Suchergebnisse

ilustraciones, gráficas, tablas ; En Colombia no se ha evaluado frecuentemente si el nivel de vencimientos de la cartera, medido con el indicador de calidad tradicional, se acerca o no al "nivel de dolor" que pondría en riesgo la rentabilidad del sistema bancario. Así, este trabajo busca hallar el nivel umbral de vencimiento de la cartera que podría llevar al sistema bancario a situaciones de inestabilidad por una caída en la rentabilidad. Mediante un modelo de alertas tempranas para el periodo 2002-2019, se encuentra que, al optimizar la utilidad de un policymaker que está interesado en emitir alertas cuando el vencimiento de cartera afecta la rentabilidad del sistema bancario, se encuentra que el umbral óptimo del indicador de calidad de cartera es 4%. (Texto tomado de la fuente). ; In Colombia, it has not been frequently evaluated whether the level of non-peforming loan, measured with the traditional indicator, is close to the "level of pain" that would put at rik the banking system profitability. Thus, this work seeks to find the threshold level of non-performing loan indicator that could lead the banking system to instability situations due to a drop in profitability. Using an early warning model for 2002-2019 data, it is found that, by optimizing the usefulness of a policymaker who is interested in issuing alerts when non-performing loan affects banking system profitability, the optimal threshold of the non-performing loan indicator is 4%. ; Maestría ; Magíster en Ciencias Económicas

Over the last three decades the supply of economic statistics has vastly improved. Unfortunately, statistics on regional price levels (sub-national purchasing power parities) have been exempt from this positive trend, even though they are indispensable for meaningful spatial comparisons of regional output, income, wages, productivity, standards of living, and poverty. To improve the situation, our paper demonstrates that a highly disaggregated and reliable regional price index can be compiled from data that already exist. We use the micro price data that have been collected for Germany's Consumer Price Index in May 2016. For the computation we introduce a multi-stage version of the Country- Product-Dummy method. The unique quality of our price data set allows us to depart from previous spatial price comparisons and to compare only exactly identical products. We find that the price levels of the 402 counties and cities of Germany are largely driven by the cost of housing and to a much lesser degree by the prices of goods and services. The overall price level in the most expensive region, Munich, is about 27 percent higher than in the cheapest region. Our results also reveal strong spatial autocorrelation.

The introduction of an effective Front of Pack food labelling (FoPL) system is at the forefront of the food policy debate. Nutritional information is seen as an effective tool to help fight obesity and its associated co-morbidities, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, for which unhealthy diet represent a major preventable risk factor. This paper explores the influence of FoPL formats on consumer's stated choice of weekly food baskets using data from a discrete choice experiment carried out in Northern Ireland in 2011. Two of the three baskets were experimentally designed while the third represented the respondent's actual current food choice (or status-quo basket). Four nutritional attributes were used: (i) total fat, (ii) saturated fat, (iii) salt, and (iv) sugar. Baskets were portrayed at different price levels to elicit the sensitivity of choice to price and to derive marginal willingness to pay estimates. Results from random utility models with various forms of heterogeneity reject the null of no association between preference classes and healthier food baskets and also the null of no effect of the nutritional information described. We find that the influence of the FoPL format used to convey nutritional information combines with selected socio-demographic covariates to determine membership to preference classes. A sensitivity analysis is used to validate the preferred model and the response sensitivity of selection probabilities to potential policy levers, such as a more realistic appreciation of self-body image and the habit of reading labels.

This study assesses the effect of light rail transit system (LRT) on residential property values in Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, where traffic congestion has been a major issue since the mid 1990s. A relatively new technique namely Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) is employed to estimate the increased value of land in the form of residential property values as a result of improved accessibility owing to the construction of the LRT systems. Using the Kelana Jaya LRT Line, located in Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia as a case study, this paper reveals that the improvement of accessibility to employment and other amenities provided by the LRT system added premiums on residential property values but with spatial variation over geographical area indicates that the existence of the LRT systems may have a positive effect on residential property values in some areas but negative in others. The use of the GWR in this study is identified as a better approach to investigate the effect of the LRT system on residential property values since it has the capability to produce meaningful results by revealing spatially varying relationship.

We investigate in this paper whether the stable pattern of remittances over the last three decades can be explained by the altruistic behaviour. This possibility is tested by means of cointegration analysis, which is applied to Turkish remittances from Germany over the period 1962-2005. A single cointegrating relationship is found between the remittances of Turkish workers in Germany and the real Turkish GDP per capita, the real German GDP per capita, the stock of Turkish migrants in Germany, the real exchange rate, and the government instability. The negative coefficient associated with Turkish income and positive coefficients on the real exchange rate and political instability support the claim that Turkish remittances from Germany are altruistically motivated. In addition, we find that the coefficient on the stock of Turkish migrants to be equal to one.

Increased attention is nowadays devoted to waste management. The objective of this work is to analyse how commonly known business economic models and methods, as well as the Polluter-Pays Principle, can be applied to waste management in general and to waste fractionation in particular, so as to facilitate environmental optimisation of industrial and construction waste fractionation. In discussing the functionality of the modified models arrived at, systems theory is applied in order to get a scientifically adequate picture of the societal context of the models. A further objective is to investigate certain aspects of construction waste management economic model theory through case studies. Thereby, the applicability of modified versions of the above mentioned business economic models applied in construction waste management is tested. Generally, the work is performed in order to provide flexible management instruments adapted to changing demands. The economic model methods are studied and modified from a waste management point of view. In this context, the "equality principle" introduced earlier (Stenis, 2002), interpreted as equality between (industrial) waste and normal products in business economic terms, is applied. "The model for Efficient Use of Resources for Optimal Production Economy (EUROPE)", is introduced for assigning industrial costs and revenues to waste by the employment of so-called shadow prices. The modified, mainly cost assessment oriented, methods are evaluated from a business economics perspective in relation to waste management. The effort in this work represents a shift of views within the field of waste management. This shift is consistent with the concept of sustainable development. Also, the present study represents general environmental and financial advantages for society at large. It is concluded that the findings point at the partly fruitful possibility to modify commonly used cost benefit estimation methods and contribution margin analysis including the Polluter-Pays Principle (PPP) in a practical industrial and, to a certain extent, a practical construction waste management context by the use of the equality principle. Therefore, it can be said that construction waste management can be carried out by using certain (modified) economic models. Summarised, the major findings of the work are as follows: 1) Presentation of an alternative way of looking at industrial waste in a business context; 2) Introduction of the EUROPE model for assigning costs to industrial waste to be used in conjunction with the introduced equality principle to provide long term recommendations regarding waste involving the use of "environmental shadow prices"; 3) Presentation of how the Polluter-Pays Principle can be incorporated into the financial accounts of a manufacturing company by the employment of the equality principle in conjunction with the introduced concept of the "environmental adjustment cost"; 4) Proposal for a shift of views within the field of waste management. Summarised, the recommendations for the future in this work are as follows: 1) As regards general industrial conditions, commonly used cost benefit methods, the contribution margin method and the Polluter-Pays Principle approach are suggested to be applied in a modified way through the use of the EUROPE model, the basis being the equality principle introduced. 2) As regards construction management conditions, the average cost estimation method is suggested to be applied in a modified way through the use of the EUROPE model, the basis being the equality principle introduced.

The authors use a large panel data set from Zambia to examine factors that could explain the relatively lackluster performance of the country's agricultural sector after liberalization. Zambia's liberalization significantly opened the economy but failed to alter the structure of production or help realize efficiency gains. They reach two main conclusions. First, not owning productive assets (in Zambia, draft animals and implements) limits improvements in agricultural productivity and household welfare. Owning oxen increases income directly, allows farmers to till their fields efficiently when rain is delayed, increases the area cultivated, and improves access to credit and fertilizer markets. Second, the authors reject the hypothesis that the application of fertilizer is unprofitable because of high input prices. Rather, fertilizer use appears to have declined because of constraints on supplies, which government intervention exacerbated instead of alleviating. (Extending the use of fertilizer to the many producers not currently using it would be profitable, but increasing the amount applied by the few producers who now have access to it would not be.) Policies to foster accumulation of the assets needed for agricultural production (including draft animals and implements) and to provide complementary public goods (education, credit, and good agricultural extension services) could greatly help reduce poverty and improve productivity.

Die Elfenbeinküste mußte durch Währungsabwertungen, die aufgrund der Koppelung des CFA-Franc mit dem französischen Franc erfolgten, nicht gerechtfertigte wirtschaftliche Belastungen hinnehmen. Die Kopplung beider Währungen sollte daher gelockert werden. (DÜI-Spe)

"Die Arbeit zeigt die Effekte der Antwortverweigerung in Umfragen auf die Ergebnisse von Produktivitätsschätzungen auf Basis multivariater statistischer Methoden. Um die fehlenden Daten geeignet zu ergänzen, wird ein Data Augmentation Algorithmus basierend auf einem Normalverteilungs-/ Wishart-Modell angewandt. Zur Schätzung der Produktivität von Betrieben werden die Daten der Befragungswellen von 2000 und 2001 des IAB-Betriebspanels verwendet. Dieser Beitrag fokussiert auf die Konstruktions-, Edit- und Transformationsprozesse, die notwendig sind, um die für das Analyse- als auch Imputations-Modell benötigten Variablen zu operationalisieren. Es wird gezeigt, dass Standardverfahren der multiplen Imputation verwendet werden können, um komplexe ökonometrische Modelle mit umfangreichen Paneldatensätzen unter Berücksichtigung des Datenausfalls zu schätzen. Die Grundlage der empirischen Analyse sind stochastische Frontierfunktionen mit den Inputfaktoren Arbeit und Kapital. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass ein Modell technischer Ineffizienz die Daten besser abbildet als die Verwendung von unterschiedlichen Produktionsfunktionen für Ost- und Westdeutschland. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich, dass der Einfluss der Region auf die technische Ineffizienz ansteigt, wenn die mehrfach ergänzten Daten anstelle nur der vollständigen Daten verwendet werden. Diese Ergebnisse könnten weitere Arbeiten stimulieren und möglicherweise die zukünftige Wirtschafts- und Regionalpolitik in Deutschland beeinflussen." (Autorenreferat)