Suchergebnisse

Within the context of the ongoing scholarly debate on post-accession compliance in the Central and Eastern European new member states, this paper examines the implementation of EU environmental policy in the Czech Republic since 2004, focusing on the transposition and application of six EU directives. It argues that, while the Czech Republic has had some difficulty complying with EU environmental law since becoming a member state, overall its performance in this area does not conform to pessimistic scenarios, but instead presents a more complex and differentiated picture. It also discusses the main factors inhibiting and supporting the implementation of EU environmental policy in the Czech Republic, showing that these tend to vary according to the specific issue or directive concerned. Adapted from the source document.

The article analyses the changes in norm enforcement in the EU that were triggered by the Eurozone crisis. It attempts to demonstrate that the Eurozone crisis contributed to a 'transplantation' of conditionality instruments (which traditionally exist within the EU's external relations) into the internal operations of the European Union. In particular, the article identifies which new internal rule-enforcement mechanisms of the EU share common structural features with the external EU conditionality (e.g. a vague legal framework; the use of the expertise of non-EU actors; an excess of competencies conferred to the EU; the institutional weakening of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Court of Justice; the format of the sanctions). The article comes to the conclusion that the formation of the EU's internal conditionality occurred mainly within the instruments aimed at the crisis management of public finances of the Eurozone states (the EFSF, the EFSM, and the ESM), but it also concludes that there was an expansion of the new EU conditionality into other areas of the European integration, such as the Schengen cooperation and cohesion policy. Adapted from the source document.

This study is concerned with the components of agricultural foreign trade of Iraq and the development during the seventies. It analyses the factors of agricultural and food trade balances as well as the balance of production and the degree of agricultural dependency of Iraqi economy on the rest of the world and its effect on Iraq's agricultural policy. (DÜI-Sdt)

The aim of this article is to contribute to the discussion of the political economy of trade policy. We also focus on the issue of foreign agricultural trade policy in the contemporary Czech Republic. We assume that in the Czech discourse the position of economic nationalism and mercantilism is clearly dominant. We would like to demonstrate this through a content analysis of several major Czech journals. We also believe that the arguments of those who request further regulation of agricultural trade are not much different from those articulated in the discussion between the free trade stance and the mercantilist stance. Even though the prevailing arguments of classical economists are still not entirely accepted in the Czech Republic (certainly not in its economic policy), the strong mercantilist position in favor of the primary sector in the country, which has a strong comparative advantage in industrial production, is nevertheless an interesting object of research interest. Adapted from the source document.

[ ... ] Kheir-El-Din, H.; Ghoneim, A. F.: Arab trade integration in retrospect : comparison with the European Union and lessons learnt. - S. 15-43 El-Any, T.: Arab economic integration : current challenges and future prospects (in Arabic). - S. 45-60 El-Din Helal, B. A.: Competition law and trade integration in the Arab region : lessons from the European Union. - S. 61-78 Jabarin, A. S.: Agricultural issues and policies in the European Union and the Arab region. - S. 79-110 Nasr, S.: Monetary policy in the European Union : lessons to be drawn for the Arab countries. - S. 111-137 Abdel Latif, L.; Shehata, A.; Ben Ali, Driss: Public finance convergence in the Arab States and regional integration : lessons from the EU experience. - S. 139-174 El-Laithy, H.; McAuley, A.: Integrated social policies in Arab countries. - S. 175-216 Awad, I.: Labour mobility in regional integration schemes : a comparitive study of the European Union and the Arab region. - S. 217-238

Petroleum industry and trade; Kurdistan; economic aspects

Yemen; economic conditions; economic policy

This study seeks to make a contribution to a limited research on the systemic level of the national coordination of European affairs, which involves both domestic institutions and a permanent representation at the EU and national embassies in the EU member states and other countries. We explore the issue through a case study which concentrates on 1) several middle-sized EU member states and 2) coordination in the field of foreign and security policy. The study argues that the coordination at the systemic level has a rather a centralized character. The elements of decentralization, which can be also identified at the systemic level, are primarily related to information-gathering as well as representation at negotiations. Permanent representations are considerably more involved in coordination than national embassies, however. Adapted from the source document.