. It is essential that economic and financial policy makers and leaders develop economic plans within the EU-countries that focus on increasing economic growth, maintaining inflation, sustaining savings and investments. This can be accomplished using the numerous policy recommendations that are described in the current research. In order to examine the factors of demographics influencing macroeconomics and analyse their impact on EU-15 countries individually and on a whole, empirical data was obtained from government agency statistical websites for EU-15 and individual countries comprising the group. The demographic data obtained was correlated with the economic data in order to establish a relationship. The statistical data was comprised of birth rate, total fertility rate, ageing population, youth population, unemployment, government expenditures, economic growth, capital, and inflation. After the completion of data analysis and review of academic literature, results and discussions were carried out in the present paper. This also included potential recommendations for a more effective improvement on the macro-economy of EU-15 countries.

The research dissertation on labour migration issue in the European Union and the effect on Labour markets aims at identifying the various trends in migration by immigrants for work or for family reunification. This is highlighted through a basic background into the theories of migration and their effect on the economic development of the country. This is then, linked together with immigrant incorporation in the European Union while drawing specific focus on the trends of migration with the subsequent policies for the management of these migratory pattern. Moreover, the research takes country specific examples of United Kingdom, Italy and France in highlighting the policy initiatives that the authorities have implemented for the management of immigrants, most important and effective of which were the regularization schemes. Lastly, the dissertation analyses the impact of these policies which deem to ambiguous and lacking in transparency and lays down three inherent policy recommendations based on the already entrenched regulations within the system.