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For various reasons-whether philosophical, political, humanitarian, or by institutional mandate-people are concerned for the well being of the most vulnerable groups in society: women, the poor, and the elderly. Some would even measure the value of a political system by how well it cares for the least of its members. Related to this is the orientation of government toward the public more generally and the extent that it listens and responds to its citizens. More specifically, it is the rules and norms-the institutional framework-of government through which it takes into account the preferences

Papua has abundant natural and fiscal resources but also faces great development challenges. On the one hand, Papua currently has the largest per capita fiscal capacity after West Papua. Papua is rich in natural resources such as non-oil-and-gas minerals and forest products. On the other hand, development challenges in Papua are significant, including geography, terrain and demography. In general, Papua is still underdeveloped both socially and in economic terms compared to other regions in Indonesia. This underdevelopment is evident in most poverty, education, health, and infrastructure indicators. The economy and investment in Papua are dominated by the mining sector and, in a distant second place, the agricultural sector. Between 2004 and 2007, the mining sector accounted for more than 50 percent of the Papua's gross regional domestic product (GRDP). As a consequence, economic growth was determined by fluctuations in mineral commodity prices. The second largest sector is agriculture, which accounts for about 14-18 percent of GRDP. This sector absorbed the most workers in Papua province until 2008. Meanwhile, industry continues to lag and contributed less than 10 percent to GRDP. The PEA is a part of the PEACH (Public Expenditure Analysis and Capacity Harmonization) program. This program is an initiative of the Government of Papua to continuously improve its public financial management performance. Consequently, the analysis contained in this report addresses issues that are the region's main focus. Today, the Government of Papua is trying actively to achieve a 'New Papua' through implementing the following agenda: a) restructuring the local government; b) developing a prosperous Papua; c) developing a safe and peaceful Papua; and d) improving and accelerating the development of basic infrastructure and facilities.

The expenditure data is available for health, military, and education for 6 years (2014-2019). Missing data has been treated using linear interpolation. The purpose of this website is to help researchers, students, analysts, or anyone who is in search of G20 expenditure information to visualize the data. The visualization created is very informative, easy to use, and helpful to derive interesting insights.

The objective of the Chad Public Expenditure Analysis (PEA) is to examine the technical efficiency and effectiveness of public expenditure, thereby creating fiscal space for more social sector spending. With continued pressures to rationalize expenditure, the government of Chad is interested in finding options to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public spending, especially in the education and health sectors. In addition, Chad needs to urgently develop structural growth drivers which makes adequate social sector expenditure a priority. Therefore, this PEA explores options to improve (non-oil) revenue mobilization and channel oil revenues towards these social sectors. Finally, a series of policy recommendations is derived from analysis. The PEA is organized around four chapters: chapter one presents short term fiscal developments, long term trends and a medium term macro-fiscal framework. Chapter two serves as an overview and presents detailed analyses of domestic revenues and central government expenditures. Chapter three focuses on the education sector by: (i) analyzing trends and composition of education spending; (ii) examining efficiency in the management and utilization of resources; and (iii) evaluating technical efficiency. Chapter four provides a description of public spending bottlenecks in the health sector while examining resource and expenditure patterns with a focus on technical efficiency and equity of public health spending.

Background: Healthcare spending has serious social and economic consequences for familie, such as financial constraints and psychological distress. Expenditure caused by obstetrics complications has an impact on total household spending. One person's health expenditure can influence their family members' welfare. Aims: This study analyzed health expenditure of patients experiencing preeclampsia, eclampsia, and postpartum hemorrhages. Methods: This study utilized a descriptive observational research design with a cross-sectional approach. The research sample consisted of 135 women who gave birth in November to December 2018. Multistage random sampling was used since the respondents were selected from regions of Surabaya. Results: Respondents of pregnancy and delivery complication with catastrophic health expenditure was eclampsia suffered by 40 respondents, 71 respondents with medium income financing Rp3,800,000.00, 64 respondents with medium household expenditure (monthly income of Rp2,001,000.00 - Rp3,000,000.00). As many as 62 respondents had social security agency for health without contribution beneficiaries, 62 respondents had one employed family member, and 66 respondents had 5-7 family members. Conclusions: The majority of respondents in Surabaya in 2019 experienced a 10% increase of total household expenditure while undergoing treatment. The government continues to increase subsidies for health service facilities that mostly serve the indigen population.

This is analysis is done to understand the expenditure pattern in the areas of Military, Healthcare, and Education among the top 10 nations who are part of the G20 group. Individual_project_ppt.pptx shows an overview of the project with all the graphs.Cleaned_final_data.xlsx is the final cleaned data that is used. The military dataset was obtained from the SIPRI Military Expenditure Database. All the other datasets were obtained from the World Bank Open Database and were Excel files. For the purpose of this project, the data for the years 2012-2017 were selected and analyzed. Data cleaning was done using Python and Excel and the top 10 nations in respective fields: education, healthcare, and military spending were selected. Data Extraction And Cleaning.ipynb will give an overview of how the data was cleaned. Google API, JavaScript, and HTML were used for visualization purposes. Individual_project_code.html displays all the visualization graphics which were produced in this project. Conclusion: • USA is the leading spender in all 3 categories. The year-on-year expenditure of USA shows an upward trend in Healthcare & Education but not in Military. China is the second-highest spender in Military & Education. •The mean GDP (2012-2017) of the USA is the highest followed by China. •Among the top 10 countries, the USA and China contribute the most in all 3 categories. •USA seems to be the highest spender in military & education as compared to its GDP. For Healthcare, the USA is again ahead of the rest of the countries. The other countries like China, Japan, Germany, France & UK seem to be spending about the same amount as compared to their GDP. •The expenditure on Education & Healthcare is significantly larger than the expenditure on the Military. This is true for all the top countries selected. •All the mentioned countries are spending the most per person on Healthcare followed by Education and Military. Saudi Arabia spends the highest amount when we look at per person military expenditure. The USA ...

The demands of public accountability and transparency make local governments have to be able to optimize capital expenditures to improve public services and increase economic productivity, so that equitable development can be successful both at the center and the regions. The motivation of the research is to analyze capital expenditure in terms of the level of economic growth, regional revenue allocation, general allocation funds, special allocation funds, value for money (economical, efficient, effective). The type of causality and descriptive approach involves 29 districts and 6 cities in Central Java province for the 2014-2019 period using purposive sampling so that the number of observation data (n) = 210. The analysis technique uses panel data regression. The results of the study found that the level of economic growth had a negative and significant impact on capital expenditures for the allocation of local revenue, general allocation funds, special allocation funds had a positive and significant impact on capital expenditures. Economical has no impact on capital expenditures. Efficient and has a negative impact on capital expenditures. Ratio analysis shows economic performance; efficient ratio indicates efficient performance and effective ratio indicates ineffective performance.

Quantitative targets are widely used in decremental budgeting. On the macro‐level, governments set global limits for the growth of public expenditures, government deficits, or the ratio of government spending to GNP. On the micro‐level, reduction targets are frequently assigned to spending ministries or agencies on a selective basis or across‐the‐board. While this kind of targetry appears to be indispensable to achieve cutbacks, it is also very deficient in that it treats public expenditures as a fungible commodity, consisting of interchangeable units of account. As austerity policies are coming of age, the inherent weaknesses in the targets approach attract increasing attention, and there is growing concern about the quality of austerity measures. To make sound decisions on such measures, governments must develop a better understanding of the characteristics and properties of various public expenditures. This paper outlines four varieties of expenditure analysis that may contribute to 'the leap from quantity to quality' in decremental budgeting.

The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) has a very narrow production base, with subsistence agriculture and fisheries and the public sectors dominating the economy, both with regard to employment and value added. The contribution of institutional sectors to growth suggests that private enterprises relied on the public sector for growth opportunities and households tended to fall back to subsistence when growth slows. Growth accelerations and decelerations were largely influenced by the implementation of the U.S. funded airport upgrade project and Compact grants although over the long run, the net effect of public investment on growth has been small. Economic growth and international competitiveness are severely constrained by the country's small size, remoteness, geographic isolation and dispersion, and thin institutional and human capacity. This Public Expenditure Review (PER) is aimed at filling a knowledge gap to support the Government of FSM (GoFSM) in improving the design of public expenditure policies to address these key challenges. The main recommendations of this PER to support the GoFSM in addressing the aforementioned challenges are centered on how to (a) improve public expenditure management to support macroeconomic stability and growth, and (b) improve public expenditure management to support efficient, effective, and equitable service delivery. The PER is composed of a concise set of chapters analyzing macroeconomic and fiscal trends, intergovernmental relationships, public investment management (PIM) issues, and the two largest expenditure sectors: education and health. Data limitations may result in some inaccuracies and inadvertent distortions in outcomes.