Suchergebnisse

Ongoing economic globalization processes of the late decades and the increasing integration of markets and societies have changed the world and the traditional intercourse among states. The importance of economic interests of countries is constantly rising. Academic literature often mentions and existing tension (competition) between politics and economics. That is why there is a question,- are these interests compatible or competing in Lithuania? The object of this study: Lithuanian economic interest representation and the interaction among economic and political interests of the state. Purpose: to find out how important are economic interests in the contemporary Lithuanian foreign policy; in what way and how much can they influence it. In order to implement the main purpose of this study these objectives are being met: To review the interpretation of the relation between economics and politics in the internationa relations discipline; To analyze which [and in what extent] economic interests are being mentioned in the most important foreign policy documents and what is their significance in those documents; To explore the institutionalization of economic interest representation; To identify the weaknesses of economic interest representation in foreign countries; To study the interaction between economic and political interests according to the most important Lithuanian foreign policy regional courses - Europe, CIS, Asia and America; To propose recommendations for the improvement of Lithuanian economic (diplomacy) foreign policy. Lithuanian economic interests in this study are considered as the promotion of common economic relations (foreign trade) and of the export of nations products and services; attracting of foreign direct investment, protection and representation of the interests of the national economy subjects. After implementing the objectives of this study the following conclusions were derived: • The ongoing globalization processes transform the foreign policies of many countries. Representation of economic interests is becomming one of its essential elements. • Since the regaining of independency economic and foreign policy were considered as two different areas. Membership in the EU has highlighted the importance of economic interest representation and the necessity to integrate them into the common foreign policy. • Lithuanian institutions, responsible for shaping and implementing foreign policy, consider economic interests in different ways; • Lithuania has adopted the competetive model of economic diplomacy; • Lithuanian economic diplomacy has the following weaknesses: - Lack of coordination among the most important institutions which shape and implement economic diplomacy; - The absence of a unified Lithuanian economic diplomacy strategy; - No "country marketing" (image strategy, country branding) has been created yet; - The lack of "aggression" in Lithuanian diplomats who coordinate economic affairs; - Failing communication among businessmen and diplomats; In order to improve the representation of Lithuanian economic interests and their protection in foreign countries the following measures ought to be implemented: • Protect the national interests in the EU more actively; • Reduce the tensions between politics and economics in the cases of Russia and Belarus; • Significantly strengthen the diplomatic-economic representation in Asian countries; • Use good political relations and the transatlantic partnership in achieving economic aims in America;. • Improve the coordination of actions among the institutions which implement economic diplomacy; • Regulate and separate the functions of the institutions implementing economic diplomacy more clearly; • Create a unified strategy for the representation of Lithuanian economic interests. • Pay more attention to economic diplomacy as a discipline in universities.

Ongoing economic globalization processes of the late decades and the increasing integration of markets and societies have changed the world and the traditional intercourse among states. The importance of economic interests of countries is constantly rising. Academic literature often mentions and existing tension (competition) between politics and economics. That is why there is a question,- are these interests compatible or competing in Lithuania? The object of this study: Lithuanian economic interest representation and the interaction among economic and political interests of the state. Purpose: to find out how important are economic interests in the contemporary Lithuanian foreign policy; in what way and how much can they influence it. In order to implement the main purpose of this study these objectives are being met: To review the interpretation of the relation between economics and politics in the internationa relations discipline; To analyze which [and in what extent] economic interests are being mentioned in the most important foreign policy documents and what is their significance in those documents; To explore the institutionalization of economic interest representation; To identify the weaknesses of economic interest representation in foreign countries; To study the interaction between economic and political interests according to the most important Lithuanian foreign policy regional courses - Europe, CIS, Asia and America; To propose recommendations for the improvement of Lithuanian economic (diplomacy) foreign policy. Lithuanian economic interests in this study are considered as the promotion of common economic relations (foreign trade) and of the export of nations products and services; attracting of foreign direct investment, protection and representation of the interests of the national economy subjects. After implementing the objectives of this study the following conclusions were derived: • The ongoing globalization processes transform the foreign policies of many countries. Representation of economic interests is becomming one of its essential elements. • Since the regaining of independency economic and foreign policy were considered as two different areas. Membership in the EU has highlighted the importance of economic interest representation and the necessity to integrate them into the common foreign policy. • Lithuanian institutions, responsible for shaping and implementing foreign policy, consider economic interests in different ways; • Lithuania has adopted the competetive model of economic diplomacy; • Lithuanian economic diplomacy has the following weaknesses: - Lack of coordination among the most important institutions which shape and implement economic diplomacy; - The absence of a unified Lithuanian economic diplomacy strategy; - No "country marketing" (image strategy, country branding) has been created yet; - The lack of "aggression" in Lithuanian diplomats who coordinate economic affairs; - Failing communication among businessmen and diplomats; In order to improve the representation of Lithuanian economic interests and their protection in foreign countries the following measures ought to be implemented: • Protect the national interests in the EU more actively; • Reduce the tensions between politics and economics in the cases of Russia and Belarus; • Significantly strengthen the diplomatic-economic representation in Asian countries; • Use good political relations and the transatlantic partnership in achieving economic aims in America;. • Improve the coordination of actions among the institutions which implement economic diplomacy; • Regulate and separate the functions of the institutions implementing economic diplomacy more clearly; • Create a unified strategy for the representation of Lithuanian economic interests. • Pay more attention to economic diplomacy as a discipline in universities.

This article analyzes coordination that in the Varieties of capitalism (Voc) approach is described as ways in which firms and other actors engage in political-economic relations. it answers the question about the main conditions influencing the establishment of coordination and the achievement of particular coordination equilibriums in political economy. The Voc approach proposes two answers. firstly, coordination depends on institutions supporting its particular way. Secondly, particular actors' qualities called common knowledge are necessary. These qualities enable actors to estimate expected behavior of each other and predict equilibriums reached during coordination. While the support of political leadership can enable coordinating institutions and while coordination equilibriums are not achieved easily, common knowledge is an object of hegemonic support. in order to analyze the "openness" of coordination to hegemonic support, coordination is understood as a process of production and exchange of meaning. By applying analytical tools of discourse based on Paul ricoeur's discourse theory and roman Jacobson's discourse model, basic factors influencing the way meaning is established in discursive coordination are identified. These factors also refer to common knowledge that is specific to each way of coordination. market coordination is based on the common knowledge connected to the acceptance of market code and its application skills. Strategic coordination relies on actors' context, which includes trust and experiences of their past interactions. in both cases common knowledge related to market code and common knowledge related to context are the factors open to hegemonic influence.

This article analyzes coordination that in the Varieties of capitalism (Voc) approach is described as ways in which firms and other actors engage in political-economic relations. it answers the question about the main conditions influencing the establishment of coordination and the achievement of particular coordination equilibriums in political economy. The Voc approach proposes two answers. firstly, coordination depends on institutions supporting its particular way. Secondly, particular actors' qualities called common knowledge are necessary. These qualities enable actors to estimate expected behavior of each other and predict equilibriums reached during coordination. While the support of political leadership can enable coordinating institutions and while coordination equilibriums are not achieved easily, common knowledge is an object of hegemonic support. in order to analyze the "openness" of coordination to hegemonic support, coordination is understood as a process of production and exchange of meaning. By applying analytical tools of discourse based on Paul ricoeur's discourse theory and roman Jacobson's discourse model, basic factors influencing the way meaning is established in discursive coordination are identified. These factors also refer to common knowledge that is specific to each way of coordination. market coordination is based on the common knowledge connected to the acceptance of market code and its application skills. Strategic coordination relies on actors' context, which includes trust and experiences of their past interactions. in both cases common knowledge related to market code and common knowledge related to context are the factors open to hegemonic influence.

This article analyzes coordination that in the Varieties of capitalism (Voc) approach is described as ways in which firms and other actors engage in political-economic relations. it answers the question about the main conditions influencing the establishment of coordination and the achievement of particular coordination equilibriums in political economy. The Voc approach proposes two answers. firstly, coordination depends on institutions supporting its particular way. Secondly, particular actors' qualities called common knowledge are necessary. These qualities enable actors to estimate expected behavior of each other and predict equilibriums reached during coordination. While the support of political leadership can enable coordinating institutions and while coordination equilibriums are not achieved easily, common knowledge is an object of hegemonic support. in order to analyze the "openness" of coordination to hegemonic support, coordination is understood as a process of production and exchange of meaning. By applying analytical tools of discourse based on Paul ricoeur's discourse theory and roman Jacobson's discourse model, basic factors influencing the way meaning is established in discursive coordination are identified. These factors also refer to common knowledge that is specific to each way of coordination. market coordination is based on the common knowledge connected to the acceptance of market code and its application skills. Strategic coordination relies on actors' context, which includes trust and experiences of their past interactions. in both cases common knowledge related to market code and common knowledge related to context are the factors open to hegemonic influence.

The main objective of the article is a critical evaluation of the concepts of economic security which are based on the assumptionof the state as a unit of analysis, how these concepts are analysed in scholarship and used to support applied measures of economic security policy. The article also aims at answering the question what is and ought to be the concept of economic security in current Lithuanian politics. The authors do not strive to solve an old and essential problem of social sciences – the methodological choice between individualistic and collectivistic analysis. The goal of the article is just to show the main contradictions in theoretical analysis and political practices between those two approaches when dealing with the problems of economic security. The article admits the wide spread usage of the holistic approach and the fact of policies being based on this approach. However, the use of these measures often causes negative consequences – not only weakening of economic security of individuals, but, in the long run, of states as supra-individual institutions. To expose those measures and inconsistencies is another goal of the article. On the one hand, this makes the analysis more normative, on the other hand, it provides more insights on the topic. The article discusses the concept of economic security, different levels and scope of its analysis. Two different approaches – holistic and individualistic – and their interrelations are presented in more detailed way. The main focus is on how these two different approaches understand and use the concept of threats, as well as the impact of collective measures of economic security and their impact on individuals.

The main objective of the article is a critical evaluation of the concepts of economic security which are based on the assumptionof the state as a unit of analysis, how these concepts are analysed in scholarship and used to support applied measures of economic security policy. The article also aims at answering the question what is and ought to be the concept of economic security in current Lithuanian politics. The authors do not strive to solve an old and essential problem of social sciences – the methodological choice between individualistic and collectivistic analysis. The goal of the article is just to show the main contradictions in theoretical analysis and political practices between those two approaches when dealing with the problems of economic security. The article admits the wide spread usage of the holistic approach and the fact of policies being based on this approach. However, the use of these measures often causes negative consequences – not only weakening of economic security of individuals, but, in the long run, of states as supra-individual institutions. To expose those measures and inconsistencies is another goal of the article. On the one hand, this makes the analysis more normative, on the other hand, it provides more insights on the topic. The article discusses the concept of economic security, different levels and scope of its analysis. Two different approaches – holistic and individualistic – and their interrelations are presented in more detailed way. The main focus is on how these two different approaches understand and use the concept of threats, as well as the impact of collective measures of economic security and their impact on individuals.

The main objective of the article is a critical evaluation of the concepts of economic security which are based on the assumptionof the state as a unit of analysis, how these concepts are analysed in scholarship and used to support applied measures of economic security policy. The article also aims at answering the question what is and ought to be the concept of economic security in current Lithuanian politics. The authors do not strive to solve an old and essential problem of social sciences – the methodological choice between individualistic and collectivistic analysis. The goal of the article is just to show the main contradictions in theoretical analysis and political practices between those two approaches when dealing with the problems of economic security. The article admits the wide spread usage of the holistic approach and the fact of policies being based on this approach. However, the use of these measures often causes negative consequences – not only weakening of economic security of individuals, but, in the long run, of states as supra-individual institutions. To expose those measures and inconsistencies is another goal of the article. On the one hand, this makes the analysis more normative, on the other hand, it provides more insights on the topic. The article discusses the concept of economic security, different levels and scope of its analysis. Two different approaches – holistic and individualistic – and their interrelations are presented in more detailed way. The main focus is on how these two different approaches understand and use the concept of threats, as well as the impact of collective measures of economic security and their impact on individuals.

The main objective of the article is a critical evaluation of the concepts of economic security which are based on the assumptionof the state as a unit of analysis, how these concepts are analysed in scholarship and used to support applied measures of economic security policy. The article also aims at answering the question what is and ought to be the concept of economic security in current Lithuanian politics. The authors do not strive to solve an old and essential problem of social sciences – the methodological choice between individualistic and collectivistic analysis. The goal of the article is just to show the main contradictions in theoretical analysis and political practices between those two approaches when dealing with the problems of economic security. The article admits the wide spread usage of the holistic approach and the fact of policies being based on this approach. However, the use of these measures often causes negative consequences – not only weakening of economic security of individuals, but, in the long run, of states as supra-individual institutions. To expose those measures and inconsistencies is another goal of the article. On the one hand, this makes the analysis more normative, on the other hand, it provides more insights on the topic. The article discusses the concept of economic security, different levels and scope of its analysis. Two different approaches – holistic and individualistic – and their interrelations are presented in more detailed way. The main focus is on how these two different approaches understand and use the concept of threats, as well as the impact of collective measures of economic security and their impact on individuals.

Dissertation aim of the research to carry out a complex research of the possibilities to improve the state economic policy decisions in response to the challenges of economic crisis and to develop the modelling measures for these decisions, which would be adequate to the modern needs. The paper carries out empirical research of the economic situation and economic policy decisions during crisis in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and other countries, and develops the viable theoretical model, designed for the state economic policy decisions during crisis, by identifying the empirical research methods for verifying the aforementioned model. Quantitative modeling process applied standart deviation, time sequence, least squares, maximum probability optimisation, null hypothesis H0 and multicolinearity, model p value, t statistics, Durbin-Watson statistics, standart deviation, Spearman rank correlation, autocorrelation, coefficient of determination, factor analysis, random walf with drift RWD process, multi-vector autoregression model VAR analysis, root mean square error RMSE analysis and other empirical modeling research methodology. The developed modelling system is compared with the RMSM.X method, developed by the World Bank, the complex quantitative research of dependencies of government budget revenue, deficit and debt of Lithuania is carried out, and the modelling of the main state tax rates is implemented. The paper volume is 193 pages, there are 46 figures, 14 tables, 20 appendices, 2 footnotes in the paper, the paper consists conclusions and recommendations.

Dissertation aim of the research to carry out a complex research of the possibilities to improve the state economic policy decisions in response to the challenges of economic crisis and to develop the modelling measures for these decisions, which would be adequate to the modern needs. The paper carries out empirical research of the economic situation and economic policy decisions during crisis in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and other countries, and develops the viable theoretical model, designed for the state economic policy decisions during crisis, by identifying the empirical research methods for verifying the aforementioned model. Quantitative modeling process applied standart deviation, time sequence, least squares, maximum probability optimisation, null hypothesis H0 and multicolinearity, model p value, t statistics, Durbin-Watson statistics, standart deviation, Spearman rank correlation, autocorrelation, coefficient of determination, factor analysis, random walf with drift RWD process, multi-vector autoregression model VAR analysis, root mean square error RMSE analysis and other empirical modeling research methodology. The developed modelling system is compared with the RMSM.X method, developed by the World Bank, the complex quantitative research of dependencies of government budget revenue, deficit and debt of Lithuania is carried out, and the modelling of the main state tax rates is implemented. The paper volume is 193 pages, there are 46 figures, 14 tables, 20 appendices, 2 footnotes in the paper, the paper consists conclusions and recommendations.