The aim of the research: international trade is one of the most important instruments in the modern globalized economy which is used to achieve wealth and economic growth in all countries of the world that belong to the free trade and open market system governed by such international organizations as World Trade Organization (WTO) or World Customs Organization (WCO). This year (in February 2021) the European Commission also presented and outlined the EU future guidelines/strategy of the international trade and customs policy ("Trade Policy Review", COM (2021) 66 final (European Commission, 2021). Having this in mind, the author of the article reviews the provisions of the above-mentioned document regarding the planned changes in the EU trade policy towards specific third countries (major EU trading partners) and analyses their significance for the EU Member States (including Lithuania)
The aim of the research: international trade is one of the most important instruments in the modern globalized economy which is used to achieve wealth and economic growth in all countries of the world that belong to the free trade and open market system governed by such international organizations as World Trade Organization (WTO) or World Customs Organization (WCO). This year (in February 2021) the European Commission also presented and outlined the EU future guidelines/strategy of the international trade and customs policy ("Trade Policy Review", COM (2021) 66 final (European Commission, 2021). Having this in mind, the author of the article reviews the provisions of the above-mentioned document regarding the planned changes in the EU trade policy towards specific third countries (major EU trading partners) and analyses their significance for the EU Member States (including Lithuania)
The aim of the article is topresent Poland's position ininternational trade and the importance of the solutions applied inthe common EU trade policy inincreasing the role of Polish trade ininternational commercial exchange. The article discusses the factors determining the turnover of Poland's international trade: achange inthe global economy, growing protectionism of some countries, competitiveness of the Polish economy, an increase inthe number of new free trade agreements concluded by the European Union, and thus by Poland, as one of the Member States. The article presents the findings of qualitative and quantitative analyses. The future of Polish trade will be conditioned by the pursuit of liberalization of the European Union's foreign trade, the exit of the United Kingdom from the EU structures, individual labour inputs and the competitiveness of Polish foreign trade. ; Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie pozycji Polski whandlu międzynarodowym iznaczenia rozwiązań we wspólnej polityki handlowej UE wzwiększeniu roli Polski wwymianie handlowej. Wartykule omówiono czynniki określające obroty handlu międzynarodowego Polski: zmianę koniunktury wgospodarce światowej, rosnący protekcjonizm niektórych państw, konkurencyjność gospodarki Polski, zwiększenie liczby nowych umów owolnym handlu zawartych przez Unię Europejską, atym samym przez Polskę. Wpracy zastosowano metodę jakościową iilościową. Przyszłość wymiany handlowej Polski będą warunkować dążenia do liberalizacji handlu zagranicznego Unii Europejskiej, wyjście Wielkiej Brytanii zUE, jednostkowe nakłady pracy oraz konkurencyjność polskiego handlu zagranicznego.
The article reviews the transformations and changes of the EU's international trade policy (Common Commercial Policy) since 2021 when the European Commission adopted the new strategic document, which outlines the future guidelines for the trade policy - communication called "Trade Policy Review - An Open, Sustainable and Assertive Trade Policy" (2021). The author examines its provisions by using systemic, historical, linguistical, comparative methods, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis, and concludes that the Trade Policy Review (2021) doesn't intend to completely change the existing trade regulatory framework in the EU or proposes to introduce major innovations regarding trade policies towards specific third countries. However, based on this document we should expect that the EU will continue to actively conclude bilateral free (preferential) trade agreements with the third countries and will implement a protectionist trade regime with the People's Republic of China. Besides, the research, presented in the article shows that the Trade Policy Review (2021) does not, in principle, offer any new fundamental ideas on how the EU's international trade with its other major trading partners (BRICS) should and will be developed - - this can be considered a critical feature of this document
The following publication elaborates on the notion of international tax competition and international tax avoidance in the light of cross-border public policy. In terms of intercommunity relations, tax competition may be defined as a phenomenon consisting in application of various tax instruments for the purpose of developing a state's economy and prosperity by means of increasing competitiveness of the domestic business activity or attracting foreign investments. Tax competition is a natural consequence of the processes of globalization since in the reality of growing business interrelations, tax considerations exert more and more influence over investment decisions of holding companies. It reveals the dissonance between the interests of the particular member states in the EU and the interest of the European Union as a whole. Usually it is difficult to mark the border between a harmful and an advantageous tax competition.
The aim of this paper is to analyse the implementation of EU asylum policy in Lithuania by institutional and legal aspects. This paper analyses the legal basis of EU asylum policy, marking the main laws which regulate EU asylum policy and its implementing institutions. It also examines the current situation of Lithuanian asylum policy and how the legal basis of EU asylum policy is harmonized and implemented in Lithuanian system. The empirical research was aimed at evaluating the problemical aspects of institutional and legal basis in the implementation of EU asylum policy in Lithuania. At the moment the second stage of common EU asylum policy system is being exercised. In conformity with it, the main asylum system procedures in EU member states should be equalized by July 2015. Lithuania's EU memebership was not a significant criterion for the increase of refugees' flows in the country but Lithuania has become attractive as a transit country. The main part of the provisions of EU asylum directives reflect in the law on the legal status of foreigners, though they also reflect in secondary legislation acts. The most of provisions are transfered correctly, however in some areas directives has had a negative impact, especially concerning the provisions about additional refugee status. On the other hand, the implementation of EU asylum directives has provided a positive effect in such areas as the validation of free legal assistance to asylum seekers, introducing wider opportunities to use education and health care system and etc. There is noticed the demand of the redistribution of functions in some asylum policy implementing institutions in Lithuania, especially in Migration department. Despite the fact that Lithuania does not experience the significant burden of refugees, th EU funding for asylum policy in Lithuania is not enough, it's also worth mentioning the lack of finance in the area of human resources. At the moment one of the most important initiatives is the renovation of Foreigners' registration centre in Pabradė, which is necessary due to the very poor material conditions. The main institutional issue is the absence of foreigners' integration system and the lack of its coordinating body.
This paper examines EU's migration policy development. The paper presents a short review of literature and current discussions about the appropriate balance of powers between EU institutions and member states in migration issues. The paper argues that mechanical shift of the responsibility from national to supranational agencies, will not provide satisfactory solutions to the challenges related to migration issues both within the EU area and the world in general. Migration is changing our understanding of regional integration processes, challenging the idea of a united states of Europe. It is almost impossible to regulate migration, especially by hard measures such as border control. Instead concentration upon migration limitations, mass deportations, \"border-walls\", active migrant detention and assimilation, EU has to examine other possible alternatives of police measures to provide better and more effective aid directed towards the reasons for migration. Migration issues must to a larger degree be incrementally transferred from security issues and connected to the development and neighbourhood policy agenda as well as Lisbon strategy objectives (problems of competitiveness, demographical tensions etc.). Especially when it comes to the developing world EU should increase their effort on poverty reduction, brain drain and facilitate political stability and circular migration. The neo-liberal dominance on political and economical policies, lead to a perception of the world without borders, but this has to be confronted by the realities and further a more diverse understanding of the state's role in redistribution of the global economy. Human beings are not goods, although they are also free to move anywhere. The nation-state still provides the only effective protection to the individuals in terms of human rights and especially social rights criteria. This should be taken into account when shaping future migration regulations.
This paper examines EU's migration policy development. The paper presents a short review of literature and current discussions about the appropriate balance of powers between EU institutions and member states in migration issues. The paper argues that mechanical shift of the responsibility from national to supranational agencies, will not provide satisfactory solutions to the challenges related to migration issues both within the EU area and the world in general. Migration is changing our understanding of regional integration processes, challenging the idea of a united states of Europe. It is almost impossible to regulate migration, especially by hard measures such as border control. Instead concentration upon migration limitations, mass deportations, \"border-walls\", active migrant detention and assimilation, EU has to examine other possible alternatives of police measures to provide better and more effective aid directed towards the reasons for migration. Migration issues must to a larger degree be incrementally transferred from security issues and connected to the development and neighbourhood policy agenda as well as Lisbon strategy objectives (problems of competitiveness, demographical tensions etc.). Especially when it comes to the developing world EU should increase their effort on poverty reduction, brain drain and facilitate political stability and circular migration. The neo-liberal dominance on political and economical policies, lead to a perception of the world without borders, but this has to be confronted by the realities and further a more diverse understanding of the state's role in redistribution of the global economy. Human beings are not goods, although they are also free to move anywhere. The nation-state still provides the only effective protection to the individuals in terms of human rights and especially social rights criteria. This should be taken into account when shaping future migration regulations.
The aim of this Master's work is to make analysis of EU investment policy for business establishment in Lithuania. The aim is reached after presenting theoretical EU investment policy base, also analyzing basic environment and conditions for business in Lithuania as part of EU, and ascertaining factors of EU investment policy implementation. Empirical research shows the importance and evaluation of measures of EU investment policy for business establishment in Lithuania. After the analysis of the theoretical foundations of public policy there was found the insights of the EU investment policy for business establishment in Lithuania, which was the subject of this paper, it is appropriate to assess the impact of policies on a particular field, which is business establishment. The preferred method in this case is the decision-theoretical evaluation, an ex-ante, taking into business needs. Analysis of business environment and business conditions showed that Lithuanian economic development is lower than the EU average, and although business conditions are not very poor, the tax system is not conducive to the establishment of businesses. The empirical study confirms defended statements: 1. the investment policy is not focused on direct business start-up financing. Business investment in the establishment of policies have only an indirect impact on the improvement of business conditions and the attractiveness of the setting up of new companies. 2. The measures offered for the business in Siauliai region, such as financial instruments (loans), guarantees and partial compensation of interest, provided consulting and information services, project of development of industrial park and improve road and energy infrastructure, they increases the attractiveness of the region for business establishment, but they are not enough to develop entrepreneurship. Based on the findings of the research the recommendations were offered for national and local institutions. Core of the recommendations is the promotion of entrepreneurship, improve business environment and implementation of projects dealing with the improvement of the business establishment issues.
The aim of this Master's work is to make analysis of EU investment policy for business establishment in Lithuania. The aim is reached after presenting theoretical EU investment policy base, also analyzing basic environment and conditions for business in Lithuania as part of EU, and ascertaining factors of EU investment policy implementation. Empirical research shows the importance and evaluation of measures of EU investment policy for business establishment in Lithuania. After the analysis of the theoretical foundations of public policy there was found the insights of the EU investment policy for business establishment in Lithuania, which was the subject of this paper, it is appropriate to assess the impact of policies on a particular field, which is business establishment. The preferred method in this case is the decision-theoretical evaluation, an ex-ante, taking into business needs. Analysis of business environment and business conditions showed that Lithuanian economic development is lower than the EU average, and although business conditions are not very poor, the tax system is not conducive to the establishment of businesses. The empirical study confirms defended statements: 1. the investment policy is not focused on direct business start-up financing. Business investment in the establishment of policies have only an indirect impact on the improvement of business conditions and the attractiveness of the setting up of new companies. 2. The measures offered for the business in Siauliai region, such as financial instruments (loans), guarantees and partial compensation of interest, provided consulting and information services, project of development of industrial park and improve road and energy infrastructure, they increases the attractiveness of the region for business establishment, but they are not enough to develop entrepreneurship. Based on the findings of the research the recommendations were offered for national and local institutions. Core of the recommendations is the promotion of entrepreneurship, improve business environment and implementation of projects dealing with the improvement of the business establishment issues.
The goal of the article is to present a theoretical and practical evaluation of experience of apolitical civil servants working in committee-style preparatory bodies of the Council of the European Union and the European Commission. In the first part the hypotheses resulting from three theories of integration of different range (liberal intergovernmentalism, fusion theory, and deliberative supranationalism) are presented. The second part consists of the verification of those hypotheses, based on an empirical study conducted by the Author in 2013 in the period between January and June. The survey included Polish officials attending the meetings of committees and was followed by interviews.The thesis of the article is based on the assumption that the majority of decisions of the Council and the Commission are actually made in apolitical preparatory bodies. Both "bargaining" and "problem solving" attitudes, representing both political and apolitical models of EU decision making, are present at this level. Theoretically, the most appropriate attitude is the combination of the liberal intergovernmentalism, the fusion theory, and the deliberative supranationalism. Those approaches can serve as general theories of integration and can be used to explain other elements of EU functioning.
The goal of the article is to present a theoretical and practical evaluation of experience of apolitical civil servants working in committee-style preparatory bodies of the Council of the European Union and the European Commission. In the first part the hypotheses resulting from three theories of integration of different range (liberal intergovernmentalism, fusion theory, and deliberative supranationalism) are presented. The second part consists of the verification of those hypotheses, based on an empirical study conducted by the Author in 2013 in the period between January and June. The survey included Polish officials attending the meetings of committees and was followed by interviews.The thesis of the article is based on the assumption that the majority of decisions of the Council and the Commission are actually made in apolitical preparatory bodies. Both "bargaining" and "problem solving" attitudes, representing both political and apolitical models of EU decision making, are present at this level. Theoretically, the most appropriate attitude is the combination of the liberal intergovernmentalism, the fusion theory, and the deliberative supranationalism. Those approaches can serve as general theories of integration and can be used to explain other elements of EU functioning.
During recent transformations of Polish economy the foreign trade is supposed to answer a purpose of acting in favour of acceleration and lowering the costs of development. The diagnosis of the situation indicates a series of disquieting phenomenons such as disbalancing of commercial balance, lowering in export profitability, unfavourable wares structure in foreign exchange and high indebtedness abroad. Hence the tasks for Polish foreign trade policy must focus on the need of rising the competitiveness of export and diminishing import share in the volume of trade. The above task is feasible within the framework of strategy aimed at accelerated development of export and mild reduction of import. In the case of protection policy the point is to determine the scope of the protection and to make a choice of protective means for home market. Lack of perfection in functioning of market mechanisms in present Polish economy justifies today mild kind of protection policy with additionally some rigour builtin the whole of the system. Less efficiency in traditional protective means (custom duties, rates of exchange) suggests appealing to other more selective means (anti-dumping and anti-subventionning procedures, agreements and standards relating to goods quality as well as restructural clause). As far as rates of exchange policy is concerned the basic dilemma is the choice of the kind of the rate. Functional reorientation of the rate of exchange is justified because of disbalanced commercial balance: the range of oscillation should be enlarged and steady monthly devaluation - eliminated; the result should be more importance of reaction on external balance. Main conclusion is the constatation of the need for elaboration of long-term policy in Polish foreign trade - including clearly defined tasks and means to realize them. This shall permit to get optimal the process of solving the dilemmas emerging with more intensity during transformation of the economy. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016
It is no exaggeration to claim that the international trade system, alongside the economic and managerial activities of individual enterprises, plays an ever increasing role in the contemporary process of trade relations. This process is further characterised by extensive participation of transnational corporations and government institutions. Lithuania's accession to the EU has also marked a shift of its export flows in that direction. In its own right the European Union (EU) as one of the largest trading blocks in the world, is engaged in fierce competition with other blocks as well as individual countries for domination in the global products markets. While a special co-ordinating role is played by the World Trade Organisation (WTO), it is the emergence of the Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), particularly in the form of regional trading blocks, that represents the main dynamic development in trade relations. The difficulties of reaching trade agreements are particularly severe between the developed and developing nations, something that the trade negotiations round at Doha illustrated vividly. The path that trade negotiations will take in the future will have a profound effect on the competitiveness of Lithuania's exports both inside and outside the EU, owing particularly to Lithuania's status as a small and open economy. The aim of this article is to evaluate the key aspects of the world trade and EU trade system with a view to assess their possible impact on the trends and prospects for Lithuania's export flows within the EU internal market. The revealed comparative advantage is used to measure the important changes in Lithuania's export competitiveness over 2004-2008 time frame in the EU internal market and attempt to assess how a possible adoption of new trade measures through Doha trade round could further affect Lithuania's export competitiveness.
It is no exaggeration to claim that the international trade system, alongside the economic and managerial activities of individual enterprises, plays an ever increasing role in the contemporary process of trade relations. This process is further characterised by extensive participation of transnational corporations and government institutions. Lithuania's accession to the EU has also marked a shift of its export flows in that direction. In its own right the European Union (EU) as one of the largest trading blocks in the world, is engaged in fierce competition with other blocks as well as individual countries for domination in the global products markets. While a special co-ordinating role is played by the World Trade Organisation (WTO), it is the emergence of the Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), particularly in the form of regional trading blocks, that represents the main dynamic development in trade relations. The difficulties of reaching trade agreements are particularly severe between the developed and developing nations, something that the trade negotiations round at Doha illustrated vividly. The path that trade negotiations will take in the future will have a profound effect on the competitiveness of Lithuania's exports both inside and outside the EU, owing particularly to Lithuania's status as a small and open economy. The aim of this article is to evaluate the key aspects of the world trade and EU trade system with a view to assess their possible impact on the trends and prospects for Lithuania's export flows within the EU internal market. The revealed comparative advantage is used to measure the important changes in Lithuania's export competitiveness over 2004-2008 time frame in the EU internal market and attempt to assess how a possible adoption of new trade measures through Doha trade round could further affect Lithuania's export competitiveness.
