Suchergebnisse

Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İktisat Ana Bilim Dalı ; Sanayi devrimiyle birlikte insanların yaşamsal konforlarının artması neslin çoğalmasına; ihtiyaçların artmasına, ihtiyaç duyulana çabuk ulaşma avantajlarını sağladığı gibi sıkıntıları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Hareketsizleşen insanlar; soluk alma ihtiyacı hissetmeyen robotlara, mekanik cihazlara teslim olmuştur. Ancak; insan gibi işlev gören veya insan hayatını kolaylaştıran her şey diğer varlıklar gibi enerjiye gereksinim duymaktadır. Fosil yakıtlar, tükenmeye yüz tutmuştur. Bu, insanları yeni enerji kaynakları bulmaya yönlendirmiştir. Hemen tükenmeyen, verimi oldukça yüksek olan kaynak arayışları, yenilenebilir enerji politikalarıyla bağdaşmış; vazgeçilmez, sürekli geliştirilebilir bir hal almıştır. Yenilenebilir, temiz, doğa dostu bir enerji kaynağı; dünya üzerindeki tüm politika yapıcıların kalkınma planlarının, ilkini ve en önemlisini oluşturmaktadır. Hükümetlerin sağladıkları kolaylıklar, verdikleri teşvikler; yenilenebilir enerjide pek çok firmayı yatırıma yönlendirmiş, uygun zeminlerde güzel kazanımlara sebep olmuştur. Ancak her yatırımın olumlu olduğu kadar, dezavantaja dönüşebilecek tarafları da mevcuttur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, literatürde fazlasıyla yerini almış yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının nasıl oluştuğu ve bu kaynakların türlerini değil, gelir gruplarına göre ülkelerin yenilenebilir enerji yatırımları yaparken hangi faktörlerden ne düzeyde etkilendiğini tespit etmektir. Çalışmanın ilk üç bölümü kavramsal giriş olmak üzere, dördüncü bölüm yöntem, beşinci bölüm gelir durumlarına göre sınıflandırdığımız ülkelerin belirlenen faktörlere göre karşılaştırılması; altıncı bölüm Türkiye açısından faktörleri değerlendirme, yedinci bölüm sonuçlar ve bu ülkelere göre analiz şeklinde sonlanmaktadır. Enerji kaynakların, yenilenebilir enerji ve kaynakları hakkında kısa bilgiler verilmiştir. Dünya'da ve Türkiye'de yenilenebilir enerji incelenmiştir. Yatırım kavramına, enerjiye olan yatırımlara ve teşvik mekanizmalarına değinilmiştir. Yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarını belirleyen politikalar sınıflandırılmış; faktörlerin daha iyi irdelenebilmesi için kavramsal bir şema oluşturulmuştur. Gelir gruplarına göre sınıflandırılan; baz aldığımız ülkelerdeki yatırımcıların, yatırımlara bakışı, ülkelere ait yöntemlerin çekici-itici unsurları tablo halinde sunulmuştur. Bulgular; teknik bilgi yetersizliği, enerjideki ekonomik politikalar, ülkelerin coğrafi konumu, uygulama alanları, tecrübesizlik hususlarında ve yatırımların artması yönünde fikirler sunmakta, ülkemizle kıyaslamaya imkan vermektedir. ; With the industrial revolution, people's living comfort increased; As it provides the advantages of increasing the needs and reaching the needed ones quickly, it has also brought problems. People who are immobilized; It has been delivered to robots and mechanical devices that do not need to breathe. But; Everything that functions like human beings or makes human life easier needs energy like other beings. Fossil fuels are running out. This has led people to find new sources of energy. The search for resources, which are not immediately exhausted and highly efficient, are compatible with renewable energy policies; It has become an indispensable, continuously improvable. Renewable, clean, environmentally friendly energy source; It constitutes the first and most important development plan of all policy makers around the world. Facilities and incentives provided by governments; It has led many companies to invest in renewable energy and has caused good gains on suitable grounds. However, every investment has positive aspects as well as disadvantages. The purpose of this study is to determine how the renewable energy resources, which have taken place in the literature, are formed and not the types of these resources, but to what extent countries are affected by what factors when making renewable energy investments according to income groups. The first three parts of the study are conceptual introduction, the fourth part is the method, the fifth part is the comparison of the countries we have classified according to their income levels, according to the determined factors; Turkey sixth portions factor for evaluation, seventh section and terminates in the analysis results according to the country. Brief information about energy resources, renewable energy and resources was given. renewable energy in the world and Turkey were examined. The concept of investment, investments in energy and incentive mechanisms are mentioned. Policies affecting renewable energy investments are classified; A conceptual scheme has been created in order to better examine the factors. Classified according to income groups; Investors' view of investments in the countries we take as a basis and the driving-driving factors of the country's methods are presented in a table. Results; It offers ideas about the lack of technical knowledge, economic policies in energy, the geographical location of the countries, application areas, inexperience, and the increase of investments, and allows comparison with our country.

Bu tezde Demokrat Parti (DP) dönemi ve IX. X. XI. dönem Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi'nde görev alan Sivas milletvekillerinin özgeçmişlerinden ve meclisteki faaliyetlerinden bahsedilmiştir. Milletvekili olarak temsil ettikleri Sivas iline katkılarına da yer verilmiştir. Çalışma, giriş ve dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Tezin giriş kısmını konun seçimi, önemi, kaynakların tanıtılması ve konun sınıflandırılması kısmı oluşturmuştur. Bu sayede konunun neden seçildiği ve hangi kaynaklardan faydalanıldığı daha kolay anlaşılacaktır. Tezin birinci bölümünde, Türkiye'deki demokratikleşme faaliyetlerinden, kurulan siyasi partilerden ve çok partili hayata geçiş ile birlikte değişen yönetimden bahsedilmiştir. Memleketin kalkınması adına yapılan faaliyetlere de yer verilmiştir. Aynı zamanda bu dönemde yaşanan dış politikadaki ilişkilere de değinilmiştir ve 1950-1960 dönemi yaşanan iç olaylarda anlatılmıştır. İkinci bölümde, 1950 seçimlerinden bahsedilmiştir. Seçim öncesi propaganda çalışmalarına, iktidar ve muhalefet arasındaki ilişkiye yer verilmiştir. Seçim sonrası Demokrat Parti'nin Sivas'ta çıkardığı milletvekillerin biyografileri ve parlamentodaki faaliyetleri aktarılmıştır. Ayrıca partilerin oy oranları da karşılaştırılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde, 1954 seçimlerinden bahsedilmiştir. Partilerin propaganda faaliyetlerine yer verilmiştir. 1950,1954 genel seçimlerinin etkileri karşılaştırılmıştır. Ayrıca DP'nin Sivas'ta çıkardığı milletvekillerin biyografileri ve parlamentodaki faaliyetleri aktarılmıştır. Yapılan seçimler sonrası oy oranları da verilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, 1957 seçimlerinden bahsedilmiştir. Partilerin propaganda faaliyetlerine, iktidar ve muhalefet arasındaki ilişkiye yer verilmiştir. Seçim sonrası hükümetin değişen tavrından ve uyguladığı politikalar da anlatılmıştır. 1957 seçimleri sonrası DP'nin ve muhalefetin oy oranları karşılaştırılmıştır. Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi'nin (CHP) Sivas'ta çıkardığı milletvekillerin biyografileri ve parlamentodaki faaliyetleri aktarılmıştır. 1957 seçimleri ile iktidarın oy kaybetmesine neden olan olaylar da anlatılmıştır. Seçim sonrası memlekette yaşanan olumsuz durumlardan bahsedilmiştir. Ayrıca bu bölüm de 27 Mayıs sürecine de yer verilmiştir. Tezin sonuç ve değerlendirme kısmı yazıldıktan sonra faydalanılan arşiv, gazete, araştırma-inceleme ve diğer kaynaklardan oluşan bir kaynakçaya yer verilmiştir. Dönemin gazetelerinden da faydalanılmıştır. ; In this thesis, Democrat Party (DP) period and IX. X. XI. the CVs of the mandate period, Turkey Sivas lawmakers in the National Assembly and activities are discussed in parliament. Their contributions to the province of Sivas, which they represent as a deputy, are also included. The study consists of introduction and four parts. The introduction of the thesis consists of the selection of the subject, its importance, introduction of the sources and the classification of the subject. In this way, it will be easier to understand why the subject was chosen and which resources are used. In the first part of the thesis, the democratization activities in Turkey, ranging from established political parties and the government have been mentioned in conjunction with the transition to multi-party life. The activities carried out for the development of the country are also included. At the same time, the relations in foreign policy experienced in this period are also mentioned and are described in the domestic events of the 1950-1960 period. In the second part, 1950 elections are mentioned. Pre-election propaganda studies, the relationship between the government and the opposition are included. After the elections, the biographies of the members of the Democrat Party in Sivas and their activities in the parliament were conveyed. In addition, the voting rates of the parties were compared. In the third part, the 1954 elections are mentioned. Party propaganda activities were included. The effects of the 1950,1954 general elections have been compared. In addition, the biographies of the parliamentarians and their activities in the parliament were conveyed by DP in Sivas. After the elections, voting rates were also given. In the fourth chapter, the 1957 elections are mentioned. The propaganda activities of the parties and the relationship between the government and the opposition are included. The changing attitude of the government after the election and its policies are also explained. After the 1957 elections, voting rates of DP and opposition were compared. The biographies of the deputies that the Republic People's Party (CHP) issued in Sivas and their activities in the parliament were conveyed. The events that caused the government to lose votes with the 1957 elections were also described. Post-election negative situations in the country were mentioned. In addition, this section also includes the 27 May process. After the conclusion and evaluation part of the thesis is written, a bibliography consisting of archives, newspapers, research-analysis and other sources is included. Newspapers of the period were also used.

Anahtar Kelimeler:Avrupa Birliği, Enerji Politikası, Enerji Kaynakları, Boru Hatları, Avrupa Birliği Dış Ticaretinde Enerjinin Yeri, Karbon PiyasalarıÖZETAVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ENERJİ POLİTİKASI VE DIŞ TİCARETİNE YANSIMALARIAvrupa Birliği'nin dünya üzerinde enerji tüketiminin en yoğun olduğu bölgelerden birisi olduğu, buna karşılık ise enerji kaynakları açısından ise yeterli imkânlara sahip olmadığı bilinmektedir. Bu kapsamda geliştirilen AB enerji politikası, hem enerjinin sadece bölgesel değil küresel etkileri olan bir sektör olması, hem de insanlığın ve dünyamızın geleceğini çok yakından ilgilendirmesi nedeniyle özel bir önem taşımaktadır. AB enerji politikası, rekabet gücü, enerji arzının güvenliği ve çevrenin korunması arasında bir dengeye vararak, toplam enerji tüketiminde kömürün payını korumayı, doğalgazın payını artırmayı, nükleer enerji santralleri için azami güvenlik şartları tesis etmeyi ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının payını artırmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; enerjinin Avrupa için önemini ortaya koyup, enerji politikalarının Avrupa Birliği'ndeki yerini belirleyerek, bu politikaların birliğin dış ticaretine olan etkilerini ortaya koymaktır. Buradan yola çıkarak, çalışmanın ilk bölümde öncelikle Avrupa Birliği'ni kuran anlaşmaları ve entegrasyon süreci anlatılıp, enerjinin Avrupa Birliği'nin kuruluşundaki önemine vurgu yapılacaktır. İkinci bölümde, Birliğin enerji politikalarının tarihsel gelişimini, hedefleri, eylem planları, enerji sektöründe iç pazar oluşturulmasına yönelik çalışmaları, enerji politikası araçlarının neler olduğu anlatılıp enerji politikalarıyla olan bağlantıları irdelenecektir. Üçüncü bölümde, diğer bölge ve ülkelerle olan enerji ilişkileri incelenecektir. Dördüncü bölümde, enerji politikaları kapsamında Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye için bazı önemli doğalgaz ve petrol boru hatlarını ayrıntılarıyla anlatılacak, son olarak da dünya enerji görünümü, Avrupa Birliği'nin ekonomik durumu, dünya ekonomi ve ticaretindeki yeri, ithalatı ve ihracatı, enerji çeşitleri, rezervleri, kullanımları, enerji rakamlarının Birliğin ticaret ve bütçesindeki yeri, karbon emisyonları ve karbon piyasaları anlatılacaktır. Keywords : European Union, Energy politics, Energy resources, Pipe Lines, The place of Energy in European Union Foreign Trade, Carbon MarketsABSTRACTEUROPEAN UNION ENERGY POLICY AND EFFECTS ON ITS FOREIGN TRADEIt is known that European Union is one of the highest energy consuming areas of the world, but this area has not that much energy producing facilities. In this scope, European Energy politics takes a special importance not only because the energy politics have global effects rather than regional ones but also it is important to the future of the world and humanity also. The crucial aims of the European Energy Politics is to stabilize the share of the usage of coal, increase the usage of natural gas in aggragate energy production, to put into practice the maximum safety levels to the nuclear reactors and to increase the share of renewable energy production by creating a balance between competition, the safety of the energy supply, and the protection of the environment.The aim of this project is to determine the place of the energy politics in European Union and the effects of these politics to the foreign trade, by underlining the importance of energy for Europe. In the beginning of the Project the agreements that founded European Union and the entegration period will be evaluated by emphasizing the importance of the energy in the foundation period of the union. In the second part the historical development of the energy politics, the aims of them, action plans, the efforts for creating a domestic market in energy sector, and the tools of the energy politics will be told, briefly. Third part is to evaluate the relations of the Union with other countries. Consequently, at the fourth part, some oil and natural gas pipe lines which concerns both Turkey and European Union in these energy politics scope will be discussed in detail. And the view of the world's energy resources, the economic structure and situation of European Union ,the place of the Union in world economics, the export and import levels, the different types of energy being used, the situation of the resources and the usage of them, the share of the energy in European Union budget, carbon emissions and carbon markets will all be discussed also.

Su yasantımızda alternatifi olmayan ender kaynaklardan birisidir. Bunun anlamı su bittiğinde hayat bitecektir. Son zamanlarda etkisini daha çok hissettiren su sıkıntısı çoğu ülke gibi Türkiye'yi de yakından ilgilendirmektedir. Son yıllarda ekonomik ve sosyal gelismesini belirli bir düzeye getirmek için sınır asan sularından faydalanma yönünde yoğun bir çaba içine giren Türkiye bir çok projeyi uygulama alanına koymustur. Bu projeler, komsu devletler ile bir takım uyusmazlıkların doğmasına neden olmus, bunların bir kısmı anlasmalarla çözüme kavusturulurken, önemli bir kısmına çözüm getirilememistir. Öte yandan Türkiye'nin de yer aldığı Orta Doğu coğrafyasında su kaynaklarını elinde bulunduran ülkelerle su kaynakları kıt olan ülkeler arasında sürekli sürtüsmeler meydana gelmekte, konu ile ilgili uluslar arası hukuk kurallarının olmayısı da sorunların çözümünü daha da zorlastırmaktadır. Su sorununun uluslar arası bir mahiyet alması, ülkeleri bu sorunun çözümü için ortak kavram ve hukuk anlayısı arama çabalarına itmistir. Özellikle sınır asan sularla ilgili olarak ortaya çıkan sorunların çözümüne katkı sağlayacak ve tüm ülkeler tarafından da kabul görecek bir hukuk sisteminin olusturulması için değisik platformlarda çalısmalar baslatılmıstır. Ancak, yaklasık 40 yıl önce baslatılmıs olan bu çalısmalardan günümüze kadar belirgin bir sonuca ulasılamamıstır. Türkiye, 1986 yılında, iyi niyetle, Orta Doğu'daki su sorununa çözüm bulmak ve susuzluk çeken ülkelerin ihtiyacını karsılamaya yönelik olarak Barıs Suyu Projesi'ni ortaya atmıstır. Türkiye bu proje ile ekonomik getirinin yanında bölge ülkeleri arasında isbirliği ve güven ortamı yaratarak, bölgenin istikrar ve güvenliğine katkı sağlamayı amaçlamıstır. Özetle; günümüzde suya olan talep küresel iklim değisikliklerinin de etkisiyle birlikte tüm Dünya'da ve Orta Doğu'da artmaktadır. Dünya nüfusunun artması ve kaynakların bilinçsizce kullanılması da suyu daha önemli hale getirmektedir. Türkiye bulunduğu topraklar itibari ile çok önemli bir bölgededir. Türkiye'nin su konusunda izleyeceği politika ve atacağı adımlar, yakın gelecekte Türkiye'nin Orta Doğu'daki konumunu daha belirgin hale getirecektir. ; Water is one of the unique sources which have no other alternatives in our lives. That is to say, life will end when the water ends. Poverty of water which makes its effect felt much more recently concerns Turkey closely, as well as most of the countries. Turkey, who gets into an intensive struggle in the direction of taking advantage of her transboundary waters in order to bring her social and economic developments to a specific level, in recent years, puts lots of projects into practice. These projects cause some disagreements to arise with the neighbouring states, an important part of disagreements is not solved while some of them reach solutions with treaties. On the other hand, there appear continuous disputes between the countries having the rich water resources and the countries deprived of these resources, in Middle East geography in which Turkey has also a place; in addition, non-existence of international laws about the matter makes it difficult to solve the problems. Water problem?s getting an international quality leads the countries to struggle for search of a common concept and understanding of law in order to solve this problem. Studies has been started in different fields of the world so that a law system, which is to contribute to the solution of the problems especially appeared related to transboundary waters and to be admitted by all the countries could be formed. However, these studies having been started 40 years ago has unfortunately no certain outcome till today. Turkey puts forward Water of Peace Project with good intention to find a solution for water problem in Middle East and meet the need of the countries suffering aridity.In 1986 Turkey aims at providing contribution to security and stability of the region by creating an atmosphere of cooperation and trust between the countries in this region, along with economic benefits with this project. To sum up; today, demand for water increases with the global warming all around the world and Middle East. In addition, increase in world population and unconscious use of the resources make the water important. Turkey is a very significant region regarding the soil she stands. Turkey?s policy to follow and steps to take about the matter of water will make Turkey?s position in Middle East more evident

1. Introduction Important political, administrative and economic changes occurred in Turkey and the world in the last 50 years, especially during post-1980 neo-liberal era. Decentralization, rapid urbanization and metropolization processes that emerged by means of these changes have boosted authority, spending and responsibility of local governments. Local governments gradually came to the fore in the process of service delivery. However, especially, allocation of self-income and resources to local governments have not shown a similar level of increase. In this study, this dilemma is analyzed in cases of municipalities in Turkey. The purpose of this study is to reveal the contradiction between the increased burden of duty and income of the municipalities. By this way, it is aimed to provide a scientific basis for policy makers in solving self-income problems. In this context, the situation of the municipalities in Turkey has been analyzed. The case is studied with both theoretical and numerical data and the problem has been clearly demonstrated. 2. Trends of Fiscal Autonomy, Fiscal Decentralization and Decentralization Although a single, universal and unique definition cannot be made, decentralization is generally defined as the transfer/assignment of decision-making responsibility, power and authority of resource creation from higher level administration (central government) to lower levels of administration (regions, local governments and NGOs) (Cheema & Rondinelli, 2007: 1, Leung, 2004: 1, Edquist, 2005: 9, Yuliani, 2004, Hinsz vd., 2006: 2, Eryılmaz, 2002: 225). According to the definition of Litvack ve Seddom (1999: 2) and World Bank, decentralization is the transfer of authority and responsibility for public functions from the central government to subordinate or quasi-independent government organizations or the private sector (Keskin, 2008: 2). Fiscal decentralization forms the financial aspect of devolution to regional and local administrations. Moreover, European and American writers use terms like "centrallocal (or intergovernmental) financial relations" and "fiscal federalism" in order to refer to fiscal decentralization. The first phase of fiscal decentralization is the division of spending responsibilities and revenue sources between levels of government (national, regional, local etc.). The second phase is the amount of discretion given to regional and local governments to determine their expenditures and revenues (both in aggregate and detail). This discretion gives regional and local governments the ability to determine their budgets by levying taxes and fees and allocating resources (Davey, 2003: 1). The essence of fiscal decentralization is the authority and responsibility of subnational governments to finance their local services to a certain extent (Ebel & Yılmaz, 2002: 34). In other words, fiscal decentralization occurs when higher levels of government cede influence over budgets and financial decisions to lower levels (Sharma, 2008). Decentralization and fiscal decentralization trend that has developed in the framework of thinking that local governments should be strengthened has also created the infrastructure of financial autonomy. Fiscal Autonomy aims to enable local governments to have adequate, healthy and sustainable resources in order to ensure the institutionalization of democracy and effective implementation of their services. In that framework, it is defined as local governments' fulfillment of their duties and responsibilities independently from the center. To achieve this aim, local governments manage/spend assets and resources in line with their laws (in accordance with the interests of the local population). They also make budgets and borrowings (Ulusoy & Akdemir, 2009: 260-265, Yontar & Dağ, 2014: 150, Çelik, 2013: 22). 3. Increased Responsibility of Municipalities as a Result of Urbanization and Metropolization in Turkey The urbanization rate was very slow in the early years of the Republic of Turkey. The population living in rural areas began to migrate to urban areas in the 1950s due to improvements in transportation infrastructure, change of the land ownership regime, mechanization and modernization of agriculture, technological developments, increase in industrialization, and other economic/social changes. In particular, migration to cities increased in line with the population growth. This accelerated the need for better highway networks and settlement areas, and new housing (Tosun, 2015: 202- 203, Şahin, 2013: 79). There have been serious population increases in cities such as Istanbul, Izmir, Adana, Ankara and Bursa. This trend caused significant problems in terms of urban services in these cities (Keleş, 2009: 289). Local governments and especially municipalities took on the most important tasks of on-site analysis of the mentioned problems and solving them with practical - permanent proposals. 4. Comparative Analysis of Revenues and Expenditures of Municipalities in Turkey Municipalities became center-dependent units from financial, political and administrative aspects. It is mainly due to inefficient income structure that is dependent on central transfers, not on self-income. It is clear that this situation causes many negative effects on the functioning of municipalities. However, inadequacy of self-income or dependency needs to be demonstrated with numerical data in order to see the adverse trend in a concrete way. This enables a comparison in an international scale and identification of appropriate sample countries for the planned changes for these comparisons. Furthermore, it becomes possible to analyze financial interdependence among different municipal levels and all municipalities. Through detailed assessments, the dilemma between metropolization and fiscal decentralization in Turkey has been put forward in this study. 5. Basic Financial Problems of Municipalities in Turkey The main financial problems of the municipalities can be listed as lack of sustainable revenue sources, ineffective use of available resources, over-dependence on shares transferred from general budget tax revenues collection, inadequacy of self-income sources (Yüksel, 2004). Because of these financial problems, there are many negative situations faced at the local level. 6. Conclusion There is a trend of urbanization and metropolization in Turkey. 93% of the total population lives within the municipal boundaries. 84% of the population within municipal boundaries is within the borders of the metropolitan municipalities. Metropolitan municipalities have the highest burden of responsibilities. Then comes the provincial municipalities, district and town municipalities. However, amount of incomes is in the opposite order. This situation, prevents municipalities from enjoying the benefits of fiscal autonomy and fiscal decentralization. Instead, they become highly dependent on the central government. To get rid of this dilemma, a three-stage policy must be followed. Firstly, efficiency in spending should be achieved. Secondly, steps should be taken to make the most out of available income sources. Finally, municipalities should be provided with new sources of revenue in order to get rid of the fiscal dilemma. While these steps are being taken, rather than applying a general method, political characteristics and administrative, economic, cultural of Turkey should be taken into consideration and Turkey-specific system should be established.

Bir Yüksek lisans tezi olarak hazırladığımız bu çalışmamızda, ilk olarak Türkiye ve Irak arasındaki ilişkilerin nasıl başladığı, iki ülkenin kuruluş süreci de dâhil edilerek geniş bir çerçeve de ele alınmıştır. Sonraki bölümlerde iki ülke arasındaki ilişkilerin tarihsel gelişim seyri ele alınmıştır. İki ülke arasında etkileşimi sağlayan sosyal, kültürel, tarihi ve ekonomik bağlar incelenmiştir. Ayrıca iki ülke arasında sorunlar yaratan Musul meselesi gibi gerek iki ülkenin kuruluşundan itibaren ortaya çıkan sorunlar olsun gerekse de Su paylaşımı meselesi gibi sonradan ortaya çıkan sorunlar olsun günümüze kadar gelen bu sorunlu başlıklar çalışmamızda ayrı birer başlık olarak ele alınmıştır. Çalışmamızda ağırlıklı olarak üzerinde durduğumuz kısım ise iki ülke münasebetlerine ABD'nin etkisidir. Türk-ABD ilişkileri Osmanlı döneminde başlamış olsa da aslında II. Dünya savaşına kadar ABD'nin Türkiye ve Irak arsındaki ilişkileri üzerinde belirleyici bir etkisi yoktur. II. Dünya savaşı sonrasında İngiltere zayıflamış ve bunun sonucunda sömürgeleri üzerindeki etkisinin kaybetmiştir. Savaş sonrasında dünya iki kutba ayrılmıştır. Doğu blokunun liderliğinin SSCB üstlenirken İngiltere ve Fransa'nın savaştan yorgun çıkması nedeni ile ABD sahneye çıkmış ve Batı blokunun liderliğini üstlenmiştir. ABD öncülüğünde NATO kurulmuş Türkiye'nin de dâhil olması ile iki ülke ilişkileri bir müttefiklik ilişkisine dönüşmüştür. ABD Ortadoğu bölgesinin güç dengesi açısından önemli olduğunu fark etmiş ve bu bölgeye yönelik Einshover Doktrini gibi politikalar geliştirmiştir. Bu politikalar kapsamında Türkiye liderliğinde bölgede bir birliktelik kurulmaya çalışılmış ve buna Irak gibi bölgedeki diğer ülkeler de dahil edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda kurulan Bağdat paktına ABD destek vermiştir. Fakat ilerleyen süreç içerisinde Irak'ta meydana gelen darbeler ve Sovyet yanlısı kişilerin başa geçmesi Irak-Batı ilişkilerini bozmuştur. Irak'ta meydana gelen olaylar Türkiye-ABD-Irak ilişkilerini olumsuz etkilemiştir. Fakat esas olarak iki ülke arasındaki ilişkilerde ABD'nin etkisinin artması I. ve II körfez savaşlarında olmuştur. Özellikle ABD'nin Irak'ı işgal ederek Baas rejimini devirdiği II. Körfez Savaşı öncesinde ve sonrasında meydana gelen gelişmeler iki ülke ilişkilerinde kriz dönemlerine neden olmuştur. Çalışmamızda bu olaylar geniş bir çerçevede ele alınmış ve yorumlanmıştır. ; This study has been designed as Master's requirement and it has been divided into two parts. First, it deals with the relations between Turkey and Iraq and they are discussed in a wider context- the establishment process between the two countries. Second, which have been classified into two: First, historical, cultural, and economic ties which provided interactions between two countries are discussed further. The latter is the two issues have been centered in this study on Mosul city as it may create issues for the establishing relations between the two aforesaid countries and the other issue is the matter of water sharing in coming years. The part which we mainly focus on in our study is the effect of the United States on the relations between the two countries. Although, Turkish-US relations started in the Ottoman period, in fact II. There is no decisive influence on the relations between Turkey and Iraq until World War II the United States II. Britain weakened after the World War and as a result, the influence on the colonies was lost. After, the war the world was divided into two poles. With the leadership of the eastern bloc occupied by the USSR, the United States came to the scene with the leadership of Britain and France tired of the war and assumed the leadership of the Western bloc. US-led NATO also established bilateral relations with the inclusion of Turkey have turned into an alliance relationship. The US has realized that the Middle East region is important in terms of power balance and has developed policies like the Einshover Doctrine for this region. Under this policy, there was an attempt to set up a union in Turkey in the area of leadership and it has tried to include other countries in the region such as Iraq. The US supported Baghdad pact founded in this direction. However, the prosperity of the proletariat and pro-Soviet people that broke down in Iraq in the course of the process has disrupted Iraq-West relations. Events occurring in Iraq have a negative impact on Turkey-US-Iraq relationship. And, II have been in the gulf wars, particularly, the US occupation of Iraq and the fall of the Ba'ath regime II. The developments that took place before and after the Gulf War led to crises in relations between the two countries. In our work, these events have been handled and interpreted in a wide range of contexts.

ÖZET37.Hükümet (26 Ocak –17 Kasım 1974) Türkiye'de birçok iç ve dış sorunun arka arkaya gediği bir dönemde kurulmuştur. Bu dönemin Türk dış politikasında son derece önemli, uzun yıllar etkisini gösterecek birçok gelişme yaşanmıştır. En önemlileri Yunanistan'la yaşanan Ege Denizi'ne ilişkin sorunlar ve Kıbrıs meselesidir. 15 Temmuz 1974 tarihinde Kıbrıs'ta yaşanan Sampson darbesi Ada'daki Türk varlığını tehdit etmiştir. 37.Hükümet'in karar verdiği 20 Temmuz 1974'te düzenlen Kıbrıs Harekâtı'ndan sonra Ada'nın bir kısmının Türk hâkimiyetine geçmesi ve Ada'nın fiilen bölünmesi durumunu yaratmıştır. 37.Hükümet'in Kıbrıs'ta başlattığı Barış Harekâtı, BM Güvenlik Konseyi ve NATO'da dikkatle izlenmiş ve konuyla ilgili birçok karar alınmıştır.37.Hükümet alınan bu kararları ciddiyetle takip etmiş ancak bu kararları kendisine yönelik bir baskı aracı olarak düşünmeden kendi dış politikasını yürütmeye devam etmiştir.37.Hükümet dönemi Türk-Amerikan ilişkileri, Haşhaş sorunuyla yeni bir boyut kazanmaya başlamıştır. ABD Yönetimi ve kamuoyunda, Türkiye'nin haşhaş ekimine izin vermesi oldukça büyük bir tepkiyle karşılanmıştır. ABD Yönetimi Türkiye'nin Birinci Barış Harekâtı'nda tarafsız, Türk-Yunan savaşını önlemeye yönelik yapıcı bir politika izlerken özellikle ABD Temsilciler Meclisi, İkinci Barış Harekâtı'na tepki göstermiştir. Ayrıca, bu dönemde ABD Temsilciler Meclisi ve Senatosu'nun, Kıbrıs'ta Amerikan silahları kullanıldığı gerekçesiyle hazırladıkları silah ambargosu yasa tasarıları Türk ABD ilişkilerinde son derece gergin ve kötü bir dönemin başlangıcı olmuştur. 37.Hükümet dönemi Türk-İngiliz ilişkileri ise pek olumlu olmayan bir süreç yaşamıştır. Kıbrıs sorunu karşısında Türkiye'nin ortak müdahale önerisini reddeden İngiltere gelişmelere yeterli tepkiyi göstermemiştir. Sorunla ilgili tüm müzakerelerde çoğunlukla Yunanistan lehine olacak çözüm yollarını destekleyerek, arabuluculuk rolü üstlenmiştir.37.Hükümet dönemi Türk-Sovyet ilişkileri Kıbrıs'ta yaşanan kriz hakkındaki düşüncelerin benzer olması nedeniyle başlangıçta uyumlu olmuştur. Türkiye'nin Ada'ya müdahalesinden sonra sorunun kesin çözümüne ilişkin Türkiye ve Sovyetlerin görüşlerinin belirgin bir farklılık göstermesi karşısında başlangıçtaki uyum bozulsa da sorun denebilecek düzeye ulaşmamıştır.Anahtar sözcükler:1. 37.Cumhuriyet Hükümeti2. I.Ecevit Hükümeti3. Türk Dış Politikası4. Kıbrıs sorunu 5. Karasuları Sorunu 6. Haşhaş Sorunu ABSTRACT37th Turkish Government was established (January the 26th - November the 17th in 1974) in a period when lots of national and international problems were rising one after another. In this period lots of process which had great important and profound effects for years were took place in the foreign affairs of Turkey. The most important of them were the problems with Greece about the Aegean Region and the Cyprus problem. The Coup d'état on 15 July in 1974 in Cyprus, threatened the Turkish presence in the Cyprus Island. After the Peace Operation on which the 37th Government decided on 20th July in 1974, a part of the island was dominated by the Turks and Cyprus was virtually separated. The peace operations started by 37th Government in Cyprus were monitored by UN Security Council and NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and many decrees were taken by them. 37th government took those decrees into consideration but never thought them as compulsion. It went on following its own foreign policies.The relationship between the Turks and the Americans in the 37th Government period started to gain a new dimension with the problem of opium poppy. The allowance of Turkey to grow opium poppy was protested both by the USA government and in the American common opinion. While the American Government was following an impartial policy to prevent Turkish – Greek war in the first peace operation, especially USA Chamber of Deputy reacted against Turkey in the Second Peace Operation. Moreover in this period, the embargo draft bills which was prepared by USA Chamber of deputies and Senate Committee on the ground those American guns were used in Cyprus was the beginning of a tense and undesirable period. In the 37th Government Period, Turkish- English relationship was not that good. For the Cyprus problem, England refused the nomination to intervene for common reaction. And it didn't give enough reaction for the developments. In all the negotiations England took the role of conciliator supporting for the solutions to the advantage of Greece.In the period of 37th Government, the relationship between Turkey and the Soviet Union was compatible at the beginning as the thoughts were similar about the Cyprus crisis. However, after the military intervention of Turkey, for the exact solution Turkey's and Soviet Union's thoughts were not as compatible as it was before. Fortunately it didn't turn into a problem.Keywords1.37th Turkish Government2.First Government Of Ecevit3.Turkish Foreign Policy4.The Cyprus Problem5.The Problem Of Territorial Waters6.The Problem Of Opium Poppy

Göçmen ve Mülteci Kadınlar için Fiziksel Aktivite Rehberi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından desteklenen "Türkiye'de Yaşayan Suriyeli Göçmen Kadınların Güçlenmelerinde ve Toplumsal Entegrasyonunda Bir Sosyal Politika Aracı Olarak Fiziksel Aktivitenin Kullanılması" isimli araştırma projesi kapsamında hazırlanmıştır. Projede, mülteci kadınların güçlenmelerinde ve sosyal uyumun sağlanmasında fiziksel aktivite bir araç olarak kullanılmıştır. Projenin birinci basamağında Suriyeli mülteci kadınların fiziksel aktivite düzeyi kültürleşme bağlamında incelenmiştir. Projenin ikinci basamağında, Suriyeli, Afganistanlı, Iraklı ve Türkiyeli kadınlardan oluşan 25 kişilik bir grupla 12 haftalık fiziksel aktivite programı uygulanmıştır. Sosyal uyumu hedefleyen bu uygulama sonrasında elde edilen bulgular ve deneyimler doğrultusunda, mülteci kadınlar için geliştirilecek bir fiziksel aktivite programının kavramsal çerçevesini, hedeflerini ve pedagojik ilkelerini içeren bir rehber kitap hazırlanmıştır. Geçtiğimiz on yılda artan göç oranları, birçok göç edilen ülkede göç ve toplumsal bütünleşme politikaları konusundaki tartışmaları hızlandırmıştır. Dünyada Suriyeli mülteci sayısının en fazla olduğu Türkiye'de, Suriyeli ve son zamanlarda Afganistanlı ve Iraklı mültecilerin sosyal uyumuna yönelik çeşitli araştırma verilerine dayalı politikalar üretilmektir. Bu politikalara dayanak olan bilimsel araştırma verileri, fiziksel aktivite ve sporun göçmen ve mülteci bireylerin yaşamlarına olumlu katkılarını ortaya koyarken, göçmenlerle ve mültecilerle ilgili politikaları geliştiren uluslararası kurumlar tarafından fiziksel aktivite ve sporun birleştirici gücü vurgulanmaktadır. 2016-2018 yılları arasında Avrupa Birliği Komisyonu, Avrupa Birliği üye ülkelerdeki mültecilerin iyi olma hali ve sosyal uyumlarını artırmak için fiziksel aktivite ve spor fırsatları sunan yaklaşık 3 milyon Avro tutarındaki 54 projeyi desteklemiştir. Birleşmiş Milletler 2030 Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçlarının "Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği" başlıklı 5. Maddesi kapsamında kadınların her seviyede güçlenmesi ve kadına yönelik her türlü istismarı kapsayan şiddetin ortadan kaldırılması gerekmektedir. Göçmen ve Mülteci Kadınlar İçin Fiziksel Aktivite Rehberi, hedefleri itibariyle Türkiye'de yaşayan mülteci kadınların fiziksel, psikolojik, sosyal ve kültürel güçlenmelerinde bir sosyal politika aracı olarak fiziksel aktivitenin kullanımına örnektir. Kadının güçlenmesini hedefleyen bilimsel araştırmalarda ve sosyal sorumluluk projelerinde yararlanılabilecek nitelikte bir rehberdir. Rehberin Türkçe, Arapça ve İngilizce dillerinde yazılmış olması, bilgilerin doğrudan göçmen ve mülteci kadınlar tarafından erişilebilir olmasını sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca, uluslararası platformlar için de kullanılabilir bir uluslararası rehber niteliği de taşımaktadır. Proje faaliyetlerinin gerçekleştirilmesinde hep birlikte çalıştığımız katılımcılara, eğitmenlere, gönüllülere, kurum çalışanlarına ve yöneticilere çok teşekkür ederiz. Birlikte hareket ettiğimiz, birlikte dans ettiğimiz, farklılıkları ve benzerlikleriyle kültürlerimizi, gündelik yaşamlarımızı paylaştığımız ve birlikte güçlendiğimiz projemizin, benzer hedeflerdeki çalışmalara rehberlik yapabilmesini umuyoruz. ; Physical Activity Program Guide for Migrant and Refugee Women was prepared within the scope of the Project titled "Using Physical Activity as a Social Policy Tool in the Empowerment and Social Integration of Syrian Migrant Women Living in Turkey", supported by Hacettepe University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit. In the project, physical activity is used as a tool in empowering refugee women and ensuring social integration. In the first phase of the project, physical activity levels of Syrian refugee women were investigated with regard to acculturation. In the second phase of the project, a 12-week physical activity program was implemented in a group consisting of 25 Syrian, Afghan, Iraqi and Turkish women. In accordance with the findings and the experiences obtained as a result of this physical activity intervention aimed at social integration, The Physical Activity Guide for Migrant and Refugee Women was developed. Increasing rates of migration in the last decade have accelerated debates about migration and social integration policies in many countries. In Turkey, where the number of Syrian refugees is the highest in the world, policies are being made based on various research data regarding the social integration of Syrian and, more recently, Afghan and Iraqi refugees. Not enough importance has been ascribed to sport and physical activity in these policies yet. However, while data from scientific research exhibit favourable impacts of physical activity and sport on the lives of migrant and refugee individuals, the unifying power of physical activity and sport is emphasised by international organizations. Between 2016 and 2018, the European Commission supported 54 projects, totalling a sum of approximately 3 million Euros, offering physical activity and sport opportunities to improve the well-being and social engagement of refugees in the European Union member states. Within the scope of Article 5 of the United Nations (UN) 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, titled "Promoting Gender Equality", it is required to ensure women's empowerment at all levels and to eliminate violence including all forms of abuse against women. The Physical Activity Guide for Migrant and Refugee Women, with regard to its objectives, is a model for the use of physical activity as a social policy tool in the physical, mental and social empowerment of refugee women living in Turkey. It is a guide that can be used in academic studies and social responsibility projects aimed at women's empowerment within the scope of UN Goals. The availability of the guide in Turkish, Arabic, and English languages makes the information directly accessible to migrant and refugee women. Moreover, it features as an international guide available to international platforms. We would like to thank the participants, trainers, volunteers, staff and managers with whom we work together in the realization of project activities. We moved together, danced together, we shared our cultures, our daily lives. We embraced our differences and similarities and became empowered together. We hope that our project will be able to guide work with similar goals. ; ‫"‬ ‫بـ‬ ‫الموسوم‬ ‫البحثي‬ ‫المشروع‬ ‫نطاق‬ ‫ضمن‬ ‫د‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫أُع‬ ‫الالجئة‪،‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫المهاجرة‬ ‫للمرأة‬ ‫البدني‬ ‫النشاط‬ ‫دليل‬ ‫إن‬ ‫و‬ ‫المرأة‬ ‫لتمكين‬ ‫اجتماعية‬ ‫سياسة‬ ‫كأداة‬ ‫استعمالها‬ ‫و‬ ‫الالجئة‬ ‫السورية‬ ‫للمرأة‬ ‫البدني‬ ‫النشاط‬ ‫ممارسة‬ ‫هاجات‬ ‫بجامعة‬ ‫العلمية‬ ‫البحثية‬ ‫المشاريع‬ ‫تنسيق‬ ‫قسم‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫من‬ ‫المدعوم‬ ‫و‬ ‫االجتماعي"‬ ‫إندماجها‬ ‫تعزيز‬ ‫االجتماعي‪.‬‬ ‫التماسك‬ ‫ضمان‬ ‫و‬ ‫الالجئات‬ ‫لتعزيز‬ ‫كأداة‬ ‫البدني‬ ‫النشاط‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫المشروع‪،‬‬ ‫في‬ ‫تم‬ ‫تبة‪.‬‬ ‫في‬ ‫السوريات‬ ‫الالجئات‬ ‫للنساء‬ ‫البدني‬ ‫النشاط‬ ‫مستوى‬ ‫فحص‬ ‫تم‬ ‫المشروع‪،‬‬ ‫من‬ ‫األولى‬ ‫الخطوة‬ ‫في‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫لمدة‬ ‫البدني‬ ‫النشاط‬ ‫برنامج‬ ‫تنفيذ‬ ‫تم‬ ‫المشروع‪،‬‬ ‫من‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫الخطوة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الثقافي‪.‬‬ ‫التمازج‬ ‫سياق‬ ‫و‬ ‫التركية‪.‬‬ ‫كذلك‬ ‫و‬ ‫العراقية‬ ‫األفغانية‪،‬‬ ‫السورية‪،‬‬ ‫القومية‬ ‫من‬ ‫امرأة‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫من‬ ‫مؤلفة‬ ‫لمجموعة‬ ‫ً‬ ‫أسبوعا‬ ‫إعداد‬ ‫تم‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫االجتماعي‬ ‫التماسك‬ ‫تستهدف‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الفعالية‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫المكتسبة‬ ‫الخبرات‬ ‫و‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫مع‬ ‫ً‬ ‫تمشيا‬ ‫البدني‬ ‫النشاط‬ ‫لبرنامج‬ ‫التربوية‬ ‫المبادئ‬ ‫و‬ ‫األهداف‬ ‫و‬ ‫المفاهيمي‬ ‫اإلطار‬ ‫على‬ ‫يحتوي‬ ‫إرشادي‬ ‫دليل‬ ‫الالجئات‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫من‬ ‫تطويره‬ ‫سيتم‬ ‫‪.‬الذي‬ ‫االندماج‬ ‫و‬ ‫الهجرة‬ ‫سياسات‬ ‫حول‬ ‫النقاش‬ ‫تسريع‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫العقد‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتزايدة‬ ‫الهجرة‬ ‫معدالت‬ ‫أدت‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫أقصى‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫بلغ‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫أيضاً‪،‬‬ ‫تركيا‬ ‫في‬ ‫و‬ ‫العالم‬ ‫ففي‬ ‫المهاجرة‪.‬‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫من‬ ‫العديد‬ ‫في‬ ‫االجتماعي‬ ‫البحثية‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫على‬ ‫المبنية‬ ‫المختلفة‬ ‫السياسات‬ ‫من‬ ‫الكثير‬ ‫إعداد‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫العالم‪،‬‬ ‫في‬ ‫السوريين‬ ‫الالجئين‬ ‫من‬ ‫العراق‪.‬‬ ‫من‬ ‫ً‬ ‫مؤخرا‬ ‫و‬ ‫أفغانستان‬ ‫سوريا‪،‬‬ ‫من‬ ‫القادمين‬ ‫الالجئين‬ ‫لهؤالء‬ ‫االجتماعي‬ ‫االندماج‬ ‫تحقيق‬ ‫بغية‬ ‫بيانات‬ ‫تكشف‬ ‫حين‬ ‫في‬ ‫بعد‪.‬‬ ‫البدني‬ ‫والنشاط‬ ‫للرياضة‬ ‫الالزمة‬ ‫األهمية‬ ‫تُعطى‬ ‫لم‬ ‫السياسات‪،‬‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫في‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫الالجئين‬ ‫و‬ ‫المهاجرين‬ ‫حياة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الرياضة‬ ‫و‬ ‫البدني‬ ‫للنشاط‬ ‫اإليجابية‬ ‫المساهمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫العلمي‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫الترابط‬ ‫قوة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الالجئين‪،‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫للمهاجرين‬ ‫سياسات‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫على‬ ‫تعمل‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الدولية‬ ‫المؤسسات‬ ‫تؤكد‬ ‫أستراليا‬ ‫و‬ ‫الشمالية‬ ‫أمريكا‬ ‫و‬ ‫األوروبي‬ ‫االتحاد‬ ‫إستثمر‬ ‫المثال‪،‬‬ ‫سبيل‬ ‫على‬ ‫الرياضي‪.‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫البدني‬ ‫للنشاط‬ ‫النشاط‬ ‫في‬ ‫للمشاركة‬ ‫اللجوء‬ ‫طالبي‬ ‫و‬ ‫لالجئين‬ ‫التدخل‬ ‫برامج‬ ‫و‬ ‫الرياضية‬ ‫البرامج‬ ‫في‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫‪2016‬‬ ‫عامي‬ ‫بين‬ ‫االجتماعية‪.‬‬ ‫األغراض‬ ‫و‬ ‫التأهيل‬ ‫إعادة‬ ‫و‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫ألغراض‬ ‫الرياضي‬ ‫و‬ ‫البدني‬ ‫أنشطة‬ ‫وفرت‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫يورو‬ ‫ماليين‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫بقيمة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫مشرو‬ ‫‪54‬‬ ‫األوروبية‬ ‫المفوضية‬ ‫دعمت‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪2018‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫األوروبي‬ ‫االتحاد‬ ‫في‬ ‫األعضاء‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫في‬ ‫اجتماعيًا‬ ‫وإدماجهم‬ ‫الالجئين‬ ‫رفاهية‬ ‫لزيادة‬ ‫رياضية‬ ‫و‬ ‫بدنية‬ ‫‪2019‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫آخرون‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪().‬سبايـج‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المساواة‬ ‫"ضمان‬ ‫بعنوان‬ ‫‪2030‬‬ ‫المتحدة‬ ‫لألمم‬ ‫المستدامة‬ ‫التنمية‬ ‫أهداف‬ ‫من‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫المادة‬ ‫نطاق‬ ‫ضمن‬ ‫المستويات‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫على‬ ‫المرأة‬ ‫تمكين‬ ‫ضمان‬ ‫الضروري‬ ‫من‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫الفتيات"‬ ‫و‬ ‫النساء‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫تمكين‬ ‫و‬ ‫الجنسين‬ ‫الالجئات‪،‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫المهاجرات‬ ‫للنساء‬ ‫البدني‬ ‫النشاط‬ ‫دليل‬ ‫إن‬ ‫المرأة‪.‬‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫العنف‬ ‫أشكال‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫على‬ ‫القضاء‬ ‫و‬ ‫االجتماعية‬ ‫للسياسة‬ ‫كأداة‬ ‫تركيا‬ ‫في‬ ‫للالجئات‬ ‫البدني‬ ‫النشاط‬ ‫الستخدام‬ ‫ً‬ ‫جيدا‬ ‫ً‬ ‫نموذجا‬ ‫يعتبر‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫أهدافه‬ ‫بحكم‬ ‫و‬ ‫األكاديمية‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫في‬ ‫استخدامه‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫ً‬ ‫هاما‬ ‫ً‬ ‫مرجعا‬ ‫يعتبر‬ ‫و‬ ‫االجتماعي‪.‬‬ ‫التمكين‬ ‫و‬ ‫النفسية‬ ‫و‬ ‫المتحدة‬ ‫األمم‬ ‫أهداف‬ ‫نطاق‬ ‫في‬ ‫المرأة‬ ‫تمكين‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تهدف‬ ‫التي‬ ‫االجتماعية‬ ‫المسؤولية‬ ‫‪.‬مشاريع‬ ‫المتاحة‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫وصول‬ ‫يضمن‬ ‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫و‬ ‫العربية‬ ‫و‬ ‫التركية‬ ‫باللغات‬ ‫مكتوب‬ ‫الدليل‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫كون‬ ‫إن‬ ‫المحافل‬ ‫أغلب‬ ‫في‬ ‫استخدامه‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫دولي‬ ‫دليل‬ ‫فهو‬ ‫ذلك‪،‬‬ ‫على‬ ‫عالوة‬ ‫الالجئات‪.‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫للمهاجرات‬ ‫مباشرة‬ ‫‪.‬الدولية‬

ÖZETMısır Arap Cumhuriyeti, Afrika'nın Kuzey Doğusunda 997,739 km2 alanı, 68,5 milyon nüfusu vardır. Yıllık nüfus artışı % 2,3 tür ve nüfus yoğunluğu 58,2 kişi/km2 dir. Erkler ayrılığı ilkesine dayanan başkanlık sitemi ve çok partili demokratik sistem ile yönetilmektedir. Mısır Arap Cumhuriyeti 1922 yılında bağımsızlığına kavuşmuştur. Ülke bulunduğu bölge nedeniyle dünyanın başlıca güçlerinin çekişme alanı olmuş ve bu yüzden yıllarca istikrara kavuşamamıştır. Mısır Arap Cumhuriyeti' de bağımsızlığından sonra İsrail ile savaşa girmiştir. 1978 yılında İsrail ile Camp Davit barış anlaşmasını imzalamıştır. İmzalanan anlaşma ile Arap Dünyasının tepkisini almasına rağmen ABD' nin tam desteğini arkasına almıştır. Batı Dünyası ile iyi ilişkiler kurarak ve ılımlı politikalar izleyerek istikrarlı bir dönem sürdürmektedir. Mısır Arap Cumhuriyeti'nin 2000 yılında 92,6 milyar Dolar Gayri Safi Milli Hasılası ile 3,4 reel büyüme gerçekleştirmiştir. Yıllık enflasyon 2000 yılında 2,7 olmuştur. Toplam dış borcu 29,5 milyar Dolardır. Bir Mısır Poundu 3,47 ABD Dolarına eşittir.Ülke 1990 yılından sonra kalkınma programlarına önem vermektedir ve bunun için çeşitli reformlar uygulamaktadır. Uygulamış olduğu mali politikalarda harcamaları kısıtlama, ithalatı azaltma ve ihracatı artırmak için çaba sarf etmektedir. Özelleştirme bütün kalkınmakta olan ülkelerin temel sorunu olduğu gibi beklenen hızın altında devam etmektedir. Fiyatlar serbest ekonomi kurallarına uygun olarak belirlenmektedir. 14 milyar dolar döviz rezervi bulunmaktadır. Üç aylık bono faiz oranları % 10 civarında seyretmektedir. Borsa 2000 yılını düşük bir trendle geçirmiştir. Çalışma hayatında nüfusun çoğunluğu tarımla uğraşmaktadır. İşsizlik oranı oldukça yüksektir. Tarım alanlarının yetersizliği nedeniyle Nis nehrinin sularıyla sulama alanları için projeler geliştirilmektedir. Ülkenin en önemli tarım ürünü pamuktur. İhracatta pamuk ve pirinç en önemli tarım ürünüdür.madencilikte petrol üretimi ve doğal gaz üretimi mevcuttur. Büyük miktarda doğal gaz rezervlerine sahiptir. Turizm sektörü ülkenin en önemli gelir kaynaklarındandır. Ülke turizminin en önemlisi ünlü Mısır piramitleridir. Turizm için önemli yatırımlarda bulunulmaktadır. Ulaşımda Nil nehri önemli bir yere ve gelire sahiptir. Nil nehrinde üzerinden büyük gemilerin geçişi için genişletme çalışmaları devam etmektedir. Sanayide, otomotiv sanayi başı çekmektedir. Uluslar arası büyük otomotiv üreticisi firmaların üretim ve montaj üssü olarak görülebilir. İmalat sanayiinde tekstil ürünleri üretimi yapılmaktadır. İnşaat sektöründe yeni yerleşim bölgeleri, otoyollar ve çimento fabrikaları ilk baştaki yatırımlarıdır. Mısır Arap Cumhuriyetinin 2000 yılında 4,689 milyon Dolar ihracatı, 14,010 milyon Dolar ithalatı vardır. İhracatında başlıca ürünleri, petrol ürünleri, tekstil ürünleri ve tarım ürünleri yer almaktadır. Başlıca ihracat yaptığı ülkelerin başında ABD. İtalya ve Hollanda gelmektedir. İthalatında ihracatının üç katına yakındır. İthalatta en önemli payı makineler, elektrikli aletler, taşıt araçları, gıda maddeleri ve petrol mamulü ürünler almaktadır. Ayrıca ithalatta sınai ve yatırım malları önemli yer tutmaktadır. Başlıca ithalat yaptığı ülkeler ABD, Almanya, İtalya'dır. Türkiye ile Mısır Arap Cumhuriyeti arasında ticari ilişkiler en son olarak Türkiye'nin 1/95 sayılı protokolde kendisin bağlayan anlaşmalar arasında olan, Mısır ile Avrupa Topluluğu arasında imzalanmış olan "Avrupa - Akdeniz ortaklık anlaşmasına" istinaden yürütülmektedir. İki ülke arasında ticaret hacmi 517,427 bin dolara ulaşmıştır. Türkiye' nin 2000 yılında Mısır Arap Cumhuriyetine ihracatı 376,7 milyon dolar olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Türkiye'nin Mısır Arap Cumhuriyetine ihraç ettiği ürünlerin başında motorlu kara taşıtları ve bunların parçaları, örülmemiş giyim eşyaları, demir ve çelik ürünleri ilk sıraları alır. Türkiye'nin Mısır Arap Cumhuriyetinden ithalatı 2000 yılında 140,7 milyon dolar olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Türkiye'nin Mısır Arap Cumhuriyetinden ithal ettiği ürünlerin bayında: petrol ürünleri, doğal gaz, pamuk ve pirinç ilk sıraları almaktadır. Türkiye ve Mısır Arap Cumhuriyetinin 1990 yılından itibaren artan miktarlarda bir ticaret hacmi gerçekleşmektedir. Bu artış her iki ülkenin faydasınadır. ABSTRACTARABIAN REPUCLIC OF EGYPT'S ECONOMY AND TURKEY - EGPYT ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIPSArabian republic of Egypt is located at the northeast of Africa covering 997,739 km2 with a population of 68,5 million. Annual population increase is % 2,3 and its density is 58,2 people per km2 . The country has been ruled by presidential system, based on principles of powers separations, and a democratic parliamentary. Arabian republic of Egypt had won her independence in 1922 due to her strategical importance, great powers of the world tried to dominate the region so the county became unsuccessfull to balance her economical and politikal stability for years. After her idebendence, Arabian republic of Egypt declared war on Israel. In 1978 the wor en ded with Camp David peace negotion signature for the sides. Although Arabic world's reactions against. This negotiation, Egypt is now continuing a normal period by establishing good relationships and following friendly political strategies with west. Arabian republic of Egypt obtained 92,6 milyard USD national income beside 3,4 percent real growthy in the year of 2000. statistics show that yearly infilation was % 2,7 in 2000. Total external debt is 29,5 milliard USD. An Egyption pound equals to 3,47 USD.Arabian republic of Egypt has been giving priority to development programmes and adapting various reforms since 1990. It is strived to restrict the spendings, to increase exportation but to decrease importation by means of practised financial politics. Privatization is the main similar problem of all developing countries like in Egypt; therefore it is going along under estimated speed. Prices are determined according to free economics rules. There is 14 milliard USD foreign exchange reserve 3 monthly bond interest rates are about % 10. Stock exchance closed the year of 2000 with a low trend.Majority population of working class are busy with agriculture. Unemployment rate is pretty high. It is tried to improve irrigation projects by using Nile River's water because of unsufficient agricultural gields cotton is the most important agricultural produce. Cotton and rice are the important items for exportation. Petroleum and natural gas production take place in the mining sector. The country has a huge natural gas rezerves. Tourism sector is one of the most essential income resorces of the Egypt. Egypt pyramids are among the famous touristic places. It's made big investments for transportation of large ships are continuing. Automotiv is the leader sector in country' industry. The country can be seen as an assembly and production base of international automotive manifacturers.Textille is produced for production industry.Hiyways,new centres of population and cement factories are the privileyed investment areas in construction industry.Figures show that Eygpt's exportation was 4,689 million USD while her impoctation was 14,010 million USD in 2000. petroleum, textile and agriculturel products can be calculated as country's main exportation goods. Holland, USA and Italy are Egypt's chiefly economical partners for her export. Importation has approximately tripled of exportation. The lion's share of importation are machines, electrical tools, vehicles, food staffs and made of petroleum products. In addition above, investment and industrial goods are playing important role for the country's importation. USA, Germany and Italy are her main importation partners.Turkey- Arabian republic of Egypt's economic relation are based on " European - mediterranen ded of partnership" signed between egypt and European union. This agreement is binding Turkey with a protocol number of 1/95 signed between Turkey and EU. And Turkey - Egypt relations are countinuing in this frame. Trading volume between Turkey and Egypt has reached 517 million USD. Turkey's exportation to Egypt was 376,7 million USD in 2000, Essetial exportation of Turkey to Egypt are vehicles and their spare parts, not knitted garments and iron-steel products. Turkey's importation from Egypt was 140,7 million USD in 2000. Turkey imports petroloum products, naturel gas, cotton and rice from Egypt.Turkey and Egypt economic relations has been tending to increase since 1990. It is benifical for both country.

Milli Güvenlik Kurulu, "devletin milli güvenlik siyasetinin tayini, tespiti ve uygulanması ile kararların alınması ve gerekli koordinasyonun sağlanması" çerçevesinde, silahlı kuvvetler komuta kademesi ile hükümet üyelerinin Cumhurbaşkanı'nın başkanlığında biraraya gelerek, karşılıklı görüş alış verişinde bulundukları ve görüş belirdikleri bir organdır. Özellikle kriz dönemlerinde dönemlerinde Türk siyasal hayatında oldukça etkili bir işlev görev Milli Güvenlik Kurulu, uygulamada oynadığı bu rol nedeniyle, zaman zaman ülkenin "en üst karar organı" nitelemelerine maruz kalmaktadır. Milli Güvenlik Kurulu (MGK), 1961 Anayasası'yla faaliyete başlamıştır. Türkiye'de Milli Güvenlik Kurulu'ndan önce de çeşitli savunma kurulları faaliyette bulunmuştur. Bunlar; Harb Encümeni(1922), Yüksek Müdafaa Meclisi ve Umumi Katipliği (1933) ve Milli Savunma Yüksek Kurulu(1949) dur. Ancak bunların görev alanları askeri savunmaya yönelik sınırlı bir alanı kapsamaktadır. Türkiye'yi bu tür bir organ arayışına iç siyasi gelişmeler ve dengeler ile dış dinamikler ve konjonktür götürmüştür. Dış dinamiklerin başında, özellikle İkinci Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra ABD öncülüğünde bütün dünyada meydana gelen savunma konseptindeki değişiklik gelmektedir. Bu savaştan sonra milli savunma, kavramından daha kapsayıcı bir kavram olan milli güvenlik kavramına geçilerek, ABD örneğindeki Milli Güvenlik Konseyi(National Securty Cuoncil) gibi milli güvenliği sağlamakla görevli organlar kurulmuştur. Ancak Milli Güvenlik Kurulu uygulamasına Türkiye açısından bakıldığında, mevzuat ve geleneklerden hareketle, iç dinamiklerin belirleyici bir rol oynadığını görmek mümkündür. Bu nedenle Türkiye uygulaması, Batı ülkelerinden önemli ölçüde farklılıklar göstermektedir. Ülkemiz örneğinde asker ve sivillerin eşit oranda temsil edildiği MGK'nda milli güvenlik kavramı çerçevesinde ülkenin ekonomik, siyasal ve sosyal ve kültürel bütün sorunları müzakere edilmekte, toplantı sonucunda alınan kararlar, "alınması zorunlu görülen kararlar" amir hükmüyle Bakanlar Kurulu'na bildirilmektedir. Bu durum, askeri otoritenin devlet yapısı ve siyasal karar süreçleri içindeki özerkliği ile kendisini Batı ordularından ayıran aşırı merkezi yapısının bir sonucudur. Milli Güvenlik Kurulu, mevcut yapısı ve işleyişiyle, üç önemli soruna yol açmaktadır:1-Milli güvenlik kavramının kapsamının müphem ve muğlak bırakılması, uygulamada temel hak ve özgürlüklerin kısıtlanmasına yol açmaktadır.2-Kurul'a katılan kuvvet temsilcileri vasıtasıyla ordu iç politikaya müdahaleyle karşı karşıya bırakılmaktadır.3-Sivil idareyi devamlı gözetim altında tutan bir mekanizma görevi gören Milli Güvenlik Kurulu, yürütmenin gücünü kırmakta, enerjisini tüketme, zayıf ve etkisiz bırakmaktadır.Anayasa'da ve ilgili mevzuatta düzenlenen Kurul'un yapısı yeniden ele alınmalıdır. Kurulun amacı, statüsü, görevleri tartışmalara imkan vermeyecek şekilde, net bir şekilde ortaya konulmalıdır. Yapılacak yeni düzenlemede Kurul, asker -sivil hesaplaşma alanı olmaktan çıkarılma ve bir "danışma kurulu" statüsünü aşmamalıdır.THESIS SUMMARYThe National Security Council is an organ, consisting of the armed forces command rank and goverment members, who convene within the frame of "determination, designation and application of state's national security policy, taking decisionds and providing the necessary coordination", under the presidency oy the Head of State and mutually exchange views and state opinions. The National Security Council, whic performs a quite efective function especially in crises periods, due to the role it plays in application, is being exposed from time to time to " the highest decision organ" of the country description. The National Security Council (MGK), began activity by the Constitution of 1961. Before the National Security Council in Turkey there had been other various defence committees. These were War Council (1922), High Defence Assemly and General Clerkship (1933) and National Defence High Council (1949). However, the duty scopes of these cover a limited area directed towards military defence.Turkey has been carried to the search for such an organ by the internal and external development and balances and by external dynamics an conjunture. The most important of the external dynamics ist the change in the defence concept, that occurred around the world especially after the Second World War in the leadership of the USA. After this var it has been passed from national defence concept to national security, which concept is more comprehensive and as with the example of the USA's National Security Council, organs, appointed to ensure the national security have been established. When looked at the National Security Council application from the viewpoint of Turkey, however, starting from the regulations and customs, it is possible to see that the internal dynamics play a determining role. Therefore the application in Turkey shows substantial differences from the Western Countries. In our country's example in the National Security Council, where the military and civils are represented equally, within the frame of national security concept, economic, political, social and cultural and all problems ar negotiated. Decisions, taken at the end of the meeting, "decisions, regarded as compulsory" are communicated to the Council of Ministers by a superior's order. This situation is a consequence from the autonomy of the military authority from the state structure and political decision mechanism and from its excessive centralized structure, whic distinguishesit from the Western Armies. The National Security Council, with its present structure and functioning, opens the way to three important questions:1-Leaving the national security concept vague and confusing results practinally in the restriction of the basic rights and freedoms. 2-Through the power representatives joining the Council, the army is left face to face with intervention in domestic politics. 3-The National Security Council, which functions as a mechanism, holding the civil execution constantly under supervision, breaks down the strength of he execution, exhausts its energy, leaves it weak and unefective. The Council's structure, coordinated in the constitution and reladet regulations, must be handled anew. The Council's purpose, its status, and duties must be determined in a neat manner, which leaves no ways for debates. The Council in this new arrangement, should stop being a form of military-civil accounts-settling and should not exceed its status of "consulting comittee".

ÖZETSOVYETLER BİRLİĞİ'NİN DAĞILMASINDAN SONRA İRAN'IN AZERBAYCAN POLİTİKASISovyetler Birliği'nin 1991 yılında dağılması ve ardından bu birliğe bağlı Azerbaycan'ın, Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti adı altında bağımsızlığını ilan etmesi ile bu devletin komşusu olan İran ile ilişkileri yeni bir döneme girdi. Azerbaycan toprakları XIX. yüzyılın başlarındaki Rus İşgali ile kuzey ve güney olmak üzere ikiye ayrıldı. Kuzey Azerbaycan önce Rusya, sonra Sovyetler Birliği egemenlik alanına girerken Güney Azerbaycan İran'a bırakıldı. Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti adı altında bağımsızlığına kavuşan ülke Kuzey Azerbaycan'dır. Kuzey Azerbaycan'da Azerilerin yaklaşık nüfusu 7 milyon iken İran'a bağlı Güney Azerbaycan'da bu rakamın üç katı, 20-25 milyon Azeri yaşamaktadır.Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti'nin bağımsızlığa kavuşması İran içinde hem sevinç hem de endişe ile karşılandı. Kuzeyde bağımsız, batı tarzı ve gelişmiş bir Azeri devleti, güneydeki Azeriler için de bir cazibe merkezi olabilecektir. Bu ise İran'daki Azeri milliyetçiliği akımlarını güçlendirecek ve belki de İran'ın üniter yapısına zarar verebilecektir. Öte yandan yeni kurulan bu devlet, İran'a uluslararası arenada yanlızlıktan kurtulma şansı da getirmektedir. Azerbaycan ile kurulacak iyi ilişkiler, İran'ın dünya siyasetine yeniden adapte olmasını sağlayabilecektir. Bölgede yeni devletlerin ortaya çıkması ekonomik fırsatları da beraberinde getirmektedir. İran ekonomik alanda başarı sağlayabilmek için, Türkiye gibi diğer bölge içi, ABD gibi bölge dışı ülkelerle rekabet etmek zorundadır.Azerbaycan'ın bağımsızlığını kazandığı günden bugüne kadar geçen zamanda İran-Azerbaycan ilişkileri inişli çıkışlı bir seyir izlemiştir. İki ülke arasında Güney Azerbaycan problemi en önemli sorundur. Bu sorun Elçibey'in Azerbaycan'daki kısa iktidarı sırasında doruk noktaya ulaşmıştır. İran, Azerbaycan'ın ekonomik ilerlemesini durdurmak ya da en azından yavaşlatmak için Azerbaycan'ın taraf olduğu meselelerde karşı tarafı desteklemektedir. Karabağ savaşında İran'ın Ermenilere verdiği destek ve Ermenistan ile kurulan iyi ilişkiler bunun bir örneğidir.Hazar Denizi'nin hidrokarbon ürünlerinin çıkartılması ve dünya pazarlarına iletilmesi konusunda da İran ile Azerbaycan karşı karşıya gelmektedir. İran, Hazar Denizi'nin kıyıdaş ülkeler tarafından ya eşit paylaşılmasını ya da belirli münhasır alan dışında ortak kullanılmasını istemektedir. Azerbaycan ise Hazar'ın orta hat yöntemi ile ulusal sektörlere bölünmesi taraftarıdır. Diğer taraftan bölgeden çıkartılan petrol ve doğal gazın uluslararası piyasalara ulaştırılması konusunda da İran ve Azerbaycan muhalif düşüncededir. İran, bölgeden çıkan tüm kaynakların kendi toprakları üzerinden geçecek bir hatla Basra Körfezi'ne ulaştırılmasını öngörmektedir. Bu hat bazı avantajları da bulunmasına rağmen ABD ve Batılı devletler tarafından kabul edilmemektedir.Azerbaycan ise bölgeden elde edilecek petrol ve doğal gazın Türkiye üzerinden Akdeniz'e ulaştırılmasını istemektedir. Maliyeti dolayısı ile özellikle petrol şirketleri tarafından cazip görülmeyen bu hattı ABD de desteklemektedir.İran ile Azerbaycan arasındaki ilişkiler sayılan bütün güçlüklere rağmen gelişmeye devam etmektedir. Bu ilişkilerin olumlu yönde gelişmesi her iki devletin de yararına olcaktır.ABSTRACTIRAN'S POLICIES TOWARDS AZERBAIJAN REPUBLIC AFTER THE COLLAPSE OF SOVIET UNIONThe relations between Iran Islamic Republic and Azerbaijan Republic entered a new phase after the collapse of Soviet Union and declaration of independence by Azerbaijan in 1991. In the beginning of the 19th century, Azerbaijan territory was divided into two separate parts; the north and the south, by the Russian invasion of the region. While the former remained under the sovereignty of first Russia then the Soviet Union, the latter was a part of Iran. The country that gained its independence from the Soviet Union is the one in the north. While the population of the Azeris in this independent country in the north is about 7 million, that of the Azeris in the south which is a state in Iran is three times bigger; between 20-25 million.Iran met the declaration of independence in the Northern Azerbaijan with both excitement and anxiety. It is possible that an independent, developed and westernized Azeri state in the north may be a center of attraction for the Azeris living in the Southern Azerbaijan. Consequently, this may strengthen the nationalistic movements among the Azeris in the south and eventually give damage to the unity of Iran. This newly founded country in the north, on the other hand, can also bring the chance for Iran to break its isolation from the international arena. Good relations developed with Azerbaijan Republic could make it possible for Iran to adapt in the world political system. On the other hand, the emergence of newly independent states in the region can also create economic opportunities. Iran has to compete with countries inside the region like Turkey and countries outside the region such as the USA to succeed in economic area.Since Azerbaijan Republic gained its independence, the relations between Iran and Azerbaijan have not been stable. The most important problem between Iran and Azerbaijan is the Southern Azerbaijan issue. The compexity of the problem reached its peak during the brief Elchibey administration in Azerbaijan. To stop or at least slow down the development of Azerbaijan, Iran supports the opponents of Azerbaijan in the issues in which Azerbaijan is involved. The good relations between Iran and Armenia and the support given to Armenia by Iran during the war in Karabagh are examples of Iran's this policy. Iran and Azerbaijan stand on the opposite sides in the issue about the exploitation and export of the hydrocarbon products of the region. Iran demands that the Caspian Sea should be either equally shared by the coasting countries or used together (condominium). Azerbaijan, on the other hand, claims that the Caspian Sea ought to be divided into national sectors according to medium line borders. Transportation of the oil and natural gas of the region to the world markets is another issue that causes a conflict between Iran and Azerbaijan. Iran urges that all the oil and natural gas of the region ought to be carried to the Persian Gulf via Iranian territory by pipe lines. Although this route has some advantages, it is not accepted by the USA and western countries.Azerbaijan wants to carry the oil and natural gas to the Mediterranean Sea through pipelines from Baku to Ceyhan. Even tough this route is not considered economical by the oil companies, the USA has been supporting it since it was proposed. In spite of all above mentioned issues and problems between Iran and Azerbaijan, the mutual relations have been developing. It is for the benefit of both Iran and Azerbaijan that the good relations be built and maintained.

SUMMARYA great changement was occurring after fell down the Berlin Wall in East Europe, in 1989.The countries had begun to new period with high debts and inflation by these changements.East European countries have a common feature by carry out the transition period politics by rapidly in this process. So, it was necessity on stabilization politics but not easy.At result, privatization and restructure got an importance.I – THEORICAL AND CONSEPTIONAL FRAME OF MARKET ECONOMYFree market economy has the same philosophy and idea with liberalism. Economical liberalism is defended the free competition, reducing the customs taxes, import freedom and resisted to interference of state on the economy.Classical economy's base is economical freedom and market economy. Market economy is relying on free competition and private enterprise. Price mechanism and world prices are important. Interference of state must be in minimum levels. Public sector must be reduced. Basic factors such as wage, capital and foreign currency must reflect the real market prices, must get an importance to external trade.1-DEVELOPMENT OF MARKET ECONOMY1.1. CLASSIC REVIEWFree trade, specialization only on one field, annihilate the obstacles such as customs and quotas, interferences of state on the market are most important according to Adam Smith, which lived in 18th century.A specialization between nations must be obtained according to Ricardo. So, it must be an exchange on the entire world. 1.2. NEO-CLASSIC REVIEWAlfred Marshall, Leon Walras and Carl Menger is an echol. The state must be more active to improve the poor part of community and must create the opportunities on the market, get the taxes from revenues and wealth, finance the education, health, park and city planning, defence the personal freedom, private property and open markets, manufacture the public commodities.1.3. ORDO-LIBERALISM REVIEWIt is different from classic liberalism. Economical regularity is social which emerges in an evident process, not natural. Social and juridical standards emerge the economical system.Price, monetarily stability, sciences, stability and durability on economical politics are important to emerging of market economy.Basic aim is bring to existence an economical constitution.2- BASIC ELEMENTS OF MARKET ECONOMYBasic factors are enterprising, competition, economical ideas and attitudes.Enterprising is a person which makes unity the manufacturing factors, makes direct the investments, begins to motion by utilize the signals from internal and external markets, gets the share on productivity and determines the firm profit. Basic aim is profit.Competition is social event, protects the personal, which works with high productivity against to personal, which works with low productivity, uses the sources most effectively. Buyer and seller number must be too much in this system. Competition is opposed to monopolization but necessity laws and politics have to support it. ECONOMICAL IDEAS AND ATTITUDESIt includes price, wage, interest, hire and foreign currency. Price system occurs freely according to rate of request and demand conditions. At this straight, firms and consumers must carry out their decisions freely.3- MARKET MECHANISM FLOW AND ROLE OF SOURCE DISTRIBUTIONConsumers and producers have activities on the market economy. The prices are determined according to the lowest cost and to the highest profit.Ideal special future is high productivity, low profit and high production. Competition reduces the profit to the lowest level.Main mechanism on free market is price. If the relative scarcity is enough, request and demand is more or less equal.Producers and consumers may have a decision according to the price indicator and request and demand. This case makes lead the manufacturing, increases the alternatives, also economical activities make an harmony against to conditions.The evident features of market economy are free decision, liberty on preferences, a great price mechanism and competition. So, economical stability is obtainable.Interferences may apply on the market economy for public health, regulations on economical activities, protect the consumers. These motions are generally precautions to control of drugs and drink manufacturing and consumption, annihilation of harmful on public health, growth the power on economic morals, make grow the quality, regulation on manufacturing and marketing. The state may meddle with economy to development rapidly. For example, the state may encourage the saving, increase the rates of interest, decrease the taxes to get on the saving, provide the precautions on investment.The buyers and sellers cannot determine the price on one's own on free competition market. Otherwise monopoly, trust and cartels may occur, stability may out of order between commodity and services.Market economy may deviate from the rules on two main categories.Manufacturer, buyer and seller may make deviate from the rules. Especially trade unionization is effective on this deviation.The state may interfere in economy by taxes, if social and individual advantages different, it may deviate from competition market.The state is exist in every kind of economy and serves to people with harmony and politics and social philosophies of our age. Also it provides security, education and health services but it doesn't determine the prices. It is one of the biggest manufacturers at the same time.II – HISTORICAL WIEW TO BULGARIAN ECONOMY IN THE TRANSITION PERIOD OF FREE MARKET ECONOMY1. BASIC SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL INDICATORS1.1. GENERALThe form of government is republic, capital is Sofia, Population is 8.297.000(1997), increasing of population is %0. 7, distinctive characteristics in common with Turkishs, Pomaks, Russians, Gipsies, Tatars, Jewishes are in 16 percent.Estimated agricultural area is 1/3 and woodland is 1/3 of all the land. Charcoal, petroleum, natural gas, ferrum and sources except metal are too much. Bulgaria can't use the money too much on surroundings cause of economical lacks.Too many people are migrated to Turkey reason of economical lacks after communism regime. Population is decreased year by year, but unemployment.2. BULGARIA BEFORE 1989Ottoman empire had governorship on the Bulgaria more 500 years till 1908. Then, Bulgarian Kingdom is founded in 1908. Stamboliyski is in powered from Farmer Party in 1920. A new fascism supporter government is founded but communists and farmers were outside of government.Bulgaria is allied with Germany in 1941. Although a new government was found in 1944, the republican regime with referendum is founded in 1946. The new constution is validated in 1947. Cercenkov is in powered in 1950, relations with U.S.A. were out of order and membership of United Nations was validity in 1955.The new constitution is validated in 1971. T.Jivkow is in powered continually, became arrested cause of irregularity in 1990 and then, again a new constitution is validated. Communist Party is made to take out of only one party. In that year, state's name is changed to Republic of Bulgaria and removed the communist symbols from flag. Privatizational laws are validated with Jelev in 1992. The Government of Videnov is contraried the privatization in 1994.Peter Stoyanov is Nato's supporter and he was president in 1996. United Democratic Forces is in powered with 52 percent of vote after selections in 1997.2.1. COMECON AND COLLAPSING OF SYSTEMComecon is a union that emerged by East European Countries. Bulgarian economy has begun to transition period with some negative ness like other East European countries causes of political incompetence and dissociating end of 1980s.Bulgaria which had more than 60 percent of export to associate but it had couldn't find the new markets cause of inadequate ship of quality standards and had an old technology. Foreign currency reserves are high level. It has too many debts, political incompetent ship in the land. Financial system is not conformity to market economy and also could not claim 2 million dollars of money owing from Iraq because of golf war. So, Bulgaria couldn't save from crisis because of above reasons.2.2 GENERAL ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT AND SECTORSBulgarian manufacturing industry basically is founded on textile, wooden engrave, leather products and food prep rationing sectors.Bulgaria had realisation the attacks on the heavy industry that supported by S.S.C.B. after 2nd world war.Production of electro-mechanic and electronic goods in manufacturing sector is reached to an important share since 1970s.The biggest natural wealth of Bulgaria is productive earths. There are not important minerals in Bulgaria.In the following period of 2nd world war, metallurgy and chemical production had an importance. Industry sector had old technology. Its competition is losted the power with disunited of the Comecon.Productivity rates on industry are grown with economical reforms that started in 1979. Economical growing is dynamically continued in spite of reducing the productivity on agriculture sector, building sector and investments in Bulgaria. Especially, price volatility on agriculture sector is a reason of suspicion about real value of growth in 1988 according to 1987.Productions on agriculture and industry of Bulgaria are reduced according to statistics. Main problem on agriculture sector is delivery prices of goods.A stagnation indicator on Bulgarian economy is weakness of building and construction sector. Manufacturing products such as cement and weawing is in necessity. Manufacturing level is inadequate on that area and also unqualificationed organisations have been affected.2.3 - FOREIGN TRADEThere are no definite results on foreign trade reason of inadequate of numerical data's.However, export is increased up to the rate of 4 percent in 1988 and import is reduced to the rate of 1.8 percent. Bulgaria finance deficit is 600 million dollars result of trade with west countries in 1998. Tourism revenues are positive. Trade connections with Turkey are weak according to another East European countries.2.4 – PERESTROICA POLITICSThe new age on economy with state council's decision is started in January 9,1989. Activities to get the indepences of firms are velocitied. At the same time, this decision is more benefit to foreign investors too.3. 1989 – 1997 TRANSITION PERIOD3.1 – ECONOMICAL REFORM ACTIVITIESAlteration is started in east block countries after 1989 and together with this alteration. Comecon is losted the activity. So, idle capacities are commenced and Bulgaria is losted the production markets.The reforms are making started by new government in February 1991. External trade regime is liberalisation in one direction; this is one of the import nest factors of the reforms. With a decision is accepted in 1989, basic of economical reforms are occurred. Firms had equal rights to execution of economical activities. The laws related to foreign investment are validated in 1992.Commercial banks have gone to consolidation. Prices had freed except 11 basic consumption. Economical activities, government status on economy, foreign trade and foreign exchange regime, price regulations, privatization, tax systems are reorganized about foreign investors.3.2. SECTORAL CONSTITUTIONIndustrial sector had the over 50 percent of share on economy until 1990s. 11 private sector's share with service and trade sector approached to 60 percent between 1992 and 1997.SECTORSProductivity with old technologies on industrial sector is at low level. Engineering sector is developed. Products of textile sector are manufactured at high quality.CHEMICALSChemical products that have an important mark on export of Bulgaria. They were 1,096 milliard dollars with 22,3 percent in 1997 and 983 million dollars with 19.4 percent of total export in 1998.AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND TOBACCORate of plan tablelands are 34 percent in Bulgaria. Totally 304 firms are active on food, drink and tobacco sector.METALLURGY AND MINERSHIPIron product is 6.2 percent and other than iron is 6.8 percent on all of industry in 1998. In 1997, metallurgy sector is grown up to 117.2 percent with 529 million dollars in total amount of export in Bulgaria.MACHINEShare of machine sector is 13.8 percent in all of industry. Principal are; Machine parts, tractor, bus, ship, building and auto spare parts.CONSTRUCTIONPrivate firms in the sector have share with 13 percent in 1991. That share is grown to 62 percent in 1995 but then; it is reduced reason of financial inadequate ships.TOURISMTourism revenues are approximately 280 million dollars in 1995.4.5 million of transits and totally 8 million tourists are visited the Bulgaria in 1996.3.3. TRADE AFTER ECONOMICAL REFORMSExport of Bulgaria is totally 4.9 milliard dollars in 1997. The import nest export products are fuel oil, other fuels, cooper and its products and nuclear reactors. Import is 4.5 milliard dollars in 1997 and included the product such as mineral fuels, nuclear reactor heaters and spare parts, electric machines, mineral substances, cotton, synthetic fibres, cereals, auto and tractors.3.4. EXTERNAL DEBTSRate of the external debts to export revenues were 249.9 Percent in 1993 but then, back to 188.2 percent in 1994.Official external debts were 10.363 dollars in the end of 1997.3.5. FOREIGN INVESTORS EXTERNAL CAPITALMost investments with 636.2 million dollars by foreigners are made in 1997. This amount is 526 million dollars in 1998. Principal foreign investors are European countries and U.S.A. A new foreigner investment law is prepared in Oct 1997. Main sectors to investment are industry, trade, finance and tourism.3.6. COMMERCIAL BANKINGState banks are privatization by associate. Regulations relate to control of banking are valitidied by government. In the middle of 1997, a new law on banking are validated after economical crisis in 1996, Central Bank Law are rebuilt. High levels of capital and capital qualifications are obligationed.3.7. PRIVATIZATIONPrivatization is started with foundation transformation and privatization belongs to state and municipalities in April 1992. Privatization Agency is built-up. Privatization is realization with totally 836 million dollars between Jan 1,1993 and Dec 30,1998. Its part of 421.4 million dollars is in 1997 and part of 116 million dollars is realization in 1998.Foundations like ports, telecommunication and, etc.are out of privatization by laws. 95 percent of state firms transformed to form of private limited or nationalization. Share of these firms are belong to state.III. BULGARIA IN EUROPAN UNION AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEY1. BULGARIAN ECONOMY AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEYTest and certification operations, metal products except iron, chemical products, cereals, operational petroleum. Products are important substances from Bulgaria to Turkey.Although weaving products, food, chemical products, leather and stout leather products, glass, ceramics, brick products are ones of important from Turkey to Bulgaria.1.1. CONTENTS OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN TURKEY AND BULGARIAAll taxes and restrictictions on industrial products by signed on European Agreement between European Union and Bulgaria in Mar 8,1993 and validated in Dec 31,1993 will be removed till 2002.Turkey and Bulgaria made easy to particularization into agricultural products market by reduced the taxes for between their selves.End of signed acts, 131 products of 446 that stated to Turkey and 1141 goods of existing on European Union Agreement are liberalization by remove from list of sensitive products.Foreign companies had a partnership rights with corporations and individuals and also foreign individuals had a right on economical activities by law of keeping foreign investors, which is validated in 1992. Same economical rights are recognized between foreigners and Bulgarians and also getting unlimited share from exist companies and companies that will be found.2. CONNECTIONS WITH EUROPEAN UNION AND FINANCIAL PORTREIT OF BULGARIA2.1. CONNECTION WITH EUROPEAN UNION OF BULGARIAIn the autumn 1989, Berlin wall is demolished and this motion make united the European that had divided to east and west after 2nd world war. Comecon's mean is continuing the economical dependent ship to Soviet Union. But, most east and west European countries reject it. After these European Union augmented economical and political supports to that countries reason of carry out and conclude the reform, which is started in middle and east European countries.Firstly, a group includes the Turkey is formed by 24 of OECD countries. G24s are transferred to entrust with coordination of support to the European Union Commission.That commission is functionizationed the Phare program that helps on financial and technical areas to Poland and Hungary. Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania in Sept.1990, Albanian, Estonia, Leetonia and Livonia in Jan.1992 and Slovenia in Aug.1992 are included by Phare program.Military regulations on security of West European losted the importance but they are already securely areas.Main political aims that related to Middle and East European countries of European Unions are explained below;a- Encouragement of liberal democratic system with respectful of law's superiority.b- to be sense on surroundingsc- to prevent the ethnical collidesd- to prevent the migration to foreign countries at the west.e- Phare program and encouragement of free market economy from planned economy.2.2. WHAT IS THE PHARE PROGRAM?Phare program's aim is build the encourage mental conditions to the market economy and to take pains about investments on economies of Middle and East Europe countries. This program includes unfinancable fields by traditional external supports. That supports on the program is formed by credits and encouragements and used for pilot projects related to reorganization of associations.Bulgaria is taken a support of 10.6 millions ECU by include of Phare program.European Union don't use only Phare program as a tool on politics related to Middle and East Europe countries, except itIncludes the programs within own constitution such as ERASMUS and COMETT.2.3. FIRST PERIOD (before 1989)In this period; trading is developed between Middle and East European countries that named as COMECON COUNTRIES but couldn't show the same developments against to West Europe in European Union.Soviet Union takes the priority on exporting with countries. Bulgaria is the develop pest country on trade with Soviet Union.2.4 TRANSITION PERIOD (1989-1992)The great changements occurred on trade in Soviet Union and Middle and East Europe countries from starting the reforms in 1989 to 1992.From 1989,trade and partnership agreements signed with Hungary and Poland then, with Czechoslovakia in 1990,also Bulgaria and Romania in 1991. At the same time, rejection is started on amount of restrictions. Exporting is increased between Middle and East European countries, Soviet Union and European Union other than below too;Devaluation in the countries other than Hungary,- Workings to join into the West European markets reason of re-emerging the losted ones in East European- Import is on peak-level from those countries to Germany after unitized the East and West Europe.2.5. EUROPEAN AGREEMENTSEuropean agreements are acted end of 1991.Bulgaria-Europe agreement's date of signature: Mar8, 1993Date of being inforce: Dec 31,1995Temporarily agreement: Dec 31,1992European agreement has been in force in Bulgaria, end of 1995. European agreements are partnership agreements that signed by based on 238th paragraph of Roma agreement and Maastricht agreement. According to that state, increasing of export is an prestipulation to growth the economy with stability.3. SUCCEED OF STABILITY PROGRAM IN BULGARIABulgaria signed on an agreement with IMF to pass over the economical hardships and started the reforms in 1991.Economy is grown at the rates of 2.1 percent in 1995.In 1997,economy has the new crisis related to Yugoslavia crisis and so, Bulgaria signed on a new agreement with IMF.Leva is fixed with 20 DM and 1000 Bulgarian Leva to 1 DM and constructral reforms is started to gain the speed.Economy in Bulgaria grown to positive from 1994 but to the 10.9 percent in 1996.- Inflation rates (%) in Republic of Bulgaria; 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 199882,2 72,8 96,2 62 123,1 1082,3 22,3After the stand-by agreement with IMF, inflation approached to 22.3 percent in 1998.Annual average of inflation is expected as 7.3 percent in 1999 and 9.0 percent in 2000.Bulgaria is the poorest country according to other east European countries candidate to membership of EU. Bulgarian Leva is determined by rejected the 3 zeros from Detsch Mark. So, new Leva is make related on euro at the rates of 1.95583:euro 1 (Lvl:DMI ).CONCLUSION:Bulgaria is declared the moratorium reason of hardness's to find an external debt, to refund the capital and interests of external debt.While external debt is 10.6-milliard dollars end of 1990,it has been 12.2 milliard dollars, end of 1993. So, started to paces towards to market economy in Feb 1991. Annual inflation is reduced from 338.5 percent in 1991 to 79.4 percent in 1992.The debts of managements of state are ruined the budget and also a reason to broken balance on economy too.The crisis on foreign currency is occurred in Mar 1994. Reforms have been out of control at the result of that crisis.Leva is devaluated as 100 percent and inflation is reduced to 90 percent on annual average. At this parallel, financial and revenue politics, money and its value are controlled. The debts to foreign countries are decreased to 9.8 milliard dollars with precautions in 1994 and end of 1996.Financial balance are obtained again in the first months of 1995, reduced the inflation and also rate of interests to 72 percent.Rate of exchange (Leva/$) was 503 percent between Jan 1 and Feb 12,1997. Especially, that increasing was 20-percent/each day in Feb 1997.Rate of interest was 300 percent in Sep.1996. 14 Banks are bankrupted in that period. Bulgaria had been 1st of the world from inflation increasing speed of view.Inflation, devaluation, unemployment and also wages are on the lowest level in transition period in Bulgaria. Incoming per person is decreased 50 percent between 1989 and 1995.Annual criminal events are increased 3 times more after 1990. Money committee had formed by advice of IMF in Jul 1997. 1Deutsche Mark is indexed on 1 Leva.Qualified personnel with educationed on technical areas is a great potential force of Bulgarian economy.Bulgaria will be completed the transition period when it became to membership of European Union.