Suchergebnisse

Globalization makes immigration a lot easier and more efficient among people coming from different backgrounds and cultures. Interested in the lives of foreigners in China, we turned our attention to the African community in Yiwu. Why do these people come to Yiwu and more importantly, how do they adapt themselves to a society which is very different from their own? This thesis tries to find the origins of the city's attractiveness and if it is immigrant-friendly. Numerous field trips have been made between 2015 and 2016, 81 international businessmen have been interviewed, 32 coming from Africa, with interviews as well as questionnaires. This population is mainly attracted by the commercial advantages of the city. These people are strongly focused on commercial activities, which is their most important immigration motivation. Once settled, they actively try to integrate into local society, as well as to devote themselves successfully to their commercial activities. However, these efforts are strictly limited in their professional life. On the one hand, the governments, both local and central, are not fully welcoming to foreign residents. Multiple administrative restrictions have been observed which prevent them from a better adaptation. On the other hand, important cultural and religious differences between the Africans and the local population create a spontaneous barrier which is practically impossible to exceed. Because of that, African businessmen tend to associate more with people from the same region and avoid the locals when seeking for a deeper connection. They usually stay within their own community in daily and social life. Even if outside-of-work exchanges exist, they are generally a way to enhance the business and therefore not efficient enough in terms of understanding and communication. In other words, real integration is rather an ideal state which still needs a lot of devotions, if it is possible at all. ; La mondialisation rend plus faciles les échanges entre personnes venant de cultures et ...

Globalization makes immigration a lot easier and more efficient among people coming from different backgrounds and cultures. Interested in the lives of foreigners in China, we turned our attention to the African community in Yiwu. Why do these people come to Yiwu and more importantly, how do they adapt themselves to a society which is very different from their own? This thesis tries to find the origins of the city's attractiveness and if it is immigrant-friendly. Numerous field trips have been made between 2015 and 2016, 81 international businessmen have been interviewed, 32 coming from Africa, with interviews as well as questionnaires. This population is mainly attracted by the commercial advantages of the city. These people are strongly focused on commercial activities, which is their most important immigration motivation. Once settled, they actively try to integrate into local society, as well as to devote themselves successfully to their commercial activities. However, these efforts are strictly limited in their professional life. On the one hand, the governments, both local and central, are not fully welcoming to foreign residents. Multiple administrative restrictions have been observed which prevent them from a better adaptation. On the other hand, important cultural and religious differences between the Africans and the local population create a spontaneous barrier which is practically impossible to exceed. Because of that, African businessmen tend to associate more with people from the same region and avoid the locals when seeking for a deeper connection. They usually stay within their own community in daily and social life. Even if outside-of-work exchanges exist, they are generally a way to enhance the business and therefore not efficient enough in terms of understanding and communication. In other words, real integration is rather an ideal state which still needs a lot of devotions, if it is possible at all. ; La mondialisation rend plus faciles les échanges entre personnes venant de cultures et d'origines différentes. S'intéressant à la vie des étrangers en Chine, notre étude porte sur la population africaine installée à Yiwu, ville qui accueille la deuxième plus grande communauté africaine en Chine, après Guangzhou. Cette thèse s'interroge sur la source de l'attractivité de Yiwu et sur sa capacité d'intégration. Pour apporter des éléments de réponse, nous avons recueilli entre 2015 et 2016, sous forme de questionnaires et d'entretiens, les témoignages de 81 commerçants étrangers, dont 32 d'origine africaine. L'enquête révèle que la majorité de la population analysée a été attirée par les avantages commerciaux que la ville propose. Le commerce est donc la motivation et le centre d'intérêt de cette communauté, dont les membres, une fois installés, s'efforcent de s'intégrer à la vie commerciale. Néanmoins, leur effort se limite pour l'essentiel à la vie professionnelle. D'une part, le gouvernement local de Yiwu n'est pas totalement ouvert à la population étrangère. Il existe de nombreuses restrictions, qui font obstacle à une intégration complète. D'autre part, les grandes différences culturelles et religieuses forment une barrière spontanée et profonde, presque impossible à dépasser. Ainsi, les commerçants africains fréquentent bien plus leurs compatriotes que leurs partenaires commerciaux chinois. Ils restent principalement au sein de leur communauté dans la vie quotidienne et sociale. Même s'il leur arrive de fréquenter des Chinois en dehors du commerce, cette fréquentation est souvent utilitariste et peu affective. La vraie intégration est donc un état idéal qui demande encore beaucoup d'investissement, si elle est réellement possible.

Globalization makes immigration a lot easier and more efficient among people coming from different backgrounds and cultures. Interested in the lives of foreigners in China, we turned our attention to the African community in Yiwu. Why do these people come to Yiwu and more importantly, how do they adapt themselves to a society which is very different from their own? This thesis tries to find the origins of the city's attractiveness and if it is immigrant-friendly. Numerous field trips have been made between 2015 and 2016, 81 international businessmen have been interviewed, 32 coming from Africa, with interviews as well as questionnaires. This population is mainly attracted by the commercial advantages of the city. These people are strongly focused on commercial activities, which is their most important immigration motivation. Once settled, they actively try to integrate into local society, as well as to devote themselves successfully to their commercial activities. However, these efforts are strictly limited in their professional life. On the one hand, the governments, both local and central, are not fully welcoming to foreign residents. Multiple administrative restrictions have been observed which prevent them from a better adaptation. On the other hand, important cultural and religious differences between the Africans and the local population create a spontaneous barrier which is practically impossible to exceed. Because of that, African businessmen tend to associate more with people from the same region and avoid the locals when seeking for a deeper connection. They usually stay within their own community in daily and social life. Even if outside-of-work exchanges exist, they are generally a way to enhance the business and therefore not efficient enough in terms of understanding and communication. In other words, real integration is rather an ideal state which still needs a lot of devotions, if it is possible at all. ; La mondialisation rend plus faciles les échanges entre personnes venant de cultures et d'origines différentes. S'intéressant à la vie des étrangers en Chine, notre étude porte sur la population africaine installée à Yiwu, ville qui accueille la deuxième plus grande communauté africaine en Chine, après Guangzhou. Cette thèse s'interroge sur la source de l'attractivité de Yiwu et sur sa capacité d'intégration. Pour apporter des éléments de réponse, nous avons recueilli entre 2015 et 2016, sous forme de questionnaires et d'entretiens, les témoignages de 81 commerçants étrangers, dont 32 d'origine africaine. L'enquête révèle que la majorité de la population analysée a été attirée par les avantages commerciaux que la ville propose. Le commerce est donc la motivation et le centre d'intérêt de cette communauté, dont les membres, une fois installés, s'efforcent de s'intégrer à la vie commerciale. Néanmoins, leur effort se limite pour l'essentiel à la vie professionnelle. D'une part, le gouvernement local de Yiwu n'est pas totalement ouvert à la population étrangère. Il existe de nombreuses restrictions, qui font obstacle à une intégration complète. D'autre part, les grandes différences culturelles et religieuses forment une barrière spontanée et profonde, presque impossible à dépasser. Ainsi, les commerçants africains fréquentent bien plus leurs compatriotes que leurs partenaires commerciaux chinois. Ils restent principalement au sein de leur communauté dans la vie quotidienne et sociale. Même s'il leur arrive de fréquenter des Chinois en dehors du commerce, cette fréquentation est souvent utilitariste et peu affective. La vraie intégration est donc un état idéal qui demande encore beaucoup d'investissement, si elle est réellement possible.

This diagnostic has been conducted with the sole purpose of serving the ongoing development of social protection policy in the country. It is the Bank's hope that the report will be useful for social protection policy development as intended. The Bank has not agreed with the government to invest in the civil registration and identification sector. The government may consider the use of this report for the activities it will undertake to seek support from the international donor community for such an investment. The report is organized into the following sections: section one gives introduction. Section two examines the identity ecosystem in Central African Republic (CAR) and presents the stakeholders on the supply and demand sides, the identity schemes, the legal framework, and the specific post-crisis identity context; and section three presents the analysis conducted by the World Bank Group and details the main recommendations to build on so social protection actors can promote an efficient and reliable identity ecosystem that can serve the entire Central African population, starting from the most vulnerable.

Executive Council Thirty-Fourth Ordinary Session 7 – 8 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; African Risk Capacity (ARC) Agency is a Specialized Agency of the African Union that was established in 2012 to provide a comprehensive and integrated approach to tackling the impacts of natural disasters on vulnerable populations on the continent. In 2014, ARC launched its initial risk insurance product for Member States through its financial affiliate, the ARC Insurance Company Limited (ARC Ltd). ARC Ltd is a specialist mutual insurance company and Africa's first ever disaster insurance pool. ARC Ltd aggregates risk by issuing insurance policies to participating governments and transferring the pooled risk to the international markets.

In the early 1980s, crack cocaine appeared in the drug market. Not only did it provide enormous benefits for gang members, as most of them were drug dealers, but it was also considered as particularly addictive. Since crack is a cheaper form of cocaine, its use was widespread among the marginalized people, including the African American underclass. The pervasiveness of crack and the growing national concern incited Ronald Reagan to launch a war on drugs so as to control social deviance, which is a part of the delinquent subculture. This initiative has taken many forms from the militarization of police to mass incarceration. However, as crack is said to be mostly used and sold by the African American underclass, the war on drugs had a particular effect on them. ; Le crack, une version moins chère que la cocaïne, fait son entrée sur le marché de la drogue au début des années 1980. Elle est l'une des ressources principales des gangs et prend une place considérable dans les ghettos américains. De plus, elle est aussi principalement consommée par les individus les plus marginalisés, dont l'underclass afro-américaine. Ce mémoire a alors pour but d'étudier la lutte antidrogue lancée par le président Ronald Reagan. Ce dernier va mener une guerre particulièrement punitive afin de contrôler la déviance sociale inhérente à la sous-culture de la délinquance. Cette guerre contre la drogue est alors rythmée par la militarisation de la police et marque également le début de l'incarcération de masse, des mesures qui touchent particulièrement l'underclass afro-américaine.

In the early 1980s, crack cocaine appeared in the drug market. Not only did it provide enormous benefits for gang members, as most of them were drug dealers, but it was also considered as particularly addictive. Since crack is a cheaper form of cocaine, its use was widespread among the marginalized people, including the African American underclass. The pervasiveness of crack and the growing national concern incited Ronald Reagan to launch a war on drugs so as to control social deviance, which is a part of the delinquent subculture. This initiative has taken many forms from the militarization of police to mass incarceration. However, as crack is said to be mostly used and sold by the African American underclass, the war on drugs had a particular effect on them. ; Le crack, une version moins chère que la cocaïne, fait son entrée sur le marché de la drogue au début des années 1980. Elle est l'une des ressources principales des gangs et prend une place considérable dans les ghettos américains. De plus, elle est aussi principalement consommée par les individus les plus marginalisés, dont l'underclass afro-américaine. Ce mémoire a alors pour but d'étudier la lutte antidrogue lancée par le président Ronald Reagan. Ce dernier va mener une guerre particulièrement punitive afin de contrôler la déviance sociale inhérente à la sous-culture de la délinquance. Cette guerre contre la drogue est alors rythmée par la militarisation de la police et marque également le début de l'incarcération de masse, des mesures qui touchent particulièrement l'underclass afro-américaine.

Council of Ministers, Fifth Ordinary Session, Accra, October 1965 ; Study and proposal of the Organization of African Unity Specialized Commissions to the Council of Ministers on the various aspects of the elements of African Unity, including solidarity, unity of African states, establishment of National Scientific Councils towards the establishment of a Union Government of Africa.

West African states have made economic integration the preferred way to deal with the challenge of economic development in an increasingly competitive international context. Thus, through regional and subregional organizations, the protection of the free movement of competition has become a community issue.West African regional economic integration has therefore been seized by competition law. From this, we note emerging competition rights in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Each of these organizations has therefore put in place a competition law in its economic area. As a result, given the composition of UEMOA and ECOWAS, these Community rights are intended to be applied to the Member States of the Union which are also part of the Community. The features of the coexistence of these Community competition law in West Africa deserved to be examined in order to evaluate their application, to analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of these rights. This comparative study intends to highlight the contain of these rights, reveal their specificities, while showing their lacks. It's necessary to rethink or even reform some aspects of these rights to improve their applications, basis for a better protection of free competition in West Africa. ; Les États ouest-africains ont fait de l'intégration économique la voie privilégiée pour relever le défi du développement économique dans un contexte international de plus en plus concurrentiel. Ainsi, par le biais d'organisations régionale et sous régionale, la protection du libre jeu de la concurrence est devenue un enjeu communautaire. L'intégration économique régionale ouest-africaine a donc été saisie par le droit de la concurrence. De ce fait, on assiste à l'émergence de droits régionaux de la concurrence au sein de l'Union économique et monétaire ouest africaine (UEMOA) et de la Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEDEAO). Chacune de ces organisations a donc mis en place un ...

Qu'est-ce que le community policing ? Cette réforme est généralement perçue en France comme associée à la gauche, qui l'a adaptée au contexte français dans le cadre de la « police de proximité » du gouvernement Jospin entre 1997 et 2002. Aux Etats-Unis, le community policing fait au contraire l'objet d'un consensus bipartisan, dans un contexte pourtant fortement polarisé et plus réceptif aux politiques punitives que ne l'est le contexte français. A travers une revue de la littérature américaine, cet article entend distinguer trois conceptions du community policing. Dans un premier temps, on va rappeler le contexte de l'essor du community policing aux Etats-Unis ; on va ensuite s'attacher à sérier les problèmes de définition de cette réforme des organisations policières, avant de distinguer les trois conceptions du community policing.

Qu'est-ce que le community policing ? Cette réforme est généralement perçue en France comme associée à la gauche, qui l'a adaptée au contexte français dans le cadre de la « police de proximité » du gouvernement Jospin entre 1997 et 2002. Aux Etats-Unis, le community policing fait au contraire l'objet d'un consensus bipartisan, dans un contexte pourtant fortement polarisé et plus réceptif aux politiques punitives que ne l'est le contexte français. A travers une revue de la littérature américaine, cet article entend distinguer trois conceptions du community policing. Dans un premier temps, on va rappeler le contexte de l'essor du community policing aux Etats-Unis ; on va ensuite s'attacher à sérier les problèmes de définition de cette réforme des organisations policières, avant de distinguer les trois conceptions du community policing.

Proceedings of the Summit Conference of Independent African States, Volume 1 Section II ; Speeches of the Summit Conference and list of officers, delegations and observers ; Proceedings of the Summit Conference of Independent African States: Speeches of the Summit Conference, List of Delegations, List of Observers and messages received from heads of State and Government

Opening of the preparatory conference of foreign affairs of African summit conference in 1963

Council of Ministers, Eighth Ordinary Session, Addis Ababa, February/March 1967 ; This report of the African Group focused on the situation of the government of Rhodesia and South West Africa following the XXI session of the United Nations General Assembly. The report also discussed the position of the New York Secretariat and problem of refugees.

Council of Ministers, Fifth Ordinary Session Accra, October 1965 ; The report of the Administrative Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity on the execution of the instructions of Heads of State and Government on resolutions and political matters.