Suchergebnisse

"Archived--11/15/79." ; "Date originated 11/15/79; date updated 11/15/79." ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Description based on print resource; title from title page.

In the context of global economic innovation, it is important to study the methodological and practical aspects of this problem from the point of view of identifying trends and characteristics of pilgrimage tourism and improving the organizational and economic mechanism of its effective development. In our country, the government must create all the necessary conditions for the formation and effective functioning of the tourism industry, in particular tourism pilgrimages, also create a regulatory framework and take appropriate measures for the development and development of certain types of tourism. This will stimulate the development of tourism by creating an environment of fair competition among tourism entrepreneurs, which regulates the activities of tour operators and protects the rights and interests of tourists. One of the important factors in the development of tourism in our country is peace, stability, mutual understanding and solidarity. Our country has long attracted people from the most developed countries of the world for its beautiful and diverse nature, rich history, architectural monuments and great scholars. It is noteworthy that the first step in the development of pilgrimage tourism to the country has been taken. With the initiative of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev, the first international tourism forum was held in Bukhara on February 21-23, 2019. In this article gives informtion about that the Republic of Uzbekistan establishes and develops relations with international organizations and foreign countries in the field of tourism, increases the flow of tourists to our country, creates all conditions for tourists, improves the quality and culture of services, and also provides the tourism industry. The organizational and economic aspects of tourism regulation are examined, as well as the training and education of specialists in this field.

The process of professionalisation of the Serbian Army has caused qualitative and quantitative changes in the personnel structure and has led to the reduction in the numerical strength of its members. The restaurant at the Military Academy has faced infrastructural and organisational ballasts in its capacity for food preparation and distribution thus making the Military Academy food system uneconomic. The capacities of the restaurant are designed to allow for the preparation and distribution of 40% more meals than the actual needs, which, in the economic context, places unnecessary financial burden on the limited amount of funds allocated for this purpose. In terms of economic principles, it is possible to reduce or completely eliminate the negative effects through employing redundant workforce or finding alternative ways to organise the food system at the Military academy in a more rational way. The article represents a "pro et contra" analysis that places an emphasis on some relevant facts in finding expedient solutions. The food system at the Military Academy was analyzed through the cause-effect relations of the factors within and outside the system and through the efforts to improve the system functioning from organizational, economic, technological and nutrition security aspects, based on current scientific knowledge and domestic and foreign experience.

Worldwide, there has been an exponential growth in the production and application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), driven by the energy transition and the electric vehicle market. The scarcity of raw materials and the circular economy strategy of LIBs encourage the need to reuse components, recycle, and give second life to used batteries. However, one of the obstacles is the insufficient volume of LIBs for recycling, which prevents the economic viability of this industrial process. Thus, this article mainly focuses on the economic aspects of the recycling of LIBs, presenting and analyzing: (i) the advantages and disadvantages of recycling and (ii) a survey of factors that influence the cost and economic feasibility of disposing of batteries. The importance of regulations, the market, and business models regarding the recycling of LIBs in a few countries are also discussed. Finally, a business model is created for recycling LIBs in Brazil. The main factors that influence the economic feasibility of this process are indicated, such as government incentives through regulation, exemption from fees and taxes, and the adequacy of battery technology. Encouraging recycling through tax exemptions or reductions can make the process more economically viable, in addition to contributing to the circular economy. Another essential factor to be considered is the creation of joint ventures, which can facilitate the entire chain of the circular economy, including logistics, transport, and disposal of batteries.

In Latvia territory, starting from the 10th century, the Baltic tribes created military-governmental structures with administrative centres. Knights started to reconquer the Balts' lands, where governmental structures were founded. In the 14th century vogteys and commandries were established in Livonia: the Balts' administrative system with its centres was supplemented with stone fortresses and settlements. In Latvia territory the first cities were founded. The territorial division of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was determined by Governmental Formula (1617): the high manor-lords' courts were made, divided into the manor-lords' districts. The main territorial unit was a feudal land property manor. After the third partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795 the Russian Empire obtained Vidzeme, Latgale and Courland together with Piltene Region. Reform was implemented in Latvia territory: counties, provinces and parishes were founded; manors were preserved as administrative units without being included in parishes. On November 18, 1918 Latvia Republic was declared: the division into provinces was cancelled; counties with parishes were preserved. On September 16, 1920 the Constitutional Assembly passed the law "About the agrarian reform in Latvia Republic"; new administrative centres were created. During the World War II Germany and the Soviet Union occupied Latvia Republic which lost its independence. On July 21, 1940 the Soviet power was restored in Latvia, but on August 5 Latvia was included in the Union of Soviet Socialistic Republics. During the second Soviet occupation time (1944–1991) territorial reforms were carried out in Latvia. On May 4, 1990 Latvia again declared its sovereignty and on May 1. In Latvia Republic the two-level municipalities were changed into one-level municipalities; administrative units – regions were formed. Previous researches: Territorial Reform was implemented in Latvia Republic (1999–2009) to create municipalities that are able to develop themselves. The impact of the reform on the economics has been assessed insufficiently. Topicality of the theme: analyse benefits and deficiencies of Latvia Republic Territorial Reform. Research goal: find out the impact of Latvia Republic Territorial Reform on the development of administrative centres.

The use of pyrethroids to impregnate mosquito nets has had a good impact on the incidence of morbidity and mortality from malaria. These nets are therefore likely to be used on a large scale as an important strategy of malaria control in the future. Published information on the cost and effectiveness of mosquito nets is presented and analysed. In two examples, from Malawi and Cameroon, the per household expenditure to purchase and use impregnated mosquito nets compares favourably with the costs of malaria. Thus, we expect that the economic losses from malaria would be reduced by 37.3% over a 3-year period in Malawi. Even if the impact of malaria on productivity is not taken into account, the introduction of nets will result in gains, as shown in Cameroon; savings of 9.3% and 11.2% in two places resulted as a consequence of a diminished need for case treatment. The role of government programmes in the promotion of bednets is indirect and concerned mainly with facilitation and the dissemination of information. Much depends on the capability of the private sector and the willingness of the target population to buy the nets for a programme to be effective. Specific studies by health economists on this subject are lacking.

The authors of the article state that the development of precariat is a social phenomenon produced by the neoliberal political and economic project, for the scientific analysis of which both worldwide and in Lithu- ania, according to the authors, insufficient attention is paid. The article introduces a qualitative analysis reviewing the formation and develop- ment of precariat, as a comparatively new qualitative economic-social phenomenon. The influence of this phenomenon for various areas of the societal life has not raised any doubts recently, yet they have huge influence on such areas as closer and more distant work environment, the opportunities of social dialogue and social security of employees. Theoretically it is not clear if the development of precariat should be considered as the formation of "some kind of class" with its own attrib- utes, or "work status", where an employee is merely short of a number of things within his work environment and his social security rights are not ensured. Even though for some "voluntary" precariat representatives such unstable, "unbound" situation associates with the "economics of happiness", for many members of involuntary precariat it marks a much greater exploitation by the employers, less security, "dequalification" and worse rights in the area of social security. At the end of the article the authors provide their conclusions and pro- posals regarding the issues related to the undefined status of precariat, as well as possible solutions. Increasing the scope of social security and the ensuring the guarantees of self-employed is one of the measures in socially oriented countries to solve the issues related to the precariat. Allocation of basic, universal income for all residents is one of the pos- sibly effective measures in improving the situation of precariat and other residents and ensuring social safeness in modern world. Another needed measure for overcoming the negative conditions of precarious- ness is effective social work with its reviving of values of life and people abilities by means of social services in the present world. Social work with its professional and ethical strength can enable the necessary "par- ticipative" and "empowerment" changes in policy and politics on the local, national and international levels and development towards social cohesion and sustainability in society.

The authors of the article state that the development of precariat is a social phenomenon produced by the neoliberal political and economic project, for the scientific analysis of which both worldwide and in Lithu- ania, according to the authors, insufficient attention is paid. The article introduces a qualitative analysis reviewing the formation and develop- ment of precariat, as a comparatively new qualitative economic-social phenomenon. The influence of this phenomenon for various areas of the societal life has not raised any doubts recently, yet they have huge influence on such areas as closer and more distant work environment, the opportunities of social dialogue and social security of employees. Theoretically it is not clear if the development of precariat should be considered as the formation of "some kind of class" with its own attrib- utes, or "work status", where an employee is merely short of a number of things within his work environment and his social security rights are not ensured. Even though for some "voluntary" precariat representatives such unstable, "unbound" situation associates with the "economics of happiness", for many members of involuntary precariat it marks a much greater exploitation by the employers, less security, "dequalification" and worse rights in the area of social security. At the end of the article the authors provide their conclusions and pro- posals regarding the issues related to the undefined status of precariat, as well as possible solutions. Increasing the scope of social security and the ensuring the guarantees of self-employed is one of the measures in socially oriented countries to solve the issues related to the precariat. Allocation of basic, universal income for all residents is one of the pos- sibly effective measures in improving the situation of precariat and other residents and ensuring social safeness in modern world. Another needed measure for overcoming the negative conditions of precarious- ness is effective social work with its reviving of values of life and people abilities by means of social services in the present world. Social work with its professional and ethical strength can enable the necessary "par- ticipative" and "empowerment" changes in policy and politics on the local, national and international levels and development towards social cohesion and sustainability in society.

At head of title: Pacific Southwest Academy papers, a center of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In Georgia, similar to developed industrial countries, IP should become more and more expensive asset and can play the determining role in idealization of any governing/managerial strategies – be it strategies for development, stabilization, anti-crisis or other. Realization of given strategy will increase market capitalization of assets by an average 10-12%. Unfortunately, the majority of registered legal persons in Georgia does not properly manage intellectual property and does not take appropriate measures for its protection. When exporting goods to foreign countries, they often avoid lengthy procedures and financial expenditures needed for patenting devices, methods, substances or microorganism strains. At the same time, the existing mechanisms of state regulation in the sphere of IP are rather limited due to low effectiveness of applied forms and methods. Such an assumption is validated by the fact that the state governance mechanisms mostly rely on the economic and administrative influence methods which are less effective and require significant corrections.Paragraph 154 of the Agreement on association between the EU and Georgia essentially concerns protection and realization of the authors' economic, business interests as well. It is pity that in the Agreement on association, with regard to intellectual property, the discussion concerns only economic and business aspects of this institute, but does not make any emphasis on its sociological component. To put order to the above and similar issues and to eliminate existing faults it is necessary to create a parliamentary commission on studying the intellectual property in the Parliament of Georgia and also to establish the Experts Council for protection of intellectual property and fighting against the counterfeit and piracy by the Government of Georgia.In Georgia, there is a high rate of violation of the special property and personal non-property rights of the holders of copyrights and adjoining rights, as well high share of counterfeit products. The culture of replicating and using the objects of intellectual property is at the relatively low level. Non-existence of a conceptually grounded policy harms the interests of the stakeholders such as creators of the intellectual property objects and those using these rights (holders of rights).In modern Georgia, none of the above mentioned stakeholders (society, state, other stakeholders) can be considered as fully protected by state from the violation of their rights. In particular, creators are frequently deprived of the possibility to make complete realization of own property or personal non-property rights, holders of rights – to protect themselves from piracy and unfair competition, consumers – to receive goods of the appropriate quality and the state – to receive the hidden tax revenues into state budget. Apart from that, significant violation of intellectual property rights brings the serious social effect.

Foreign trade and economic policy have become one of the most important strategies to promote commerce and investment activities and promote socio-economic and political relationships in the ever-competitive global arena. Bilateral and multilateral business treaties and free economic zone among states are very common fashion for the purpose throughout the world. Two economic powerhouses of Asia, China and India, are not lagging behind the trade and applying various strategies to improve trade relations and bring socio-economic and political development most in recent decades. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the initiatives and policies the countries pursue to smooth and promote trade relations. The study is based on basically secondary sources of data and information which includes scientific and academic journals, scholars, articles, research papers, books and other relevant sources pertaining to the subject. The study recommended a wide range of factors including bilateral treaties, free economic zones, joint ventures, settling border disputes, improving microeconomic policy, reducing bureaucracy and corruption, pursuing competitive advantage policy and working jointly to solve regional and global problems to promote Sino-Indian trade relation.Key Words: China, India, Foreign Policy, Trade and Economic, Diplomatic, International Relation

Since October 2000 Israel and the Palestinians of the West Bank and Gaza Strip have become entangled in a bloody confrontation. This paper focuses on the economic relationship between the Israeli economy and the Palestinian economy of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the ways in which this has contributed to the collapse of the Oslo Accord. The paper finds that Israeli policies have distorted and weakened the Palestinian economy, particularly in the areas of trade (dependence upon one major trade partner), taxation (loss of revenues to finance development spending) as well as in the labour market (controls on flows of workers) and in Palestinian access to land (including land confiscation). As a result, poverty and unemployment have risen in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Resolution of these economic problems is therefore crucial to building a durable peace. – conflict ; Middle East ; Israel ; Palestine

The authors in this article primarily seek to clarify the functioning of the legal and economic factors for the future integration of Bosnia and Herzegovina into the European Union. Accordingly, under the conditions of modern market and technological change, it is difficult to imagine the integration process in the sense of globalization, without the more active role of developed countries to assist countries in transition on their European path. Thus, diplomacy has a major impact on economic and legal and political integration in the EU, and on the other hand, Bosnia and Herzegovina has a political, legal and economic interest in joining the EU, and has already started using EU funds according to programs, based on the Framework Agreement between the EU and Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is quite logical that the EU funds are invested with intention to create a competitive B&H economy for the EU Single Market (internal market). However, economic co-operation is only the "first pillar" of the European integration process. A big step forward, with regard to foreign-political cooperation and security, was achieved through the Maastricht Agreement, by introducing the "second pillar" within the European Union. So, it is quite logical to conclude that the Maastricht Agreement joined the security to the Foreign Policy, which then allowed Member States to actively and unreservedly support the realization of the "second pillar". The foreign policy and security of the EU member states cannot be at an adequate level if no internal security is established in each country. For this reason, it is very important to establish appropriate judicial cooperation and cooperation between the police, in the creation of a European judicial space, whose constituent part Bosnia and Herzegovina tend to be a part of. In this way, a "third pillar" of co-operation in the field of law and internal affairs is created.

International relations play a vital role in modern politics. They differ from any other relations by several features: spontaneity, lack of a single core of power and the center for making centralized decisions, coverage of all spheres of life of the participants involved in the process and the increasing influence of subjective factors. The scale that embraces international relations differs in «verticals» and «contours». They include global, regional and specific relationships, as well as group and bilateral relations. China and Russia are connected by centuries-old history. Russian-Chinese relations and their dynamic development are of interest to the political science community. At present, they form an important material basis for cooperation in the areas of trade and economy, contributing to the development of the Russian economy. China supports and subsidizes projects that ensure its interests in Russia. Political and economic cooperation between Russia and China is developing actively and is using more and more resources. The more important it becomes to maintain good-neighbor and productive relations. Russian-Chinese relations affect many spheres of life of the two States: scientific, economic, military, cultural, etc.in this light, economic cooperation stands out as one of the main. Russian-Chinese trade and economic cooperation is actively analyzed in the works of many researchers, but there is no consensus on the most important vectors of cooperation and prospects for its development. In this regard, the analysis and structuring of some areas of Russian-Chinese relations, foreign economic relations, opportunities for the development of relations between Russia and China, as well as their transition to a new level are becoming urgent. China is the largest trade partner of Russia and an investor who is interested in promoting some projects implemented in Russia. For this reason, the development of successful and fruitful relations is in the first place among the leaders of the two powers. The need for multidirectional trade and economic relations is also conditioned by geopolitical, cultural and historical factors. ; Международные отношения играют ключевую роль в современной политике. От любых других отношений они отличаются рядом черт: стихийностью, отсутствием единого ядра власти и центра для принятия централизованных решений, охватом всех сфер жизнедеятельности участвующих в процессе участников и возрастающим влиянием субъективных факторов. Масштабы, которые охватывают международные отношения, различаются по «вертикалям» и «горизонталям». В них входят глобальные, региональные и конкретные взаимоотношения, а также групповые и двухсторонние связи. Китай и Россию связывает многовековая история. Российско-китайские отношения и их динамичное развитие представляет интерес для политологического сообщества. В настоящее время они в сферах торговли и экономики составляют важную материальную основу сотрудничества, способствующего развитию экономики России. Китай поддерживает и субсидирует проекты, которые обеспечивают его интересы в России. Политическое и экономическое сотрудничество России и Китая развивается активно и задействует все больше ресурсов. Тем важнее становится поддержание добрососедских и результативных отношений. Российско-китайские отношения затрагивают большое количество сфер жизнедеятельности двух государств: научную, экономическую, военную, культурную и др. В этом свете экономическое сотрудничество выделяется как одно из главных. Российско-китайское торгово-экономическое сотрудничество активно анализируется в работах многих исследователей, но единого мнения о наиболее важных векторах сотрудничества и перспективах его развития нет. В этой связи, анализ и структурирование некоторых направлений российско-китайских отношений, внешнеэкономических связей, возможностей для развития отношений России и Китая, а также их перехода на новый уровень становятся насущными. Китай крупнейший торговый партнер России и инвестор, который заинтересован в продвижении некоторых проектов, реализующихся на территории России. По этой причине вопросы развития успешных и плодотворных отношений стоят на первом месте у руководителей двух держав. Необходимость разнонаправленных торгово-экономических отношений также обусловливается геополитическими и культурно-историческими факторами.

Am 24. März 2021 hat der "Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der Entwicklung im Gesundheitswesen" sein Gutachten "Digitalisierung für Gesundheit - Ziele und Rahmenbedingungen eines dynamisch lernenden Gesundheitssystems" der Bundesregierung überreicht. Wesentliche Aspekte des Gutachtens werden präsentiert, wobei ökonomische Gesichtspunkte und Bezüge zur Corona-Pandemie besonders hervorgehoben werden. ; When it comes to digitalising healthcare, Germany lags way behind other countries. In its 2021 report, the Health System Advisory Council discusses a strategy to overcome this shortcoming, i. e. the digitalisation of the German healthcare system. The idea is to shape digitalisation in a way that healthcare provision is improved with patients' well-being in mind. Therefore, market failures in digital health markets have to be addressed as well as the chances and challenges that come with the usage of large amounts of data. Furthermore, this article highlights the potential of the electronic health record (EHR) and of the digital health app market and discusses requirements for reaching environmental and social sustainability within the context of the digitalisation of health.