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The purpose of this work is to examine the relationship between economic development and the population's level of health. Consequently, we will establish a comparison between Mexico and other countries in various stages of development. The interrelationship between economic development and health is a complex problem which is little understood even though it is aknowledged that at increased levels of economic development the levels of health of a population will also increase. These considerations can be taken into account when we accept the fact that the health conditions in industrialized countries are generally better than the health conditions in non-industrialized countries. In the case of Mexico, the problems relating to social disparities due to the type of economic development are reflected in the country's level of health. Poor health conditions and the deterioration of health services in Mexico, based on international references, are matters that must be resolved by means of a clear political decision accompanied by the appropriate corresponding resources so that the strategies put forth by the National Health Program (1989-1994) can be carried out.Key word: economic development, economic growth, per capita, gross national product, infant mortality rate Solicitud de sobretiros: Mtro. Raúl Molina Salazar, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Escuela de Salud Pública de México, Departamento de Economía de la Salud. Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, CP 62508. Cuernavaca, Mor., México. ; El propósito del presente ensayo es examinar la relación del desarrollo económico y el nivel de salud de la población, para lo cual se establece una comparación entre México y otros países con diferentes estadios de desarrollo. La interrelación entre desarrollo económico y salud es un problema complejo, el cual permanece poco comprendido, aún cuando existe una apreciación general de que a un mayor nivel de desarrollo económico se elevarán los niveles de salud de la población. Estas consideraciones se ...

Although China's National People's Congress announced its decision to ratify the WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) on Sunday, August 28, 2005, fundamental challenges to tobacco control still exist. A survey at the "No Smoking Day" on May 31, 2004 in China showed that over 73% of respondents do not think that human society will be able to get rid of the consumption of tobacco products. Although the prevalence of smoking declined 1.2% from 1996 to 2002, the absolute number of smokers increased by 30 million during this period. It is estimated that smoking prevalence will decline 10% in the next 25 years. However, due to the population increase, the total number of tobacco consumers will be about the same as today, which is 320 million. As long as the tobacco industry continues to be significant in overall economic development, and as long as the government continues to play a significant role in tobacco production, the debate between tobacco production and tobacco control will continue. Although China has already made significant efforts with regard to tobacco control, it is still in the beginning of its "long march" towards improving the population's health status by reducing tobacco consumption in China.

This article looks into the connection between political liberties and economic development. The author reviews the arguments of several studies on the subject and concludes that more political liberties are not necessarily beneficial to economic development since they could jeopardize the rights of ownership far more critically than the arbitrariness of governments with the most indifferent of altitudes to the will of the people. Indeed, "excessive" liberties could favor the interests of private lobbies -and unnecessary State intervention in the economy- or, in unjust societies, lead to the application of moderate or extreme redistribution-oriented policy. ; El presente artículo discute el vínculo entre libertades económicas y el desarrollo económico y, para ello, revisa los planteamientos de numerosos estudios sobre el tema. Concluye que no necesariamente mayores libertades políticas favorecen el crecimiento económico, pues éstas podrían comprometer los derechos de propiedad más que las posibles arbitrariedades de un gobierno más autónomo de la voluntad de la mayoría. En efecto, libertades "excesivas" podrían propiciar el éxito de grupos de interés particular -e innecesarias intervenciones del Estado en la economía- o, en sociedades desiguales, la ejecución de políticas leve o fuertemente redistributivas.

This article looks into the connection between political liberties and economic development. The author reviews the arguments of several studies on the subject and concludes that more political liberties are not necessarily beneficial to economic development since they could jeopardize the rights of ownership far more critically than the arbitrariness of governments with the most indifferent of altitudes to the will of the people. Indeed, "excessive" liberties could favor the interests of private lobbies -and unnecessary State intervention in the economy- or, in unjust societies, lead to the application of moderate or extreme redistribution-oriented policy. ; El presente artículo discute el vínculo entre libertades económicas y el desarrollo económico y, para ello, revisa los planteamientos de numerosos estudios sobre el tema. Concluye que no necesariamente mayores libertades políticas favorecen el crecimiento económico, pues éstas podrían comprometer los derechos de propiedad más que las posibles arbitrariedades de un gobierno más autónomo de la voluntad de la mayoría. En efecto, libertades "excesivas" podrían propiciar el éxito de grupos de interés particular -e innecesarias intervenciones del Estado en la economía- o, en sociedades desiguales, la ejecución de políticas leve o fuertemente redistributivas.

In order to diminish the risks (threats) and to profit from the opportunities associated with globalization in the context of local economic development, it is necessary to strengthen attitudes towards what is "local" and in conjunction therewith, to develop objectives and design and apply strategies and policies.In support of the foregoing thesis, the following pages will develop and clarify the concept of local economic development used for purposes of analysis, as well as well as the manner in which the concept of globalization is perceived, its origins, the forces that drive it and its potential impact (risks and opportunities) on economic, political and cultural developmental aspects. The presentation concludes by demonstrating the importance of strengthening attitudes towards the concept of the "local" as well as of formulating and implementing strategies and policies in terms of locally centered and developed objectives ("autochthonous development) in order to successfully overcome the challenge posed by globalization to local development. (The local as key to success of the global). ; I – INTRODUCCIÓN.Para atenuar los riesgos (amenazas) y aprovechar las oportunidades asociadas con la Globalización, en relación con el Desarrollo Económico Local, es necesario profundizar el sentido de lo "local" y, en función de él, formular objetivos, diseñar y aplicar estrategias y políticas.Con el fin de sustentar la tesis anterior, en las páginas siguientes se explicita el concepto de Desarrollo Económico Local, que se utiliza en el análisis, así como la forma como se entiende la globalización, sus "fuerzas y determinantes", y su posible impacto (riesgos y oportunidades) sobre las dimensiones económica, política y cultural del desarrollo. La presentación concluye mostrando la importancia de profundizar el concepto de lo local y de formular y aplicar estrategias y políticas en función de objetivos "propios" ("desarrollo propio"), para sortear exitosamente el desafío que representa la globalización (amenazas y oportunidades) sobre el Desarrollo Local. (Lo Local como clave del éxito en lo Global).

In this great diversity of dynamics and complexities we face, corruption or the abuse of public power for personal benefit, has become one of the problems that most affects the majority of the social, political and economic processes of a society, Cotte, (2014), Cotte and Lancheros (2015). This phenomenon causes low and slow economic development, weakens democratic institutions and generates political instability, social instability and insecurity that can usually lead to high levels of violence. According to studies conducted by the World Bank. (2000) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime - UNODC (2011), more than US$ 1 trillion is paid in bribes each year; likewise, the cost of corruption and associated fraudulent commercial activities increases to an amount of US$1.1 trillion annually. These data are considered as a relatively low estimate with respect to bribes paid worldwide, both in developed and developing countries. ; En esta gran diversidad de dinámicas y complejidades a las que nos nfrentamos, la corrupción o el abuso del poder público para beneficio personal, se ha convertido en uno de los problemas que más afecta a la mayor parte de los procesos sociales, políticos y económicos de una sociedad, Cotte, (2014), Cotte y Lancheros (2015). Este fenómeno origina bajo y lento desarrollo económico, debilita las instituciones democráticas y genera inestabilidad política, social e inseguridad que usualmente puede conducir a generar altos niveles de violencia. De acuerdo con estudios realizados por el World Bank. (2000) y la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito - UNODC (2011), más de 1 billón de dólares es pagado en sobornos cada año; de igual forma, el valor de los actos de corrupción y las actividades comerciales fraudulentas asociadas aumenta hasta un monto de US $ 1,1 billones de dólares anuales. Estos datos son considerados como una estimación relativamente baja con respecto a los sobornos pagados en todo el mundo,tanto en países desarrollados y en vías de desarrollo.

The objective of this research focused on characterizing the wixárica ethnic group residing in the city of Tepic, Nayarit state in Mexico and analyzing how the community and its artisanal production influence local economic development. The study is approached from an economic, sociocultural and political administrative perspective. The ethnographic approach is necessary for the purpose of the research, using a quantitative and qualitative methodologies. For the collection of data, semi-structured and in-depth interviews were developed, in addition, participatory observation techniques were applied. The orientation of the research is based on critical theory, regarding its contextual realities, taking into account its history, artisanal tradition, policies and social customs to conclude that indigenous groups are in a state of vulnerability from local and national governments, and that it is difficult for them to integrate into business and marketing dynamics. Traditional craftsmanship is an occupation that has no strength at the time of economic analysis, however its contributions in the field of culture are recognized. ; El objetivo de la investigación se centró en caracterizar a la etnia wixárica residente en la ciudad de Tepic, estado de Nayarit en México y en analizar cómo la comunidad y su producción artesanal inciden en el desarrollo económico local de la ciudad. El estudio se aborda desde la perspectiva económica, sociocultural y político administrativo. El enfoque etnográfico se hace necesario por el propósito de la investigación, utilizando metodologías cuantitativas y cualitativas. Para la recopilación de datos se desarrollaron entrevistas semi estructuradas y en profundidad, adicionalmente se aplicaron técnicas de observación participativa. La orientación de la investigación se plantea desde la teoría crítica, en cuanto a sus realidades contextuales, tomando en cuenta su historia, tradición artesanal, políticas y costumbres sociales para concluir que los grupos indígenas se encuentran en un estado de vulnerabilidad frente a los gobiernos locales y nacionales y que es difícil para ellos integrarse en dinámicas empresariales y de comercialización. La artesanía tradicional sigue por tanto siendo un oficio que no tiene fuerza al momento de realizar mediciones económicas, sin embargo, son reconocidas sus aportaciones en el campo de la cultura.

The main objective of the article was to study the legal and economic aspects of the formation of the budgetary mechanism of the national model of economic development. It is possible to ensure the dynamic processes of economic development of Ukraine only through effective regionalization, which significantly increases the requirements for the formation and use of the financial potential of the regions, which requires the development of strategic priorities for public financial management of the region as a whole. The research methodology involved the use of modern theoretical methods of analysis within the framework of dialectics. As a result of the analysis, the key aspects of the budgetary mechanism of the national model of economic development in Ukraine were characterized. It is concluded that, the study has a number of limitations in conducting a purely theoretical analysis. Further research should be devoted to the examination of digital technologies for the formation of the budget mechanism of the national model of economic development, among other aspects.

This article appears at the top of the government agenda. In this framework, decisions have been taken and policies that shape significant progress, but still not enough to counter the centralized production pro-file of both platform and the administrative political apparatus. While this mismatch occurs, the chances of meeting goals of equitable and sustainable deve-lopment for the country as a whole will move away.The reform and modernization of the state in general and the executive in particular should consider the inclusion in the government's organic architecture and mechanisms for management that ensure the best care of citizens' demands structures. In this regard, they have to be specified more rigorously shared at each level of government (national, regional, provincial, district) and exclusive features, considering that the "regional" designation is a transitional spaces fiction whose coverage alluded finally to departmental or provincial conglomerate united by common expecta-tions and potential.There has been a breakthrough in the transfer of functions or powers from the national government (ministries, decentralized public agencies, special programs) to regional and municipal governments.Decentralization is generally a model of territorial development that meets the legitimate expectations of inclusion, prosperity and access to better opportunities to exercise rights. ; El presente artículo aparece en los primeros lugares de la agenda gubernamental. En ese marco, se han adoptado decisiones y políticas públicas que configuran avances importantes, pero aún insuficientes para contrarrestar el perfil centralista tanto de la plataforma productiva como del aparato político administrativo. Mientras este desfase ocurra, se alejarán las posibilidades de satisfacer objetivos de desarrollo equitativo y sostenible para el país en su conjunto. La reforma o modernización del Estado en general, y del poder ejecutivo en particular, debieran considerar la inserción en la arquitectura gubernamental de estructuras orgánicas y mecanismos de gestión que garanticen la mejor atención de las demandas ciudadanas. Al respecto, tendrán que precisarse con mayor rigor las funciones exclusivas y compartidas de cada nivel de gobierno (nacional, regional, provincial, distrital), teniendo en cuenta que la denominación "regional" es una ficción transitoria de espacios cuya cobertura alude, finalmente a conglomerados departamentales o provinciales aunados por expectativas y potencialidades comunes. Ha habido un avance en las transferencias de funciones o atribuciones desde el gobierno nacional (ministerios, organismos públicos descentralizados, programas especiales) hacia los gobiernos regionales y municipales. La descentralización en general, es un modelo de desarrollo territorial que satisfaga las legítimas expectativas de inclusión, prosperidad y acceso a mejores oportunidades para el ejercicio de derechos.

Currently, innovation depends largely on the efficiency of the legislation concerning means to transform knowledge into innovation, and the mechanisms of international innovation transfer. The way and speed of knowledge transmission and know-how are crucial for the economic development of a nation. The following paper explores, first, the status of the legal framework for innovation transfer articulated with an economic analysis; then, the main features of the regulations on intangible property for the Colombian case are identified; finally, conclusions are drawn in terms of economic and legislative policies.

A finales de los años cincuenta en España se produce un cambio en el modelo económico, comenzando el llamado desarrollismo económico y a que en el periodo 1959-1973 el sector industrial se fortalezca y modernice la agricultura. Sectores como el turismo se desarrollarán notablemente y crecerán las inversiones desde el exterior. No obstante, la realidad social del país no cambió. Se hace necesario el estudio de la transformación de la sociedad española de los sesenta, sobre la que se sustentará el cambio hacia el modelo democrático. Los planteamientos metodológicos para lograr una respuesta, van encaminados a la utilización del método científico según el modelo hipotético-deductivo y de acuerdo a teorías materialistas, todo ello dentro de un marco de interdisciplinaridad. El resultado de la investigación ayudará a entender si el concepto de "desarrollismo económico" está correctamente aplicado a la realidad española así como su incidencia en la sociedad del momento. ; At the end of the fifties in Spain there was a change in the economic model, beginning the so-called economic development and in the period 1959-1973 the industrial sector was strengthened and modernized agriculture. Sectors such as tourism will develop significantly and investments from abroad will grow. However, the social reality of the country did not change. It is necessary to study the transformation of the Spanish society of the sixties, on which will support the change towards the democratic model. The methodological approaches to achieve a response are directed to the use of the scientific method according to the hypothetical-deductive model and according to materialistic theories, all within a framework of interdisciplinarity. The result of the research will help to understand if the concept of "economic development" is correctly applied to the Spanish reality as well as its incidence in the society of the moment.