Suchergebnisse

Rozważania podjęte w tekście koncentrują się wokół roli instytucji w procesach rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego państw. Przedmiotem szczególnej uwagi jest jeden z wymiarów funkcjonowania instytucji, przejawiający się w rozumieniu ich jako efektywnych instrumentów redukowania dystansu rozwojowego wobec państw zachodnich. W tekście zauważono, iż w pierwszych latach po roku 1989 instytucje zniknęły z głównego nurtu ważnych debat intelektualnych. Wskazano główne źródła tego procesu: 1) popularne w latach 90. XX wieku przekonanie o globalnej konwergencji kapitalizmu oraz 2) dominującą w ówczesnej socjologii teorię modernizacji. W artykule postawiono tezę, iż instytucje wróciły do centrum debat akademickich i strategii rozwojowych z powodu splotu następujących procesów i wydarzeń: 1) szerokiej debaty poświęconej instytucjonalnym źródłom wzrostu i rozwoju zapoczątkowanej publikacjąpracy Darona Acemoglu i Jamesa Robinsona Why Nations Fail, 2) globalnego kryzysu ekonomicznego z roku 2008 zainicjowanego upadkiem amerykańskiego banku inwestycyjnego Lehman Brothers, 3) zróżnicowanym konsekwencjom kryzysu ekonomicznego, jakie można dostrzec w USA i w Europie, które ilustrują, 4) instytucjonalną różnorodność kapitalizmu. ; The paper describes the latest change in the research on social and economic development of states. This change is characterized mainly by a strong emphasis put on the role of institutions as key instruments of reducing the development gap between countries. It is argued that in the years after 1989 institutions have disappeared from mainstream academia and major intellectual debates because of: (1) the widespread belief in global convergence of capitalism and (2) the modernization theory which prevailed in the social science in the 1990s. The article indicates that institutions were once again brought into focus as a result of (1) a wider debate about the institutional sources of growth and development sparked by Acemoglu and Robinson's Why Nations Fail, (2) the beginning of the global economic crisis of 2008 triggered by the fall of American investment bank Lehman Brothers (3) diversified consequences of the economic crisis seen all over Europe and the USA which illustrate (4) the institutional varieties of capitalism.

The task that has been formulated in the article consists in showing some general regularities and tendencies in shaping the demographic and economic processes, determination of their mutual relationships and formulation — in outline — of causes of occured changes. A hypothesis has been accepted that the level of demographic development is conditioned by economic development. It's aimed then at obtaining bases to accept or reject a formulated hypothesis, on the ground of empirical research. The coefficient of concordance between levels of economic and demographic development has been used in the elaboration. The research concerns the data for the year 1976 by the voivodeships. Some conclusions appear as a result of the research. The population's development is governed by some specific rules. Obtained results do not confirm the preliminary accepted hypothesis. No concordance has been observed between economic and demographic development in voivodeships. It presumably results from the fact that changes in demographic processes are much more slower than changes in economic development, which can be steered in an undoubtedly easier way. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016

India is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic country located in Southeast Asia. It is the 2nd largest populated country which has the 7th position in the geographical area. Since 1990 India has emerged as one of the wealthiest economies in the developing world. Recently it is the second fastest growing major economy in the world. Despite the fact that economical development in India has been accompanied by increases in life expectancy, literacy rates and food security, India's performance in the area of health care has been still far from satisfactory. The system of financing health care as a one of the most privatized in the world faces especially many problems. This paper would therefore attempt to describe and assess the system of financing health care in India. In order to outline to the readers the overall country context the first section will provide a brief description of the demographic, economic and health profile of the Indian population. The second and third sections will present the main methods of funding health care in India as well as and the budget of health care system. The concluding section would attempt to assess the financing system in India and offer a way forward for the better achievement of health care system goals.

W wyniku zmian ustroju Polski po 1989 r. podmiotowość odzyskały samorządy terytorialne, na które nałożono obowiązek zaspokojenia zbiorowych potrzeb społeczności lokalnych, wymieniając podstawowe zadania w tym zakresie. Zadania te sprowadzić można do dbałości o rozwój społeczno-gospodarczy oraz o zagospodarowania przestrzenne. To dla osiągnięcia tych celów samorządy lokalne opracowują strategie rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego oraz studia uwarunkowania i kierunków zagospodarowania przestrzennego, a także miejscowe plany zagospodarowania (phisycal plans) i przystępują do ich realizacji. Niedoskonałość regulacji prawnych, zwłaszcza dotyczących gospodarki przestrzennej oraz nie zawsze dobrze zrozumiane zadania samorządu w tym zakresie sprawiają, że często nie lokalna władza, a inwestorzy, właściciele nieruchomości, deweloperzy budownictwa mieszkaniowego, konsorcja projektowo-budowlane, a także różnego rodzaju spekulanci mają wpływ na dokonujące się zmiany. Innym zadaniem dla władz lokalnych, które należy rychło podjąć, a czego regulacje prawne znajdują się w fazie ustalania, jest rewitalizacja zdegradowanych obszarów miast oraz terenów wiejskich. Nie może pozostać poza sferą zainteresowania samorządów polskich miast polityka miejska, do czego zobowiązuje członkostwo w Unii Europejskiej, jakkolwiek brak jest stosownych regulacji prawnych w tym względzie. Przez okres 25 lat polskie samorządy lokalne stały się bardziej dojrzałe, umocniły swoją pozycję gospodarza terenu i coraz lepiej wykonują swoje zadania. Nie oznacza to tego, że nie może być lepiej. Działalność struktur samorządowych wymaga odpolitycznienia, priorytetowego potraktowania interesu ogólnospołecznego, uspołecznienia procesu decyzyjnego dotyczącego rozwoju oraz odejścia od kliencko-patronackiego modelu sprawowania władzy. ; As a result of the changes in Poland's political system after 1989, self-government has regained agency as administrative entity and is now obliged to satisfy the collective needs of local communities. There is a list of the basic tasks vested in local self-government and they generally involve taking care of socio-economic and spatial development. To accomplish these goals, local government authorities work out strategies of socio-economic development, prepare studies of the conditions and directions of spatial development, and draw up local development plans.However, because of inadequate legal regulations, especially those concerning spatial economy, and sometimes also due to a poor understanding of the tasks, it frequently happens that entities in control of the changes are not local authorities, as should be the case, but investors, property owners, housing construction developers, design-construction consortia, or all kinds of speculators. Another urgent task before local authorities (the legal regulations of which are still being drawn up) is revitalisation of the degraded parts of towns and rural areas. Urban policy cannot be of no interest to the local authorities of Polish towns, since it became obligatory when Poland joined the European Union. And yet, there are no legal regulations in this field either. For the last twenty-five years, Polish local self-government has gained in maturity, has strengthened its position as manager of its areas, and has performed its tasks ever better. This, however, does not mean that there is no room for further improvement. The activity of self-government structures needs de-politicising, giving priority to general social interests, socialising the development-related decision-making process, and departing from the client-patron model of exercising power.

Monograph of Alina Grynia (PhD) "International Competitiveness of the Lithuanian Economy upon Accession to the European Union. Achievements and Postulate Directions for Change "is a comprehensive and in-depth study of a rather complex and complex topic [international competitiveness]. The approach presented is inherently interdisciplinary. The book's value is not only that it is a new look at the theory of international competitiveness, but it is equally important that it describes the modern economy of Lithuania in a new way. The aim of the work was to develop a theoretical model of the process of sustainable competitiveness of the country's economy and to perform empirical analysis of changes in the country's economic potential and changes in Lithuania's competitive position after the EU accession

Monograph of Alina Grynia (PhD) "International Competitiveness of the Lithuanian Economy upon Accession to the European Union. Achievements and Postulate Directions for Change "is a comprehensive and in-depth study of a rather complex and complex topic [international competitiveness]. The approach presented is inherently interdisciplinary. The book's value is not only that it is a new look at the theory of international competitiveness, but it is equally important that it describes the modern economy of Lithuania in a new way. The aim of the work was to develop a theoretical model of the process of sustainable competitiveness of the country's economy and to perform empirical analysis of changes in the country's economic potential and changes in Lithuania's competitive position after the EU accession

Monograph of Alina Grynia (PhD) "International Competitiveness of the Lithuanian Economy upon Accession to the European Union. Achievements and Postulate Directions for Change "is a comprehensive and in-depth study of a rather complex and complex topic [international competitiveness]. The approach presented is inherently interdisciplinary. The book's value is not only that it is a new look at the theory of international competitiveness, but it is equally important that it describes the modern economy of Lithuania in a new way. The aim of the work was to develop a theoretical model of the process of sustainable competitiveness of the country's economy and to perform empirical analysis of changes in the country's economic potential and changes in Lithuania's competitive position after the EU accession

Monograph of Alina Grynia (PhD) "International Competitiveness of the Lithuanian Economy upon Accession to the European Union. Achievements and Postulate Directions for Change "is a comprehensive and in-depth study of a rather complex and complex topic [international competitiveness]. The approach presented is inherently interdisciplinary. The book's value is not only that it is a new look at the theory of international competitiveness, but it is equally important that it describes the modern economy of Lithuania in a new way. The aim of the work was to develop a theoretical model of the process of sustainable competitiveness of the country's economy and to perform empirical analysis of changes in the country's economic potential and changes in Lithuania's competitive position after the EU accession

Monograph of Alina Grynia (PhD) "International Competitiveness of the Lithuanian Economy upon Accession to the European Union. Achievements and Postulate Directions for Change "is a comprehensive and in-depth study of a rather complex and complex topic [international competitiveness]. The approach presented is inherently interdisciplinary. The book's value is not only that it is a new look at the theory of international competitiveness, but it is equally important that it describes the modern economy of Lithuania in a new way. The aim of the work was to develop a theoretical model of the process of sustainable competitiveness of the country's economy and to perform empirical analysis of changes in the country's economic potential and changes in Lithuania's competitive position after the EU accession

Monograph of Alina Grynia (PhD) "International Competitiveness of the Lithuanian Economy upon Accession to the European Union. Achievements and Postulate Directions for Change "is a comprehensive and in-depth study of a rather complex and complex topic [international competitiveness]. The approach presented is inherently interdisciplinary. The book's value is not only that it is a new look at the theory of international competitiveness, but it is equally important that it describes the modern economy of Lithuania in a new way. The aim of the work was to develop a theoretical model of the process of sustainable competitiveness of the country's economy and to perform empirical analysis of changes in the country's economic potential and changes in Lithuania's competitive position after the EU accession

The main threat to the economic development of Poland is the danger of overlapping of two processes – the decline in the growth of the working age population and the outflow of young, talented and educated people to richer countries. Therefore, the most important goal of the economic policy should be rapid making up the gap to the average EU level. This can be impeded by the current state of public finances, due to high level of debt. Moreo-ver, there are also other factors, which under certain conditions, may lead to a cumulative negative effect, which in turn would threaten the financial stability of the budget. At the same time, the bases of competitiveness of the economy gradually expire, which requires transition to the competition of a qualitative nature. According to the Author, an oppor-tunity to avoid the threat is to use the global market more extensively. He suggests public innovation in a form of the so-called smart company incubators. ; Głównym zagrożeniem dla rozwoju gospodarczego Polski jest niebezpieczeństwo nałożenia się dwóch procesów – spadku przyrostu ludności w wieku produkcyjnym oraz odpływu młodych, zdolnych i wykształconych osób do krajów bogatszych. Dlatego też, najważniejszym celem polityki gospodarczej powinno być szybkie odrobienie dystansu do średniego poziomu UE. Utrudnić to może obecny stan finansów państwa, z powodu wysokiego poziomu zadłużenia. Ponadto, pojawiają się też inne czynniki, które w określonych warunkach mogą doprowadzić do skumulowanego, negatywnego efektu, który z kolei zagrozi stabilności finansowej budżetu. Jednocześnie stopniowo wygasają dotychczasowe podstawy kon kurencyjności gospodarki, co wymaga przejścia do konkurencji o charakterze jakościowym. Zdaniem autora, szansą dla uniknięcia zagrożenia jest dużo szersze wykorzystanie rynku globalnego. Proponuje innowację publiczną w postaci tzw. inkubatorów inteligentnych firm.

The tendency to equate economic growth with industrialization has in the recent past started a violent and bloody movement in the Indian state of West Bengal. The movement that started against forced acquisition of agricultural land for industrialization in Singur gradually spread to other parts of the state of West Bengal including Nandigram. This movement acquired explosive proportions with the intellectuals, civil society and anti-left political parties throwing in their weight behind the displaced peasants who lost their land. Ultimately it became an albatross around the neck of the Left leadership and sunk the political fortunes of the thirty-four year old Left Front government in 2011 state assembly elections. The Singur and Nandigram tragedy are only one among the many agitations that have exploded in various parts of India in recent past. These protest movements have kicked off the development versus displacement debate in India. The killing of protesting peasants in Singur and Nandigram by the trigger happy police not only exposes the political myopia and inhuman indifference of the so-called pro-poor Left Front Government of West Bengal. But it also goes on to show that the political process in India is increasingly getting hijacked by the logic of the market which sees displacement only as an appendix to development. What we need today is to reinvent the principles laid down by Gandhi to usher in a just and equitable economic order. The Gandhian model of economic development is based on the simple yet profound principles of altruism and egalitarianism. This article would focus on the reasons behind the inception of a violent movement in Singur and Nandigram, the fundamental flaws in the development model of the erstwhile Left Front Government of West Bengal, and end by providing a Gandhian solution to the development versus displacement dilemma in the state of West Bengal in India.

The tendency to equate economic growth with industrialization has in the recent past started a violent and bloody movement in the Indian state of West Bengal. The movement that started against forced acquisition of agricultural land for industrialization in Singur gradually spread to other parts of the state of West Bengal including Nandigram. This movement acquired explosive proportions with the intellectuals, civil society and anti-left political parties throwing in their weight behind the displaced peasants who lost their land. Ultimately it became an albatross around the neck of the Left leadership and sunk the political fortunes of the thirty-four year old Left Front government in 2011 state assembly elections. The Singur and Nandigram tragedy are only one among the many agitations that have exploded in various parts of India in recent past. These protest movements have kicked off the development versus displacement debate in India. The killing of protesting peasants in Singur and Nandigram by the trigger happy police not only exposes the political myopia and inhuman indifference of the so-called pro-poor Left Front Government of West Bengal. But it also goes on to show that the political process in India is increasingly getting hijacked by the logic of the market which sees displacement only as an appendix to development. What we need today is to reinvent the principles laid down by Gandhi to usher in a just and equitable economic order. The Gandhian model of economic development is based on the simple yet profound principles of altruism and egalitarianism. This article would focus on the reasons behind the inception of a violent movement in Singur and Nandigram, the fundamental flaws in the development model of the erstwhile Left Front Government of West Bengal, and end by providing a Gandhian solution to the development versus displacement dilemma in the state of West Bengal in India.

The economic policy of Polish governments changed but can be broadly divided into two groups. The first encompassed periods when Polish policy belonged to awidelydefined world mainstream. The second –those when Polish governments attempted alternatives tothe mainstream, looking for various ways of "taking ashortcut". In general, the first group helped economic development, the second hindered it, isolating the country from the world economy. The first group included the entire interwar period, when autarchic tendencies were mainstream, as well as the years 1944–1947 and 1989–2015. ; Polityka gospodarcza rządu polskiego przechodziła różne fazy, które jednak generalnie można podzielić nadwie grupy. Do pierwszej należały te, kiedy polityka polska mieściła się wgłównym nurcie przemian światowych. Do drugiej te, kiedy władze polskie stawiały naalternatywne wobec mainstreamu rozwiązania, ulegając pokusie "pójścia naskróty". Generalnie można powiedzieć, że pierwsze przyczyniały się do rozwoju kraju, adrugie sprowadzały jego rozwój namanowce, izolując od gospodarki światowej. Do pierwszej grupy można zaliczyć cały okres międzywojenny, łącznie zlatami 30., kiedy totendencje autarkiczne były właśnie mainstreamowe, lata 1944–1947 ilata 1989–2015.

France is a country where the problems of local development as a means of rational utilization of local factors and conditions of growth have been studied for more than 20 years. It has been so due to the activity of the French social movement called "mouvement des pays", which opposes to the traditional model of managing the socio-economic development. That movement propagates the conception of microregions Which would embrace the territories of so-called "pays" with their population committed to common social and economic interests and bound by common traditions and history. The crisis of the '70 heightened the interests of the State in the problems of local communities and resulted in undertaking actions towards creating microregions and promoting local development. However, it was not before the period of preparations of the decentralization reform of the '80 that a more intensive dialogue and some assimilation of standpoints of the social movement and the State administration took place. In her article, the author presents the evolution of views of the social movement and the State central administration on the conceptions of microregions and local development. Particular attention was paid to solutions adopted in the course of the decentralization reform and to the possibilities of adapting them to Polish conditions. Since nowadays, due to the implementation of the economic reform, similar issues are of current interest in Poland, it seems useful to observe intently French developments, especially that despite obvious political and social differences, France seems to be a good point of reference for comparisons. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016