Suchergebnisse

Urban shrinkage is a process that many European countries have been facing in recent decades. It had started in highly developed regions at the time of deindustrialisation, but since the 1990s, this process has also affected Central, Eastern and South-eastern Europe, with different patterns and dynamics of urban shrinkage. The political and economic crisis in Serbia during the 1990s, as well as the transition from a centrally governed and urban-based industrialisation to a neoliberal market economy, has brought significant changes in the development of cities, which faced declining demographic and economic vitality. This paper is focused on the analysis of the intensity and dynamics of demographic and economic aspects of urban shrinkage in Serbia and on classification of cities according to the different phases of urban shrinkage. Typological classification was performed using the K-means clustering algorithm. The cluster analysis is based on the use of relevant demographic and socio-economic indicators, for the period from 2002 to 2011. After identifying cities that recorded an increase in total population and relatively stable economic development, three types of shrinking cities were determined according to the intensity of demographic and economic shrinkage - cities with low, medium and high shrinkage intensity. The analysis of the main patterns and factors that influenced the different levels of urban shrinkage enabled a better understanding of this phenomenon in Serbia. The results indicate the heterogeneity of urban space due to different levels of demographic and economic shrinkage, thus it can serve as a starting point for future research of uneven urban development in Serbia. ; Опадање градова (енг. urban shrinkage) је процес са којим се последњих деценија суочавају многе земље у Европи и свету. Започет у високоразвијеним регионима у време деиндустријализације, овај процес је од 1990-их година интензивиран у постсоцијалистичким земљама Европе, у којима је испољио различите просторне обрасце и динамику. ...

The main objective of this paper is to determine the level of relevance of the economic development and the level of pollution of thirteen states that joined the European Union (EU) in the last three enlargement rounds (2004, 2007, and 2013), with the length of transitional periods, i.e. the number of regulations that have agreed transitional periods. The initial assumption is that the level of economic development of countries joining the EU and the level of pollution are affecting the length of transitional periods and the number of regulations that are agreed upon transitional periods. Accordingly, the paper points to the level of economic development (measured by GDP) and the level of pollution (emissions measured by CO2/pc and CO2/gdp). All the states are grouped into five regional groups (Mediterranean, Central Europe, the Baltics, South-East Europe and the member states of the former Yugoslavia) . Separate part of the paper analyzes in detail the types of regulations relating to the agreed transitional periods, and the number and length of transitional periods that are contracted by the states of the five groups. For the analysis we used the transitional periods in the field of energy, environment and transport, given their potential importance for CO2 emissions. The final part of the paper analyses perceived relevance between the level of economic development, levels of pollution, the length of transitional periods and the number of regulations that are agreed upon transitional periods.

Nel presente contributo vengono esposti i risultati di due distinte ricerche svolte presso la Riserva commissionate dal Soggetto gestore (Consorzio Il Mosaico) al Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche dell'Università di Udine. I risultati intendono fornire un quadro della situazione gestionale e della fruizione turistica della Riserva. Per ciò che concerne gli aspetti economici il modello di analisi è il Long Term Financial Plan presentato al V° Congresso Mondiale dei Parchi tenutosi a Durban nel 2003. Dall'analisi emerge come la gestione sia finanziata prevalentemente da fonti pubbliche mentre un terzo del bilancio è coperto dall'autofinanziamento (vendita di servizi e ticket). Tale sistema gestionale non consente di raggiungere un pareggio di bilancio. A tal fine il Soggetto gestore propone la costituzione di associazioni che si adoperino quali collettori di fondi e consensi. Per ciò che concerne la gestione turistica la Riserva ha riscontrato alcune difficoltà dovute all'afflusso di visitatori che, se eccessivo, può ripercuotersi negativamente sull'ambiente. Si è quindi palesata la necessità di regolamentare il movimento turistico e differenziare le strutture esistenti. Una forma di controllo è stata avviata nel 2002 da un lato introducendo un biglietto, dall'altra orientando il turismo didattico-scientifico in aree diverse da quelle destinate al turismo del tempo libero. Infine va ricordato che solo sporadicamente è stato effettuato un monitoraggio del flusso turistico e dei costi/benefici relativi alla gestione della Riserva, mancando in tal modo di perseguire politiche gestionali efficaci e condivise. ; This study presents the results of two researches carried out at the Isonzo River Mouth Natural Reserve by the Manager in Charge (Consorzio Il Mosaico) and the department of Economic Sciences of the University of Udine. The results aim at giving a framework of the management situation and of the touristic fruition of the Reserve. With regard to the economic aspects, the analysis model is the Long Term Financial Plan presented at the 5th World Park Congress held in Durban in 2003. The analysis highlights that the management is mainly financed by public founds, and only one third is covered by selffounding (services and tickets). Such a management system does not allow to reach a balanced financial situation. For this reason, the Manager in Charge has made the suggestion to create some associations aimed at gathering finance and support. With regard to the touristic fruition, the Reserve has experienced some problems due to the presence of tourists, that can have a detrimental impact on the environment if it is too conspicuous. For this reason, the tourist flow has been regulated, and the infrastructures have been differentiated. A form of control has started in 2002, by introducing a ticket on one hand, and by addressing the educational-scientific tourism in areas that do not overlap with those aimed at recreational tourism. Finally, it must be stressed that there is a lack of monitoring both of the touristic flow and of the costs and benefits deriving from the Reserve management, and this affects the possibility to carry out efficient and exhaustive management policies.