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Phaedrus' speech in Plato's Symposium was often ignored by Platonic scholars as unphilosophical, and has been analysed mostly in its rhetorical aspects. This narrowed the intentions of the dialogue down to theoretical speculations, neglecting a practical problem – namely, which values of the Greek polis remained relevant in the epoch of radical cultural transformation through which Plato lived. The detailed analysis of Phaedrus' speech reveals some of its aspects that remained latent until now, establishing that the system of concepts of 'shame' and 'aspiration to glory' derives from the traditional system of values of Greek military community, and thus has a concrete historical and social content. It was precisely Socrates and later Plato who embarked on the revision of the Greek concept of 'shame' (as Plato's Apology attests). The paper employs additional sources that help to recreate the historical context of the speech and to inscribe it into its authentic Sitz im Leben. Furthermore, Lysias' speech against Alcibiades is linked with Phaedrus' speech and the whole context of the Symposium.

This is a conference paper. ; Centralised approaches often run counter to people-centered management of wastewater. Large areas are not served by formal facilities and existing systems are often overloaded and poorly maintained, with major effects especially for poor people. A possibly more people-centered alternative may be to adopt a decentralised approach that locates planning and aspects implementation at community level and enhances local ownership of wastewater management. (DWWM). Although DWWM should not be considered to be a panacea, this paper presents a number of decentralised options and considers their implications. To implement decentralised options requires more than local initiative – a supportive crosscutting policy environment is crucial to move initiatives beyond a pilot scale. The paper considers the requirements of an effective enabling policy and what it means in practice It argues for holistic, inclusive and replicable policies that link to the wider context of poverty reduction within a cross-cutting framework of good governance in decentralised political administration.

This is a conference paper. ; The PRF is a government initiative delivering development resources directly to the village level. Following the "PRF Process", villagers choose, plan, implement and manage their own sub-projects. Amongst over 910 villages surveyed, approximately 33% of villagers' needs were related to water. Most needs were for domestic water. Depending on location of the village etc., systems requested included gravity-fed water supply, drilled and hand dug wells, but assistance was also requested for agricultural water. Generally all assistance given by PRF is for the community; no private/ household hook-ups are allowed. Perhaps because of this and other factors, few needs expressed by the people themselves related to sanitation. In the Lao PDR, sanitation is invariably linked to the availability of water, and is considered a private rather than a public matter. While public resources are important, private resources (especially those based on conservation of rainwater) ought also to be encouraged for better village well-being.

This paper investigates the relationship between making additional payments to the state for student loan (via the Higher Education Contribution Scheme) and child support (via the Child Support Scheme) and compliance with tax law. Data are taken from the Community Hopes, Fears, and Actions Survey based on a random sample of 2040 individuals. Additional payments were found to pose a compliance problem for tax authorities. At the same time, this study demonstrated that perceived deterrence, moral obligation and possible trustworthiness play significant roles in reducing tax evasion. An important finding to emerge from this study is that tax evasion is more likely to accompany additional payments when personal income and belief in trust norms are low. The finding of greater tax evasion among economically marginalized groups has been demonstrated in other contexts, but the adverse effects of becoming irreconcilably socially marginalized from legal authority has tended to be both undervalued and under-theorized in the taxation compliance literature.

This paper explores the tensions between localism and regionalism within the Indigenous polity of the Haasts Bluff Land Trust. The anthropological trend has been to focus on localism and the tendency toward dispersal and 'atomism'. As a result less recognition has been accorded the Indigenous social and political structures that radiate out from the local to incorporate people in a wider region. The early ethnographic material on pre-contact demographic patterns is overviewed to gain perspective on these tensions and how they may be played out in the contemporary context. I raise issues about the implications of these focused networks for proposed larger-scale service delivery and governance arrangements within the Haasts Bluff Land Trust as a whole. I consider whether there is any sense of correspondence between the region as bounded by the Haasts Bluff Land Trust boundary and Indigenous socio-political 'boundaries' with the view to casting some light on the emerging issue of regionalising local community government.

Examines legal & ethical objections to humanitarian intervention that dominate the international relations debate. It is contended that the most compelling arguments are those that stress the consequences for international order. Special attention is given to the ethical position of pluralism & concerns about "neo-imperialism" articulated by non-Western states. It is suggested that humanitarian intervention can be legitimized in extreme cases if a limited notion of "sovereignty as responsibility" is retained & the temptation to combine the protection of human rights with the right to liberal democracy is avoided. However, there is a strong consensus in both Western & non-Western states that the state is still the best agent to promote & protect human rights. Emphasis is placed on the need to improve the representativeness & effectiveness of the UN Security Council in order to reduce growing concerns about who represents the international community. The situation in Kosovo showed that humanitarian intervention can have complicated & unforeseen consequences; therefore, more attention must be paid to non-military means of operationalizing sovereignty as responsibility. J. Lindroth

This paper investigates the relationship between making additional payments to the state for student loan (via the Higher Education Contribution Scheme) and child support (via the Child Support Scheme) and compliance with tax law. Data are taken from the Community Hopes, Fears, and Actions Survey based on a random sample of 2040 individuals. Additional payments were found to pose a compliance problem for tax authorities. At the same time, this study demonstrated that perceived deterrence, moral obligation and possible trustworthiness play significant roles in reducing tax evasion. An important finding to emerge from this study is that tax evasion is more likely to accompany additional payments when personal income and belief in trust norms are low. The finding of greater tax evasion among economically marginalized groups has been demonstrated in other contexts, but the adverse effects of becoming irreconcilably socially marginalized from legal authority has tended to be both undervalued and under-theorized in the taxation compliance literature.

Phaedrus' speech in Plato's Symposium was often ignored by Platonic scholars as unphilosophical, and has been analysed mostly in its rhetorical aspects. This narrowed the intentions of the dialogue down to theoretical speculations, neglecting a practical problem – namely, which values of the Greek polis remained relevant in the epoch of radical cultural transformation through which Plato lived. The detailed analysis of Phaedrus' speech reveals some of its aspects that remained latent until now, establishing that the system of concepts of 'shame' and 'aspiration to glory' derives from the traditional system of values of Greek military community, and thus has a concrete historical and social content. It was precisely Socrates and later Plato who embarked on the revision of the Greek concept of 'shame' (as Plato's Apology attests). The paper employs additional sources that help to recreate the historical context of the speech and to inscribe it into its authentic Sitz im Leben. Furthermore, Lysias' speech against Alcibiades is linked with Phaedrus' speech and the whole context of the Symposium.

Questions concerning the United Nations legal authority to promote democratization & its reasons for favoring democratic political systems in the politically variegated international community are addressed. It is demonstrated that the United Nations has regularly influenced the development of political systems in various countries, has strongly advocated self-determination, & has actively promoted democratization in consenting nations. However, the United Nations support for democratization is delineated as coercive, eg, the United Nations Security Council determines the criteria for legitimate military intervention in foreign countries & Chapter VIII of the United Nations Charter allows member-states to intercede in regional disputes. After illuminating the coercive nature of the United Nations intervention in Haiti, Sierra Leone, & Somalia, it is maintained that the organization should establish a normative framework for judging the legitimacy of military intercessions; several principles to be included in this model are articulated, eg, representatives of member-states that obtained power through illegitimate means should not be seated in the United Nations. J. W. Parker

This chapter underlines the importance of the function of dreams in Islamic thought and culture. The most orthodox Islamic tradition considers the "sound" dream as a divine message, which entails important consequences on the religious life of many believers in history. The believers may on this way receive some small "revelations" guiding them in their personal or social life. Religious history of the Moslim community is enriched by thousands of thoses messages, which mystical – or political – impact may be decisive. ; Ce chapitre souligne l'importance de la fonction des rêves dans le cadre de la pensée islamique. La tradition musulmane la plus orthodoxe considère le rêve « sain » comme un message divin. Ceci a des conséquences considérables sur la vie religieuses des croyants au cours des siècles : les croyants reçoivent ainsi des petites révélations, destinées à les guider dans leurs vies personnelle ou sociale. L'histoire religieuse de la communauté musulmane s'est ainsi trouvé irriguée par des milliers de ces messages, dont la portée mystique – et parfois politique – peut être décisive.

Using knowledge by taking account of the results of scientific research is a preoccupation of the scientific community on which this article proposes to shed light by considering the case of Cameroon. Within the theoretical framework of actionism, the study is based on a questionnaire survey administered to a sample of 200 researchers, decision-makers, and research-commissioning bodies, complemented by interviews. The data cover commissioning, evaluation and utilisation practices over the period 1990-2001. The results show considerable differences in judgement between researchers, decision-makers, and commissioning bodies with regard to existing practices and desirable usage. The differences reflect the lack of connection between properly academic concerns and policy prospects, as well as a research funding structure in Cameroon that separates problem definition from solution implementation. Given inadequate utilisation of scientific research data in public policy, the article proposes renewed institutional forms that might encourage academicism to take account of the practical requirements of social engineering. (Original abstract)

To better understand healthcare use for diarrhoea and dysentery in Nha Trang, Viet Nam, qualitative interviews with community residents and dysentery case studies were conducted. Findings were supplemented by a quantitative survey which asked respondents which healthcare provider their household members would use for diarrhoea or dysentery. A clear pattern of healthcare-seeking behaviours among 433 respondents emerged. More than half of the respondents self-treated initially. Medication for initial treatment was purchased from a pharmacy or with medication stored at home. Traditional home treatments were also widely used. If no improvement occurred or the symptoms were perceived to be severe, individuals would visit a healthcare facility. Private medical practitioners are playing a steadily increasing role in the Vietnamese healthcare system. Less than a quarter of diarrhoea patients initially used government healthcare providers at commune health centres, polyclinics, and hospitals, which are the only sources of data for routine public-health statistics. Given these healthcare-use patterns, reported rates could significantly underestimate the real disease burden of dysentery and diarrhoea.