This contains a summary of economic development in the year 1967 on the Navajo Nation. Two industrial buildings meant for electronic work were built. General Dynamics was established in Fort Defiance, Arizona with the anticipation of employing 250 people. Another industry was built in Page, Arizona: EPI Vestron. Both plants were viewed as a major contributor to the economic growth and were a source of employment for Navajo people. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE: Raymond Nakai, a Navajo Indian, was born in 1918 in Lukachukai, Arizona, on the Navajo Reservation. Raymond Nakai is noted as being the first modern Navajo political leader serving as Chairman of the Navajo Nation from 1963-1971. As chairman, the issues most important during his tenure were self determination in Navajo Education, reservation unemployment, developing Navajo economy, further development of the tribal government and improving relations with the federal government and surrounding states. Nakai had much unprecedented success as Navajo Tribal Chairman: In 1967 the Navajo Nation Bill of Rights was created, in 1968 Navajo Community College opened being the first tribally controlled community college, the Tribal Scholarship Trust was developed, relations with off reservation natural resource companies began, he was supportive of religious freedom of the Native American Church on the Navajo Reservation. Raymond Nakai led an active personal and political life and was an innovative leader for the Navajo People. The Raymond Nakai Collection contains material documenting his activities as Chairman of the Navajo Nation from 1963 - 1971.
Economic development is a process aimed at improving the quality of life of the citizens which can be achieved by increasing the national income. This increase includes: increased household income (employee salaries and self-employed profits), and no less important, increased taxes which would facilitate an improvement in the services that citizens receive from government system. To achieve improved quality of life, it is important that the additional income does not simultaneously increase the disparity between rich and poor (which is liable to occur if the main beneficiaries of the increase in income are the financiers and the managerial level). It should also not lead to an increase in unemployment (as sometimes occurs when companies go through a streamlining process), or cause environmental pollution. Additionally, to improve the quality of life, attention must be given to other areas such as education, culture, health, etc. which all require extensive resources, and their development is therefore also a matter of economic interest. The goal of this article is to present the principles and processes required to facilitate economic development without harming other components that comprise the quality of life.
This paper provides a guide to economic development policies for local government managers. Local economic development policies today include not only tax subsidies for branch plants, but also job training to provide workers to businesses, advice and support services for potential entrepreneurs, and extension services to help businesses modernize and export. To help local government managers, this paper suggests a number of guiding principles, including: local economic development should be pursued cooperatively across the local labor market; economic development programs should consider the quality of jobs created; tax subsidies are expensive per job created; development subsidies are more effective if the subsidy is frontloaded; high unemployment areas should be more aggressive than low unemployment areas in promoting job growth; many economic development services can be cheaply evaluated by business surveys. ; A revised version of this paper appears as "Strategies for Economic Development" in J.R. Aronson and E. Schwartz, eds. 1996. Management Policies in Local government Finance (4th Ed.). Washington, DC: International City/County Management Association, pp. 287-312.
A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO identified federal programs that supported economic development, focusing on: (1) the programs that more directly fund economic development activities, including the level of financial support that they provide; and (2) comparing selected aspects of these programs, such as program applicants, to identify areas of potential overlap."
The authors show that court enforcement uncertainty hinders economic development using sharp variation in judiciaries across Native American reservations in the United States. Congressional legislation passed in 1953 assigned state courts the authority to resolve civil disputes on a subset of reservations, while tribal courts retained authority on unaffected reservations. Although affected and unaffected reservations had similar economic conditions when the law passed, reservations under state courts experienced significantly greater long-run growth. When the authors examine the distribution of incomes across reservations, the average difference in development is due to the lower incomes of the most impoverished reservations with tribal courts. The authors show that the relative underdevelopment of reservations with tribal courts is driven by reservations with the most uncertainty in court enforcement.
What is the role of entrepreneurship in economic development? At a minimum the answer should be able to explain the role of entrepreneurs in the structural transformation of countries from low income, primary-sector based societies into high-income service and technology based societies. More broadly though, it should also be able to explain the role of entrepreneurs in the opposite pole of stagnating development (including conflict) and in high innovation-driven growth. Although economic development lacks a 'general theory' of entrepreneurship, which could encompass a variety of development experiences, much progress has been made in extending the understanding of entrepreneurship in the process of development. This paper surveys the progress with the purpose of distilling the outlines for a more general theory of entrepreneurship in economic development. Entrepreneurship in developing countries remains a relatively under-researched phenomenon, so by surveying the current state of research, and by discussing the role of entrepreneurship in dual economy models of structural transformation and growth, a secondary objective of this paper is to identify avenues for further research. Finally, the policy implications from the economic literature suggest that a case for government support exists, and that this should focus on the quantity, the quality, and the allocation of entrepreneurial ability. Many routinely adopted policies for entrepreneurship, such as provision of credit and education, are shown to have more subtle effects, not all of which are conducive to growth-enhancing entrepreneurship. – entrepreneurship ; economic development ; small business
Examining Board: Prof Rick van der Ploeg, supervisor, University of Oxford Prof. Russell Cooper, EUI Prof. David Levine, Washington University in St. Louis Prof. Massimo Morelli, Columbia University and EUI ; Defense date: 29 November 2010 ; The difficulties and obstacles faced by the poorer nations of the global economy on the path to development are extremely diverse. It is the aim of this thesis to address some of the interesting questions related to the key obstacles. As such, this thesis is neither wholly empirical or theoretical, macro or micro and instead may be viewed as an eclectic mix of approaches and ideas that go some way toinvestigating the challenges faced by the world's least developed economies. The first chapter explores the varying effects of aspects of institutional quality on different categories of economic volatility, introducing a unique exogenous instrument for political aspects of the institutional bundle. The second chapter investigates the theory behind the largely failed policy of import substitution industrialisation and promotes a policy of diversification across production in the primary commodity sector within developing countries; specifically that this type of diversification can insulate developing economies from the effects of highly volatile primary commodity prices. The third chapter develops the general equilibrium model of appropriation and production of Grossman and Kim (1996) in order to investigate the effect that the pointiness of the contested resource can have on conflict intensity. The fourth and final chapter extends the discrete time, overlapping generations model of Chakraborty and Das (2005), demonstrating that the inclusion of child mortality reinforces the persistence and prevalence of child labour.
This dissertation studies the impact that various programs, from small-scale behavioral interventions to large-scale multi-national projects, have on those living in the developing world.The first chapter of this dissertation, "Business Training and Behavioral Biases: A Field Experiment with Micro-Entrepreneurs in Ethiopia", is joint work with Biruk Tekle, a researcher at the Ethiopian Development Research Institute. We conducted a field experiment with 590 small businesses in Addis Ababa where we designed two, cross-cut interventions, that were motivated by simple heuristics and physical convenience. We provided rm owners: (1) a highly simplified informational poster to be conveniently placed in their business, and (2) an additional wallet to facilitate the separation of business and personal finances. Business owners consulted the poster on a regular basis and reported higher investment, revenue, and prot. The wallet was actively used to keep their expenses separated, but had mixed evidence on investment and prot. We conclude that the content from a business training can be cost-effectively delivered to micro-enterprises and that the lack of access to simplified and convenient management information can partially explain why protable investments commonly go unrealized. This project was generously funded by the Center for Effective Global Action, East African Social Science Translation.My second dissertation chapter, "Myopic Loss Aversion and Multi-Dimensional Framing: A Lab-in-the-Field Experiment with Micro-Entrepreneurs in Ethiopia", is joint work with Sameh Habib (Ph.D. Student, UCSC) and Biruk Tekle (Researcher, EDRI) and looks at the puzzle of low reinvestment through the idea of myopic loss aversion (MLA). Using data from a lab-in-the-field experiment with 199 retail shops in Ethiopia, we first replicate [87] and find that our sample does not display any tendencies of myopic loss aversion when bracketing the traditional risky gamble across time. Motivated by recent theoretical work from [39] along with anecdotal discussions with small shops, we then extend the experimental design to offer the same gambles packaged as a cross-sectional, portfolio of investments. We find that respondents willingly take on more risk when looking across a basket of products, suggesting that tendencies of loss aversion could be mitigated by adjustments to the frame over which investments are made, leading to higher business investment.The third chapter of this dissertation is an impact evaluation of five large-scale agricultural programs run by International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), a branch of the United Nations based in Rome, Italy. This chapter is co-authored with Dr. Alessandra Garbaro (Econometrician, IFAD). When the 2015 Millennium Goals were put in place, IFAD and other large governmental organizations began aiming their funds at alleviating the conditions of children under the age of five. Given the focus of IFAD to finance agricultural projects in the developing world, the theorized first order effect of said programs should be an increase in agricultural production among smallholder farmers. Once these higher yields are realized, it should lead to improved access to not just food, but also food varieties. This should then imply an increase in nutritional intake by all members of the family, specifically the children. The goal of this paper is to assess the impact that a random sample of IFAD projects has had on childhood nutrition by looking at a variety of anthropometric outcomes. Our overall findings are mixed, finding that some projects have led to improved child well-being, others have done the opposite, and the remaining project effects are unable to be detected due to low precision.
This paper is aimed at contextualizing the approach of Community Based Development as an alternative solution of communities to reduce dependency to the outer forces. It is conducted by examining a heavily urbanized area in Central Jakarta and to compare it with different scales of contexts. Kelurahan Cideng has very unique context since its urban environment has particular population composition of the dichotomic extremes: the poor and the rich as well as those involved in formal and informal employment. The study treats a national government's policy of the integration of Posyandu, BKK and provincial initiative of PAUD as the interplay with the socio-economic context of Cideng.
This chapter seeks to provide useful advice for local government policy towards economic development programs. The chapter: reviews the size and scope of local economic development programs in the United States; critically analyzes the various rationales offered for these programs; makes recommendations for what local policy should do about business attraction and incentives, business retention, new business development, high technology development, brownfield development, distressed neighborhoods, and downtowns; and discusses how local economic development programs should be organized, managed, and evaluated. ; A revised version of this paper appears as "Economic Development" in J. Richard Aronson and Eli Schwartz, eds. 2004. Management Policies in Local Government Finance (5th Ed.). Washington, DC: International City/County Management Association, pp. 355-390.
The main aim of the paper is to show and examine how culture shapes human progress; in particular—how values determine economic development. The author describes culture as an axiological sphere including values, rules, customs, beliefs attitudes and worldviews that are prevalent in a given society. According to the humanistic perspective (called cultural turn), adequate values and other axiological determinants have a very positive impact on economic development of each society. The author analyses Mariano Grondona's twenty cultural factors: religion, trust in the individual, the moral imperative, two concepts of wealth, different views of competition, two notions of Justice, the value of work, the role of Heresy, education, the importance of utility, the lesser virtues, time focus, rationality, authority, worldview, life view, salvation from or in the world, two Utopians, nature of optimism, two visions of democracy. The main thesis of the Grondona's work is that economic development and well-being of civilization depends on choosing a progressive value system by a society. The author emphasizes that a further study must be conducted to understand and apply scientifically this model.
The main aim of the paper is to show and examine how culture shapes human progress; in particular—how values determine economic development. The author describes culture as an axiological sphere including values, rules, customs, beliefs attitudes and worldviews that are prevalent in a given society. According to the humanistic perspective (called cultural turn), adequate values and other axiological determinants have a very positive impact on economic development of each society. The author analyses Mariano Grondona's twenty cultural factors: religion, trust in the individual, the moral imperative, two concepts of wealth, different views of competition, two notions of Justice, the value of work, the role of Heresy, education, the importance of utility, the lesser virtues, time focus, rationality, authority, worldview, life view, salvation from or in the world, two Utopians, nature of optimism, two visions of democracy. The main thesis of the Grondona's work is that economic development and well-being of civilization depends on choosing a progressive value system by a society. The author emphasizes that a further study must be conducted to understand and apply scientifically this model. ; Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.
Inner city communities have been victims of economic trends and public policy such as globalization and privatization. Present policy decisions have resulted in the underdevelopment of inner city communities, which are characterized by poverty, unemployment, substance abuse, crime, and family violence. Community economic development (CED) initiatives encourage communities to approach these issues utilizing comprehensive strategies that address the systemic economic and social conditions contributing to their underdevelopment. A lite ature review and a qualitative research project were developed to investigate the role of private businesses in the revitalization of inner city communities. Principals of forty-one businesses from the North End were interviewed with a closed and open-ended questionnaire that covered information about local ownership, employment, local purchases, business climate, and suggestions for revitalization. The findings concluded that business owners were a valuable resource for the redevelopment of the community because of their knowledge of the area, business expertise, and community interest. Barriers of time, role confusion, and differing value systems create challenges to engage business owners as partners successfully. CED is a positive method of strengthening the local economy by promoting partnerships among community stakeholders, developing linkages, and restoring the political power of community residents.
This document present the Local economic development agencies (ADEL), an international co-operation instrument for human development, economic democratization and poverty reduction. It explains ADEL's characteristics, their model, operational management and functioning, how to set them up, their durability and impact. At the end the ADEL international network is presented.
This document present the Local economic development agencies (ADEL), an international co-operation instrument for human development, economic democratization and poverty reduction. It explains ADEL's characteristics, their model, operational management and functioning, how to set them up, their durability and impact. At the end the ADEL international network is presented.
