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This article seeks to investigate the birth and evolution of the European Political Community – a pan-European multilateral coordination format that has emerged at the initiative of France and in reaction to the Russian full-scale military aggression in Ukraine. The analysis draws on official speeches, think-tank briefs, and the Author's participatory observation conducted during international expert meetings held in early 2023. It is argued that the EPC is still a "moving target" in the early stage of development, where both its objectives and structure are not yet fully defined. From a Polish perspective, it has so far sent a key strategic message to Russia and can serve as a vehicle to re-engage with the United Kingdom or Turkey. But it should not be used as yet another ENP-style waiting room for candidates seeking EU membership.

The article presents the influence of globalisation on identity and the question of individualisation. Globalisation implies multiple processes that are not uniform, as they occur at different times and in different places. Globalisation impacts the youth, families and cultural systems. The processes of globalisation may contribute to the loss of cultural identity. The diverse nature of globalisation has given rise to new identities. Identity is defined as a process of internal and external adjustment. Concurrently, the challenges posed by globalisation are presented, for instance: identity and freedom of individualisation versus community and belonging. The author explores some of the new challenges and trends, presenting them from selected theoretical perspectives.

The object of research is the trust problem in the relations of the East and the West. The author in detail analyzes the phenomenon of trust, its principles and distinctive signs. Special attention is paid to conditions of formation of trust as on micro (between individuals) and at the macro level (between societies). The author connects the trust problem with a categorization "friend-or-foe", considered in the civilization aspect of the subject. Thus, the author in the research used the case study method and content analysis. The novelty of research consists in approach to understanding intensity between civilizations of the East and the West through a problem of the possibility of confidential relations between them. The author comes to a conclusion that in the modern international relations there is a paradoxical situation: the trust measure between the countries decreases, in volume time as it is possible to cope with new calls and threats only through consolidation of the world community on the basis of mutual trust.

The object of research is the trust problem in the relations of the East and the West. The author in detail analyzes the phenomenon of trust, its principles and distinctive signs. Special attention is paid to conditions of formation of trust as on micro (between individuals) and at the macro level (between societies). The author connects the trust problem with a categorization "friend-or-foe", considered in the civilization aspect of the subject. Thus, the author in the research used the case study method and content analysis. The novelty of research consists in approach to understanding intensity between civilizations of the East and the West through a problem of the possibility of confidential relations between them. The author comes to a conclusion that in the modern international relations there is a paradoxical situation: the trust measure between the countries decreases, in volume time as it is possible to cope with new calls and threats only through consolidation of the world community on the basis of mutual trust.

The 25th anniversary of the recovery of political sovereignty by Poland as a result of the collapse of communism in Europe passed in 2014. On this occasion, a whole series of studies, analyses, research was carried out which was aimed at seeking answers to the question of how the Polish public evaluates the passing of a quarter-century. The presented text is the result of research which is a part of this anniversary trend, the modern understanding of patriotism in general as well as regional patriotism. The research was conducted by the author in the autumn of 2013. The empirical material was collected through the Internet, which strongly placed the issue of representativeness of the results, however, due to the number of statements it can be the basis to formulate general conclusions about what is contemporary patriotism for the Poles. General conclusions are that patriotism also became practical, that is, the Poles are patriots when this is useful. Yet what other conclusion can be drawn is that the majority of respondents is a component of regional pride of patriotism in general. The exception is Upper Silesia, where local patriotism is next to national patriotism and the opposition it is often the latter. Yet another conclusion to be drawn in the light of the results obtained is that patriotism is changing its face in the martyrdom of patriotism actions and their effects according to the "principle of the deeds you shall know them." ; W 2014 r. minęła 25. rocznica odzyskania suwerenności politycznej przez Polskę w wyniku upadku komunizmu w Europie. Przy tej okazji prowadzono cały szereg badań, analiz, których celem badawczym było poszukiwanie odpowiedzi na pytanie jak społeczeństwo polskie ocenia mijające ćwierćwiecze. Prezentowany tekst, jest efektem badań, które wpisują się w ten rocznicowy nurt, nad współczesnym rozumieniem patriotyzmu w ogóle, jak i patriotyzmu regionalnego. Badania były prowadzone przez autora jesienią 2013 roku. Materiał empiryczny zebrano za pośrednictwem Internetu, co mocno postawiło problem reprezentatywności uzyskanych rezultatów, jednak z uwagi na liczbę wypowiedzi może być podstawą do sformułowania ogólnych wniosków na temat tego czym jest współczesny patriotyzm dla Polaków. Generalne wnioski są takie, że patriotyzm również się zutylitaryzował, to znaczy Polacy są patriotami wówczas, gdy jest to użyteczne. Jeszcze inny wniosek, jaki można sformułować jest taki, że dla większości badanych patriotyzm regionalny jest komponentem patriotyzmu w ogóle. Wyjątkiem jest Górny Śląsk, gdzie patriotyzm lokalny występuje obok patriotyzmu narodowego, a często i w opozycji go tego drugiego. Jeszcze inny wniosek, jaki nasuwa się w świetle uzyskanych wyników badań jest taki, że patriotyzm zmienia swoje oblicze z martyrologicznego w patriotyzm działań i ich efektów wg zasady "po czynach ich poznacie".

W 2014 r. minęła 25. rocznica odzyskania suwerenności politycznej przez Polskę w wyniku upadku komunizmu w Europie. Przy tej okazji prowadzono cały szereg badań, analiz, których celem badawczym było poszukiwanie odpowiedzi na pytanie jak społeczeństwo polskie ocenia mijające ćwierćwiecze. Prezentowany tekst, jest efektem badań, które wpisują się w ten rocznicowy nurt, nad współczesnym rozumieniem patriotyzmu w ogóle, jak i patriotyzmu regionalnego. Badania były prowadzone przez autora jesienią 2013 roku. Materiał empiryczny zebrano za pośrednictwem Internetu, co mocno postawiło problem reprezentatywności uzyskanych rezultatów, jednak z uwagi na liczbę wypowiedzi może być podstawą do sformułowania ogólnych wniosków na temat tego czym jest współczesny patriotyzm dla Polaków. Generalne wnioski są takie, że patriotyzm również się zutylitaryzował, to znaczy Polacy są patriotami wówczas, gdy jest to użyteczne. Jeszcze inny wniosek, jaki można sformułować jest taki, że dla większości badanych patriotyzm regionalny jest komponentem patriotyzmu w ogóle. Wyjątkiem jest Górny Śląsk, gdzie patriotyzm lokalny występuje obok patriotyzmu narodowego, a często i w opozycji go tego drugiego. Jeszcze inny wniosek, jaki nasuwa się w świetle uzyskanych wyników badań jest taki, że patriotyzm zmienia swoje oblicze z martyrologicznego w patriotyzm działań i ich efektów wg zasady "po czynach ich poznacie". ; The 25th anniversary of the recovery of political sovereignty by Poland as a result of the collapse of communism in Europe passed in 2014. On this occasion, a whole series of studies, analyses, research was carried out which was aimed at seeking answers to the question of how the Polish public evaluates the passing of a quarter-century. The presented text is the result of research which is a part of this anniversary trend, the modern understanding of patriotism in general as well as regional patriotism. The research was conducted by the author in the autumn of 2013. The empirical material was collected through the Internet, which strongly placed the issue of representativeness of the results, however, due to the number of statements it can be the basis to formulate general conclusions about what is contemporary patriotism for the Poles. General conclusions are that patriotism also became practical, that is, the Poles are patriots when this is useful. Yet what other conclusion can be drawn is that the majority of respondents is a component of regional pride of patriotism in general. The exception is Upper Silesia, where local patriotism is next to national patriotism and the opposition it is often the latter. Yet another conclusion to be drawn in the light of the results obtained is that patriotism is changing its face in the martyrdom of patriotism actions and their effects according to the "principle of the deeds you shall know them."

Established on the initiative of Poland and Sweden, the Eastern Partnership encompasses six states located in the territory of the former USSR, namely Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus. The program was officially initiated in 2009 by offering its members such solutions as softening visa restrictions, the establishment of free trade zones and signing association agreements. One of the priorities of the Polish Presidency, the Eastern Partnership culminated in the summit held inWarsaw on September 29–30, 2011. While Poland sees this project as an opportunity for further enlargements, other member states are not unanimous about what character it should have. Should the Eastern Partnership constitute the eastern dimension of the European Neighborhood Policy, or just the advancement of democratic values without promising EU membership in return for their implementation. This influences the assessment of the Eastern Partnership upon its third year of operation, and of the activities of the Polish Government during the Presidency. Although cooperation between the EU and the countries of the Eastern Partnership was not significantly advanced, Donald Tusk's Government succeeded in maintaining the EU's interest in this topic among member states otherwise engrossed in the eurozone crisis. ; Established on the initiative of Poland and Sweden, the Eastern Partnership encompasses six states located in the territory of the former USSR, namely Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus. The program was officially initiated in 2009 by offering its members such solutions as softening visa restrictions, the establishment of free trade zones and signing association agreements. One of the priorities of the Polish Presidency, the Eastern Partnership culminated in the summit held inWarsaw on September 29–30, 2011. While Poland sees this project as an opportunity for further enlargements, other member states are not unanimous about what character it should have. Should the Eastern Partnership constitute the eastern dimension of the European Neighborhood Policy, or just the advancement of democratic values without promising EU membership in return for their implementation. This influences the assessment of the Eastern Partnership upon its third year of operation, and of the activities of the Polish Government during the Presidency. Although cooperation between the EU and the countries of the Eastern Partnership was not significantly advanced, Donald Tusk's Government succeeded in maintaining the EU's interest in this topic among member states otherwise engrossed in the eurozone crisis.

The legal architecture of the EU is considered to be sui generis and like any other hybrid system, the process of integration and interaction with the older instruments of the member-states can sometimes become difficult. This article investigates the interventionist tendencies of the Bundesverfassungsgericht in EU development and the reactions of the EU Court of Justice. The main finding is that the German Court often acts as a balance setter in the process of EU integration. The research introduces the debate of the national states' legal resistance to integration and highlights the changes brought in this respect by the Treaties of Maastricht and Lisbon.

This article tests if the democratization process in Central and Eastern Europe
coincides with a decrease in number of invalid votes. Using descriptive
statistics, we seek for evidence from 67 elections in ten countries from the
regions during the period 1990-2012. By the beginning of the 2000s, ten years
after the breakdown of communist regime, the percentages of invalid votes
in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe reached levels comparable to
those of the Western European democracies. However, significant differences
between regions and countries endure. This article adds to the literature by
being the first to inquire into the subject of invalid votes in the Central and
Eastern Europe.

The occurrence of various types of security and public order threats in the city implies the need for quick access to information. This, in turn, impacts both the objectives and means of implementing security policies not only on a macro-scale, but above all on a micro-scale - within municipalities, cities, neighbourhoods or settlements, i.e. in the im-mediate surroundings of residents. The prevention of such public problems as crime and delinquency undoubtedly requires the involvement not only of the state and its bodies but also of society, which is one of the basic premises of the community policing strategy. On the other hand, the introduction of modern solutions to improve the quality of life of res-idents is the basis of concepts such as smart city or resilient city. A tool that combines elements of the concepts mentioned above is the so-called "participatory crime maps," which provide residents not only with statistical data but also with the opportunity to inform each other about the dangers in their neighbourhood, which in turn is supposed to lead to a strengthening of social bonds. Hazard mapping also allows for better identification of existing problems and multi-stakeholder cooperation in combating them. This article attempts to answer the question: "how can a mobile application SafeTy be used to improve safety in the local environment?"

Transitions, democratization and recent democratic backsliding in CEE provide
a rich context for examining the meaning and shifting of civic activism and how people
participate and organize in civil society today. This article offers a fresh and comparative
analysis based on empirical data on the question of what motivates formal and informal
activism, and the potentially transformative role of civil society that has recently faced
such challenges as democratic backsliding, shrinking public space and polarization. It
looks specifically at the responses of Polish and Hungarian activists and advocacy CSOs
to these new challenges. Their strategies bring an important lesson on how civil society
actors can adapt, continue their mission, or even turn challenges into opportunities.
These new trends indicate that civic space in CEE is shifting which is further influenced
by the reactions to new forms of social, economic and political crises. It is argued that
this shift and the new trends in civic activism require not only fresh empirical data, but
also a revision of normative and methodological approaches that have so far been used
in civil society and social movement research.