Suchergebnisse

The lands of the country are at the disposal of the government and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Studies show that the people in the country, regardless of laws and regulations, use fraudulent methods to seize state-owned land with illegal possession and land use change cause harm and damage to their collective rights of individuals. There are conditions requires that the relevant agencies in order to prevent crimes against national resources and people's rights as well as justice and legal mechanisms to take advantage of this barrier to prevent crimes against them. The crimes against the country's natural resources and national judicial authorities must by resolution of criminal and non-criminal record in economic conditions that cause conflict or corruption in their national resources for their prevention. However, due to the lack of laws codified in the long line of process maturity and the failure to enforce strong sanctions on these crimes is always the problem of the economy is growing. This thesis examines the prevention of criminal and non criminal policy legislation in this regard, that the process of the process of the investigation of the factors Rgzar impact of the rate of rejection.

Water is a vital resource, but also a critical limiting factor for economic and social development in many parts of the world. The recent rapid growth in human population and water use for social and economic development is increasing the pressure on water resources and the environment, as well as leading to growing conflicts among competing water use sectors (agriculture, urban, tourism, industry) and regions (Gleick et al., 2009; World Bank, 2006). In Spain, as in many other arid and semi-arid regions affected by drought and wide climate variability, irrigated agriculture is responsible for most consumptive water use and plays an important role in sustaining rural livelihoods (Varela-Ortega, 2007). Historically, the evolution of irrigation has been based on publicly-funded irrigation development plans that promoted economic growth and improved the socio-economic conditions of rural farmers in agrarian Spain, but increased environmental damage and led to excessive and inefficient exploitation of water resources (Garrido and Llamas, 2010; Varela-Ortega et al., 2010). Currently, water policies in Spain focus on rehabilitating and improving the efficiency of irrigation systems, and are moving from technocratic towards integrated water management strategies driven by the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD).

O artigo enfoca, pela óptica do direito econômico, as influências das políticas econômicas privadas (basicamente do capital transnacional) e dos entes internacionais sobre as políticas econômicas públicas, especialmente as realizadas pelos Estados em desenvolvimento. Enfatiza a mutação do neoliberalismo de regulamentação para o de regulação como exigência dos poderes econômicos privados, identificando entre os seus resultados o enfraquecimento do Estado e a descrença na democracia. E, ainda, defende a existência de espaços para a execução de ações econômicas endógenas por parte dos Estados Nacionais, a fim de viabilizar a eficácia de suas Constituições econômicas e suprir as carências de seus povos. ; This paper deal with, by Economical Law view, the effects of private economic policy, essentially of foreign capital, and the international organizations above the public economic policy, mainly that politics performed by the development nations. Lay emphasis on the mutation of the regulatory New Liberalism to the regulation as demand of private economic powers, recongnized enter their results: The decline of the State and the unbelief of democracy. Defends existence of spaces for the execution of endogenous economic actions by part of National States, for the purpose of execute effectiveness of their economical constitution and supply the shortage of their people.

The objective of the research was to analyze the perspectives of Ukraine's foreign economic policy with respect to Latin America. An overview of the economic and political situation in Latin America is characterized by intensification of inflation in the region, reduction of exports and foreign investment, erosion of the level of business and consumer confidence. She used the following research methods: methods of analysis and synthesis, systematic approach, methods of induction and deduction, generalization, and systematization, economic, etc. Defined strategic orientations have been identified to improve foreign economic cooperation between Ukraine and Latin America to seek new foreign markets and increase foreign trade, such as: opening representative offices of Ukrainian companies in Latin America; active participation of Ukrainian companies in trade fair and exhibition events taking place in the countries of the region; establishment of bilateral industrial cooperation in the territory of MERCOSUR member countries. It concludes on the need to develop a long-term strategy to activate trade and economic cooperation between Ukraine and the countries of the Latin American region with the identification and justification of sectoral priorities.

The subject of the article was the analysis of the state regulatory policy in the field of securing foreign economic activity and the development of relevant directions for its adaptation in the conditions of martial law. In the study, the regulatory and legal support for the implementation of foreign economic activity in Ukraine was formed. Peculiarities of implementation of international trade activities in the conditions of martial law are determined. The losses of Ukraine's industrial potential during military operations are analyzed. The rates of decline of export and import operations during the period of martial law are estimated. Regulatory activity of the authorities with respect to stabilization of foreign economic activity and directions with respect to support of business entities have been studied. The conclusions highlight areas related to the support and activation of economic activity, which are aimed at creating the necessary conditions for the formation of a positive climate of innovation and investment, efficient and safe logistic flows, and a regulatory and legal field that is adapted to the standards of European countries.

The study of public policies as an issue of academic interest, which is manifested at a time when the state imposes its interventor character because of the Great Depression of 1929. This paper aims to establish a theoreticalconceptual discussion between public policies and an economic policy. It was used a documentary review as methodology. The focus of public policies and an economic policy is the product of the boom of the intervening State. An economic policy, as a public policy, is a normative, empirical and social discipline dedicated to the study of the criteria, ends, means and doctrines that governments use to intervene in the economic reality of a country. In conclusion, the discussion about which collective decision mechanism is most appropriate: the State or the market, is the real core in the evolution of the approach of public policies, and in particular, of an economic policy. ; El estudio de las políticas públicas como tema de interés académico, se manifiesta en un momento en el cual el Estado impone su carácter interventor, producto de la Gran Depresión de 1929. Este trabajo tiene como propósito establecer una discusión teórico-conceptual entre las políticas públicas y la política económica. El enfoque de las políticas públicas y de la política económica es producto del auge del Estado interventor. La política económica, como política pública, es una disciplina normativa, empírica y social dedicada al estudio de los criterios, fines, medios y doctrinas utilizadas por los gobiernos para intervenir en la realidad económica de un país. En conclusión, la discusión acerca de qué mecanismo de decisión colectiva es más adecuado, el Estado o el mercado, es lo que está de fondo en la evolución del enfoque de las políticas públicas y, en particular, de la política económica.

The article seeks to identify the patterns of the Chile-Bolivia relation throughthe systematization of two main variables: politics and bilateral economic relations.With this aim, the contents of the bilateral agenda have been codified in orderto determine the contents of the dialogue. For the same purpose, the annualseries of bilateral trade and the statistics of bilateral direct investments have beenreconstructed. With this information and the bibliographical contributions thataddress this relation, it has been possible to establish a pattern and to formulate ahypothesis regarding this link. It is possible to affirm that the double asymmetry ofChile-Bolivia is a factor of structural character that has tended to immobilize theirrelations, in which the developmental gap and the different visions on the futurehave turned into a true historical residual diachrony, whose residual resistance hasconstituted an active structural barrier to the bilateral relations. ; El artículo pretende identificar los patrones en las relaciones entre Chile y Bolivia mediante la sistematización de dos dimensiones principales: la política y las relaciones económicas bilaterales. Para esto se han codificado los contenidos de la agenda bilateral a fin de determinar los contenidos del diálogo. Para el mismo propósito se ha reconstruido la serie anual del comercio bilateral y la estadística de las inversiones directas bilaterales. Con esta información y los aportes bibliográficos que abordan estas relaciones, se ha logrado establecer un patrón y formulado una inferencia respecto de este vínculo. Se puede afirmar que la doble asimetría de Chile-Bolivia es un factor de carácter estructural que ha tendido a inmovilizar sus relaciones, en la que la brecha de desarrollo y las diferencias de visiones sobre el futuro se han convertido en una verdadera diacronía histórica cuya resistencia residual se ha constituido en una activa barrera estructural de las relaciones bilaterales.

Las políticas económicas en España, desde la transición a la democracia hasta la crisis de 2007, son objeto de reflexión en este trabajo. El estudiar en qué medida los gobiernos conservadores (UCD, PP) o los socialistas (PSOE) en el poder desarrollaron una administración del sector público más eficiente es tarea que tropieza con diversos obstáculos. No obstante, si se admite que ninguno de los partidos políticos mencionados siguió patrones electoralistas ni partidistas en el gobierno de la nación, parece muy probable que la etapa 1986-1992 haya sido el período de mayor contribución al bienestar económico de los españoles. ; This paper examines economic policy in Spain, from the transition to democracy up to the crisis of 2007. The analysis of to what extent the Conservative (UCD, PP) or Socialist (PSOE) governments carried out a more efficient administration of the public sector is a task that encounters numerous obstacles. However, if we accept that none of the political parties mentioned followed electioneering or party political schemes when in government, it would appear highly probable that the term that ran from 1986 to 1992 was the period which has contributed most to the economic well-being of Spaniards.

This paper examines economic policy in Spain, from the transition to democracy up to the crisis of 2007. The analysis of to what extent the Conservative (UCD, PP) or Socialist (PSOE) governments carried out a more efficient administration of the public sector is a task that encounters numerous obstacles. However, if we accept that none of the political parties mentioned followed electioneering or party political schemes when in government, it would appear highly probable that the term that ran from 1986 to 1992 was the period which has contributed most to the economic well-being of Spaniards. ; Las políticas económicas en España, desde la transición a la democracia hasta la crisis de 2007, son objeto de reflexión en este trabajo. El estudiar en qué medida los gobiernos conservadores (UCD, PP) o los socialistas (PSOE) en el poder desarrollaron una administración del sector público más eficiente es tarea que tropieza con diversos obstáculos. No obstante, si se admite que ninguno de los partidos políticos mencionados siguió patrones electoralistas ni partidistas en el gobierno de la nación, parece muy probable que la etapa 1986-1992 haya sido el período de mayor contribución al bienestar económico de los españoles.

Published at: Centre for Constitutional Studies magazine, 15: 161-181, 1993 Spain has faced a comprehensive process of change, a path of modernisation, bringing its structures and behaviour closer to Europe, following a complex transition of mocratic change. This article deals with science and technology, in the context of this extensive process of modernisation and change promoted by the Spanish government. ; Peer reviewed ; Published at: Centre for Constitutional Studies magazine, 15: 161-181, 1993 Spain has faced a comprehensive process of change, a path of modernisation, bringing its structures and behaviour closer to Europe, following a complex transition of mocratic change. This article deals with science and technology, in the context of this extensive process of modernisation and change promoted by the Spanish government. ; Publicado en: Revista del Centro de Estudios Constitucionales, 15: 161-181, 1993 España ha afrontado en los diez últimos años, y tras una compleja transición de mocrática un amplio proceso de cambio, una trayectoria de modernización, de acercamiento de sus estructuras y conductas a Europa. Este artículo trata de la ciencia y la tecnología, en el contexto de ese amplio proceso de modernización y cambio promovido desde el gobierno español.

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the inefficiencies that have led the several measures taken by governments to prevent financial systems bankruptcy and mitigate the effects of the financial crisis on the real economy. We review from acritical view of the limited international coordination the different support schemes applied for the financial sector and stimulate the economy in the United States andthe European Union. ; El objetivo fundamental de este artículo es analizar las ineficiencias que han originado las distintas medidas adoptadas por los gobiernos para evitar la quiebra de los sistemas financieros y atenuar los efectos de la crisis financiera en la economía real.Para ello, se revisan los distintos planes de ayuda al sector financiero y de estímulo dela economía aplicados en Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea con un enfoque críticode la escasa coordinación internacional.

Abstract: In the article, the concept of scientific paradigm proposed by Thomas Kuhn is associated with the developments of the main rational models of economic behavior's explanation within the framework of the General Equilibria perspective. Immediately, an analysis is made of the main hegemonic theoretical streams of the Economy, identifying them as an epistemological dynamics itself; so that, as Kuhnian paradigms, they undergo transformations due to the concrete facts and hegemonistic dynamics of the different groups of researchers and their ideological perspectives. This is intended to make clear the social nature of economic science and the influence of political-ideological factors on it and its economic policies proposals.

From a political standpoint, the current Fiscal Coordination Law is surprising, since it redistributed federal transfers without causing an upheaval among the federal states. But, as this study shows, this law is even more surprising from an economic point of view, since it does not encourage economic activity and it does not stimulate the tax collection effort, as dictated by the original spirit of the initiative. ; Desde un punto de vista político, la actual Ley de Coordinación Fiscal es sorprendente pues redistribuyó las participaciones federales sin ocasionar una rebelión entre las entidades federativas. Pero, como muestra este trabajo, la ley es aún más sorprendente desde un punto de vista económico, pues no fomenta la actividad económica ni estimula el esfuerzo recaudatorio, como dictaba el espíritu original de la iniciativa.