Suchergebnisse

The study deals with eco-labeling systems that have spread faster than other types of new policy instruments. The paper focuses on the diffusion of two different types of eco-labels: (1) general eco-labeling systems such as the German Blue Angel (Blauer Engel), and (2) the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification program. We start with three different explanations for policy convergence: international regimes, regional integration, and global policy diffusion. Policy diffusion is gaining in importance due to the diffusion processes triggered by the emergence of international, intergovernmental, and transnational transfer institutions. It is assumed that governmental or quasi-governmental transfer institutions (general eco-labels) and nongovernmental transfer institutions (FSC label) have similar functions and effects. Our main thesis is that labels can diffuse globally, be decided on, and even implemented at the national level without significant state influence. Furthermore, three success factors for the national performance of eco-labeling schemes are analyzed: (1) the characteristics of policy innovations (costs of labeling etc.); (2) the economic, societal, and political-institutional capacities for action; (3) the co-existence and competition between different eco-labeling systems which can result in converging standards. On this basis some conclusions regarding the overall performance of transnational network organizations, such as the FSC, are drawn. ; Mit dem Vergleich zweier unterschiedlicher Systeme von Umweltzeichen, stellt diese Studie ein Politikinstrument ins Zentrum, das eine sehr viel schnellere Verbreitung gefunden hat als andere Politikinnovationen. Verglichen wird die Diffusion zweier unterschiedlicher Typen von Umweltzeichensystemen: (1) allgemeinen Umweltzeichensystemen wie dem deutschen Blauen Engel und (2) dem Zertifizierungsprogramm des Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Zu Beginn werden drei unterschiedliche Erklärungen für Politikkonvergenz dargestellt: Konvergenz durch internationale Regime, regionale Integration und über globale Politikdiffusion. Letztere gewinnt an Bedeutung aufgrund der Diffusionsprozesse, die durch die Entstehung internationaler, intergouvernementaler und transnationaler Transferinstitutionen ausgelöst werden. Es steht zu vermuten, dass staatliche oder halbstaatliche Transferinstitutionen (allgemeine Umweltzeichen) und nichtstaatliche Transferinstitutionen (FSC-Zertifikat) ähnliche Funktionen und Effekte haben. Wir gehen von der Annahme aus, dass Umweltzeichen auch ohne signifikanten staatlichen Einfluss beschlossen werden können, weltweite Verbreitung finden und sogar auf nationaler Ebene implementiert werden können. Darüber hinaus werden drei Erfolgsfaktoren für die nationale Performanz von Umweltzeichen identifiziert und analysiert: (1) die Merkmale von Politikinnovationen (Zertifizierungskosten etc.), (2) die ökonomischen, gesellschaftlichen und politischinstitutionellen Handlungskapazitäten, (3) die Koexistenz von und der Wettbewerb zwischen verschiedenen Systemen von Umweltzeichen, die zu konvergierenden Standards führen können. Auf dieser Basis werden einige Schlussfolgerungen hinsichtlich der allgemeinen Performanz transnationaler Netzwerkorganizationen, wie dem FSC, gezogen.

Abstrak Artikel ini membahas analisis biaya dan manfaat dari Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) untuk ekspor udang putih (Litopenaeus vannamei) dan udang windu (Penaeus monodon) dari Indonesia. Penerapan MSC pada produk perikanan memang tidak wajib, tetapi dapat mempengaruhi kinerja eskpor Indonesia. Perhitungan analisa biaya dan manfaat untuk proyek MSC menggunakan beberapa pilihan yang dihitung ke dalam empat komponen analysis yang terpisah (Proyek, Privat, Efisiensi, dan kelompok penerima manfaat). Dengan menggunakan data tahun 2018 dan jangka waktu investasi selama 20 tahun, kajian ini membandingkan hasil investasi yang menerapkan standard MSC dengan hasil investasi yang tidak menerapkan standard MSC dengan mempertimbangkan hambatan dari biaya perdagangan internasional. Secara keselurahan, studi ini menunjukkan bahwa the Net Present Values (NPVs) and Internal Rate of Returns (IRRs) bersifat konsisten untuk semua pilihan analysis. Studi ini juga menyimpulkan bahwa berdasarkan hasil dari analisis pasar, Amerika Serikat adalah pasar yang menjanjikan bagi produk udang Indonesia yang berlabelkan MSC. Pemerintah Indonesia akan menikmati 13% kenaikan pendapatan dari pajak keuntungan bisnis tersebut, meskipun proyek ini tidak memberikan dampak perubahan kepada tenaga kerja tidak terampil. Oleh karena itu, studi ini merekomendasikan pemerintah Indonesia untuk mempromosikan program MSC untuk perikanan berkelanjutan, terutama bagi peningkatan kinerja eskpor udang Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Kebijakan Perdagangan, Perikanan Tangkap, Keberlanjutan, Cost-Benefit Analysis Abstract This paper discusses the cost and benefits analysis of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) for Indonesia's exports of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon). The MSC adoption is voluntary, but it is likely to affect the performance of Indonesia's exports. We use several options applied separately in four components analysis in performing the social cost and benefit analysis (Project, Private, Efficiency, and Referral Group). Using the 2018 data and a 20-year investment period, this study compares the investment results applying the MSC standard with the results without investing in the MSC procedures concerning the trade cost barriers. Overall, the results reveal that the Net Present Values (NPVs) and Internal Rate of Returns (IRRs) are consistent for all options in all feasibility component analyses. It concludes that based on market analysis, the US market is the promising market as a primary export destination for Indonesian shrimp products with MSC label. The government will benefit by 13% from profit taxes, while this project does not affect unskilled labor benefits. Therefore, it recommends that the Indonesian government take more action to promote the MSC program for sustainable fisheries and boost shrimp export performance. Keywords: Trade Policy, Capture Fisheries, Sustainability, Cost-Benefit Analysis JEL Classification: F13, Q22, Q56, H43

European Commission is constantly looking for ways of reducing the whole product life cycle impact on environment. Means of ecological engineering and valuation of product's life cycle are being implemented in order to produce environmentally friendly products together with economical and media tools for creation of demand for such products. There are many factors stimulating economical entities to use eco-labelling. Environment protection change taking place in the society is one of those factors. Demand for ecological products is one of the main factors forcing companies to produce such products, taking into consideration influence on environment through the all stages of production. The aim of this paper – is to analyze the possibility of using eco-labeling in development of environmental policy of Lithuania. Such tasks have been formulated in order to reach this aim: •To analyze the role of social, ethical and ecological labeling for environmental policy based on works of foreign and Lithuanian authors. •To analyze the role of eco-labeling in EU environmental policy and the experience of other countries in usage of eco-labeling. •To analyze environmental policy and its instruments in Lithuania, by using SWOT analyze. •To describe ecological and other labeling used in Lithuania, and its development tendencies and compare it with experience of other countries. •To prepare recommendations of eco-labeling development in Lithuania. The object of this work is the possibility of using eco-labeling in environmental policy of Lithuania. The volume of this work is 61 pages, in which 3 figures and 20 pictures are presented. This works supplemented with 4 appendixes. The first part of the work describes the role of social, ethical and ecological labeling in EU environmental policy. The second part of the work analyzes the environmental policy and its instruments in Lithuania. The results of conducted empirical research together with it analyses are presented in the last third part of the work. Analysis revealed that after Lithuania became a member of EU, possibilities to use European community eco-label emerged. Lithuania developed necessary legal basis and formally whole system of granting this eco-label is operating. Analysis also validated the hypothesis of paper – the development of ecological labels in Lithuania is burdened by lack of experience, lack of information to society and shortcomings of institutional basis. Paper suggests that knowing the main condition for society to participate in formation of environmental policy – fully and timely inform about environment, and knowing that society is not matured and ready to participate in these processes, it is essential to assure interest and active participation in decision making. One of the most important means is to spread widely the information on eco-labeling using attractive and socially initiative tools.

European Commission is constantly looking for ways of reducing the whole product life cycle impact on environment. Means of ecological engineering and valuation of product's life cycle are being implemented in order to produce environmentally friendly products together with economical and media tools for creation of demand for such products. There are many factors stimulating economical entities to use eco-labelling. Environment protection change taking place in the society is one of those factors. Demand for ecological products is one of the main factors forcing companies to produce such products, taking into consideration influence on environment through the all stages of production. The aim of this paper – is to analyze the possibility of using eco-labeling in development of environmental policy of Lithuania. Such tasks have been formulated in order to reach this aim: •To analyze the role of social, ethical and ecological labeling for environmental policy based on works of foreign and Lithuanian authors. •To analyze the role of eco-labeling in EU environmental policy and the experience of other countries in usage of eco-labeling. •To analyze environmental policy and its instruments in Lithuania, by using SWOT analyze. •To describe ecological and other labeling used in Lithuania, and its development tendencies and compare it with experience of other countries. •To prepare recommendations of eco-labeling development in Lithuania. The object of this work is the possibility of using eco-labeling in environmental policy of Lithuania. The volume of this work is 61 pages, in which 3 figures and 20 pictures are presented. This works supplemented with 4 appendixes. The first part of the work describes the role of social, ethical and ecological labeling in EU environmental policy. The second part of the work analyzes the environmental policy and its instruments in Lithuania. The results of conducted empirical research together with it analyses are presented in the last third part of the work. Analysis revealed that after Lithuania became a member of EU, possibilities to use European community eco-label emerged. Lithuania developed necessary legal basis and formally whole system of granting this eco-label is operating. Analysis also validated the hypothesis of paper – the development of ecological labels in Lithuania is burdened by lack of experience, lack of information to society and shortcomings of institutional basis. Paper suggests that knowing the main condition for society to participate in formation of environmental policy – fully and timely inform about environment, and knowing that society is not matured and ready to participate in these processes, it is essential to assure interest and active participation in decision making. One of the most important means is to spread widely the information on eco-labeling using attractive and socially initiative tools.

"Mit dem Vergleich zweier unterschiedlicher Systeme von Umweltzeichen, stellt diese Studie ein Politikinstrument ins Zentrum, das eine sehr viel schnellere Verbreitung gefunden hat als andere Politikinnovationen. Verglichen wird die Diffusion zweier unterschiedlicher Typen von Umweltzeichensystemen: (1) allgemeiner Umweltzeichensysteme wie dem deutschen 'Blauen Engel' und (2) des Zertifizierungsprogramms des Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Zu Beginn werden drei unterschiedliche Erklärungen für Politikkonvergenz dargestellt: Konvergenz durch internationale Regime, regionale Integration und durch globale Politikdiffusion. Letztere gewinnt an Bedeutung aufgrund der Diffusionsprozesse, die durch die Entstehung internationaler, intergouvernementaler und transnationaler Transferinstitutionen ausgelöst werden. Es kann angenommen werden, dass staatliche oder halbstaatliche Transferinstitutionen (allgemeine Umweltzeichen) und nicht-staatliche Transferinstitutionen (FSC-Zertifikat) ähnliche Funktionen und Effekte haben. Wir gehen von der These aus, dass Umweltzeichen auch ohne signifikanten staatlichen Einfluss beschlossen werden, weltweite Verbreitung finden und sogar auf nationaler Ebene implementiert werden können. Darüber hinaus werden drei Erfolgsfaktoren für die nationale Performanz von Umweltzeichen identifiziert und analysiert: (1) die Charakteristika von Politikinnovationen (Zertifizierungskosten etc.); (2) die ökonomischen, gesellschaftlichen und politisch-institutionellen Handlungskapazitäten; (3) die Koexistenz von und der Wettbewerb zwischen verschiedenen Systemen von Umweltzeichen, die zu konvergierenden Standards führen können. Auf dieser Basis werden einige Schlussfolgerungen hinsichtlich der allgemeinen Performanz transnationaler Netzwerkorganisationen, wie dem FSC, gezogen." (Autorenreferat)

This book plots a course for policy-makers to address some of the historic problems with eco-labelling, to learn what works and what doesn't and to move forward with integrated schemes that can make a real difference to sustainable production and consumption.