Suchergebnisse

The article seeks to identify the patterns of the Chile-Bolivia relation throughthe systematization of two main variables: politics and bilateral economic relations.With this aim, the contents of the bilateral agenda have been codified in orderto determine the contents of the dialogue. For the same purpose, the annualseries of bilateral trade and the statistics of bilateral direct investments have beenreconstructed. With this information and the bibliographical contributions thataddress this relation, it has been possible to establish a pattern and to formulate ahypothesis regarding this link. It is possible to affirm that the double asymmetry ofChile-Bolivia is a factor of structural character that has tended to immobilize theirrelations, in which the developmental gap and the different visions on the futurehave turned into a true historical residual diachrony, whose residual resistance hasconstituted an active structural barrier to the bilateral relations. ; El artículo pretende identificar los patrones en las relaciones entre Chile y Bolivia mediante la sistematización de dos dimensiones principales: la política y las relaciones económicas bilaterales. Para esto se han codificado los contenidos de la agenda bilateral a fin de determinar los contenidos del diálogo. Para el mismo propósito se ha reconstruido la serie anual del comercio bilateral y la estadística de las inversiones directas bilaterales. Con esta información y los aportes bibliográficos que abordan estas relaciones, se ha logrado establecer un patrón y formulado una inferencia respecto de este vínculo. Se puede afirmar que la doble asimetría de Chile-Bolivia es un factor de carácter estructural que ha tendido a inmovilizar sus relaciones, en la que la brecha de desarrollo y las diferencias de visiones sobre el futuro se han convertido en una verdadera diacronía histórica cuya resistencia residual se ha constituido en una activa barrera estructural de las relaciones bilaterales.

Published at: Centre for Constitutional Studies magazine, 15: 161-181, 1993 Spain has faced a comprehensive process of change, a path of modernisation, bringing its structures and behaviour closer to Europe, following a complex transition of mocratic change. This article deals with science and technology, in the context of this extensive process of modernisation and change promoted by the Spanish government. ; Peer reviewed ; Published at: Centre for Constitutional Studies magazine, 15: 161-181, 1993 Spain has faced a comprehensive process of change, a path of modernisation, bringing its structures and behaviour closer to Europe, following a complex transition of mocratic change. This article deals with science and technology, in the context of this extensive process of modernisation and change promoted by the Spanish government. ; Publicado en: Revista del Centro de Estudios Constitucionales, 15: 161-181, 1993 España ha afrontado en los diez últimos años, y tras una compleja transición de mocrática un amplio proceso de cambio, una trayectoria de modernización, de acercamiento de sus estructuras y conductas a Europa. Este artículo trata de la ciencia y la tecnología, en el contexto de ese amplio proceso de modernización y cambio promovido desde el gobierno español.

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the inefficiencies that have led the several measures taken by governments to prevent financial systems bankruptcy and mitigate the effects of the financial crisis on the real economy. We review from acritical view of the limited international coordination the different support schemes applied for the financial sector and stimulate the economy in the United States andthe European Union. ; El objetivo fundamental de este artículo es analizar las ineficiencias que han originado las distintas medidas adoptadas por los gobiernos para evitar la quiebra de los sistemas financieros y atenuar los efectos de la crisis financiera en la economía real.Para ello, se revisan los distintos planes de ayuda al sector financiero y de estímulo dela economía aplicados en Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea con un enfoque críticode la escasa coordinación internacional.

Abstract: In the article, the concept of scientific paradigm proposed by Thomas Kuhn is associated with the developments of the main rational models of economic behavior's explanation within the framework of the General Equilibria perspective. Immediately, an analysis is made of the main hegemonic theoretical streams of the Economy, identifying them as an epistemological dynamics itself; so that, as Kuhnian paradigms, they undergo transformations due to the concrete facts and hegemonistic dynamics of the different groups of researchers and their ideological perspectives. This is intended to make clear the social nature of economic science and the influence of political-ideological factors on it and its economic policies proposals.

From a political standpoint, the current Fiscal Coordination Law is surprising, since it redistributed federal transfers without causing an upheaval among the federal states. But, as this study shows, this law is even more surprising from an economic point of view, since it does not encourage economic activity and it does not stimulate the tax collection effort, as dictated by the original spirit of the initiative. ; Desde un punto de vista político, la actual Ley de Coordinación Fiscal es sorprendente pues redistribuyó las participaciones federales sin ocasionar una rebelión entre las entidades federativas. Pero, como muestra este trabajo, la ley es aún más sorprendente desde un punto de vista económico, pues no fomenta la actividad económica ni estimula el esfuerzo recaudatorio, como dictaba el espíritu original de la iniciativa.

The growing scholarship on policy change in Latin America has not yet studied the cases of economic change the region has experienced in the previous decades. This is the gap this article seeks to address, while focusing on the Argentinean case. It will study the different moments of change in economic policy that took place between the last military dictatorship and the government of Néstor Kirchner, including the governments of Raúl Alfonsín and Carlos Ménem. The focus will be on trade policies and their instruments. We contend that these changes happen following a pattern of punctuated equilibrium. However, the theory that fits best with the economic policy changes in Argentina is Multiple Streams Theory. The role of the policy entrepreneurs and the policy windows created by the successive economic crises constitute key elements to explain the fit between the significant shifts in economic policy during the last decades in Argentina and Multiple Streams theory. ; La literatura creciente sobre cambio en las políticas públicas en América Latina aún no ha estudiado los casos de cambio económico que ha experimentado la región en las últimas décadas. Este artículo busca suplir dicho vacío al concentrarse en el estudio del caso argentino. Se analizarán los diferentes momentos en los que hubo cambios significativos en las políticas económicas desde la última dictadura militar hasta el gobierno de Néstor Kirchner, incluyendo los gobiernos de Raúl Alfonsín y Carlos Ménem. El objeto de análisis será principalmente las políticas comerciales y su conjunto de instrumentos de política. Se argumenta que dichos cambios sucedieron siguiendo una lógica de equilibrio puntuado, cuyas dinámicas se explican adecuadamente a través del uso de teorías de las Corrientes Múltiples. El papel de los emprendedores de política pública y las ventanas de oportunidad creadas por las sucesivas crisis económicas experimentadas por el país, constituyen los elementos principales para explicar la concordancia entre los cambios radicales en las ...

This article shows a synthetic point of view about the general characteristics of the labour and social political model, applied in the Cuban socialist transition. It evalua-tes the achievements (wide social inclusion, high occupation, low unemployment), as well as, the weakness related with the above mentioned model, mainly the salary low capacities to satisfies the worker basic necessities. The current economical reform and their potential to overcome this problem are described. ; El artículo ofrece un panorama sintético de las características generales del modelo de política social y laboral puesto en práctica en la transición socialista cubana y valora sus logros (amplia inclusión social, altas tasas de ocupación, bajo desempleo), así como, sus debilidades, principalmente las vinculadas a la baja capacidad de los ingresos salariales de los trabajadores para satisfacer las necesidades básicas. Describe la actual etapa de reforma económica y su potencial esperado con el fin de superar o no, estos problemas.

The global crisis that began in advanced economies has sent severe shocks around the world, posing a test to the economies of Latin America and the Caribbean. The good news is that during this decade the region has made itself more resilient to external shocks, by strengthening policy frameworks and reducing vulnerabilities in its public finances and financial systems. These preparations, the report shows, mean that countries are now more able to respond to the external crisis, many for the first time, with active policies to boost output and employment and protect the most vulnerable groups

Numerous acts of foreign policy - but also of domestic policy - show the ideological commitment of Jair Bolsonaro with the lines of action of the government of the United States of America.The pronouncements and actions taken against Cuba, Venezuela and Nicaragua, as well as his rapprochement with Israel, among others, leave very little doubt about the pro-US geopolitical orientation of his government. However, his actions in the field of international economic relations appear to be more ambiguous.For this reason, this paper aims to characterize the international economic policy of Brazil during the first two years of President Jair Bolsonaro's adminstration, in general, and, specifically, in relation to South America. The novelty of this study lies in the approach to the subject through the interrelation between the geopolitical approach and the international economic policy of the aforementioned president.

Memoria ID-0245. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2015-2016.

Los Países Bajos tienen una larga tradición en la búsqueda del consenso sobre objetivos y mecanismos para el despliegue de políticas sociales y económicas, a través de consultas y acuerdos entre las distintas partes. Esta modalidad de "gobierno por acuerdos" denota la naturaleza multiforme y descentralizada del ámbito político y social del poder en los Países Bajos. Los acuerdos del gobierno central con los interlocutores sociales, con otros niveles de gobiernos y hasta con los partidos políticos de la oposición, sobre elementos de la política gubernamental, representan un aspecto consolidado de una sociedad pluralista y de un Estado unitario descentralizado, que ha contribuido a configurar la gobernanza en los Países Bajos durante siglos. Partiendo de estas consideraciones, el propósito del presente trabajo es analizar los acuerdos energético y climático neerlandeses, acuerdos políticos nacionales entre múltiples partes interesadas, institucionales y no institucionales, con el propósito de favorecer la transición energética y la acción climática. Se valorarán, concretamente, en su perspectiva de instrumentos de gobernanza colaborativa y multinivel en el ámbito de las políticas climáticas. ; The Netherlands has a long tradition of seeking consensus on objectives and mechanisms for the deployment of social and economic policy, through consultation and agreement between different stakeholders. This form of 'government by agreement' shows the multiform and decentralised nature of the socio-political and power spheres in the Netherlands. Central government agreements with the social partners, with other levels of government and even with opposition political parties, on elements of government policy have helped to shape governance in the Netherlands for centuries. Agreement-based governance ultimately represents an established aspect of the pluralistic society and the unitary but decentralised Dutch state. Against this backdrop, the purpose of this paper is to study Dutch energy and climate agreements in order to support energy transition and climate action. They will be considered in their perspective as instruments of collaborative and multilevel governance, as a framework for climate policies.

The experiences of coordination between cash transfer programs and other productive, economic or financial inclusion programs have expanded since the 1990s. This document explores institutional arrangements that can improve the coordination mechanisms and, in this way, the results of the programs. It is based on an institutional analysis carried out on programs in Mexico, Colombia and Peru between 2017 and 2019, which aimed to examine the institutional mechanisms by which social protection and rural productive development programs are effectively coordinate with each other. The main lessons learned from the study are: i) a good design is not solved only with political will, if technical capacities of the teams and institutional inertias derived from the organizational culture are not also addressed; ii) there are technical mechanisms that can help to generate incentives and promote articulation, such as budgeting, targeting and defining the target population; iii) when these issues are not resolved, they can lead to implementation problems. However, many problems derived from design are solved in implementation, which highlights the importance of vertical coordination mechanisms and local actors' participation. ; Las experiencias de articulación entre programas de transferencias monetarias y otros programas de inclusión productiva, económica o financiera, se han expandido desde los años noventa. Este documento explora sobre las formas institucionales necesarias para mejorar los mecanismos de articulación y, de esta forma, el resultado de los programas. Se basa en un análisis institucional realizado a programas en México, Colombia y Perú entre 2017 y 2019, que tuvo como propósito examinar los mecanismos institucionales por los cuales efectivamente los programas de protección social y desarrollo productivo rural se coordinan entre sí. Los principales aprendizajes del estudio son: i) un buen diseño no se resuelve sólo con voluntad política, si no se atiende además a las capacidades técnicas de los equipos y a las ...

Foreign policy and defense policy are the main instruments any State has in hands in order to get a position in the international system. This requires by itself a close coordination and liaison between both of them. At the same time, both policies are fed by similar elements such as history, geography, the domestic political processes, and both should be treated and formulated as state policies. Parallel to defense policy, in foreign policy there are elements of strategic nature such as compatibility between military and diplomatic interests of the state, the military power and the political influence, as well as the contribution of the diplomacy to the execution of the military acquisition policies. All of this, should tell us that coordination and liaison between both policies is an easy and natural matter, but, on the contrary, the real situation is far from that. Moreover, because of their same nature, foreign and defense policies are difficult to coordinate and align adequately. The same is valid with respect to the agencies that have to define and apply those policies, the secretaries or ministries. There are two levels of coordination between both policies: the primary level that requires for certain basic assumptions and the advanced level, that implies the definition of the great national strategy. This issue is applicable in its origin to Chile, since their defense and foreign policies traditionally had followed separate courses and even conflictive ones. This situation was rather acceptable and reasonable in the past, but is not longer more, and must be corrected urgently. ; La política exterior y la política de defensa constituyen los principales instrumentos a través de los cuales el Estado se posiciona en el sistema internacional. Esto requiere una vinculación y coordinación muy estrecha entre ambas. Al mismo tiempo, las dos políticas se nutren de elementos similares, como la historia, la geografía, los procesos políticos internos; además, ambas son –o deben ser– Políticas de Estado. ...

Under the premise that the primary function of the contemporary State is to guarantee the realization of the human rights of its inhabitants, this document discusses from a theoretical point of view, how economic policy in a democratic society organized through a market system, it does not contribute to the effective realization of human rights. For this purpose, the human rights approach will be proposed as the appropriate framework for the design of economic policy. Particularly, it is interesting to study the relationship between the market system and human rights, under the basic hypothesis that the democratic system together with the market economy, do not offer the conditions to develop and realize the human rights of people. ; Bajo la premisa de que la función primordial del Estado contemporáneo es garantizar la realización de los derechos humanos de sus habitantes, en este documento se discute, desde un punto de vista teórico, cómo la política económica en una sociedad democrática organizada mediante un sistema de mercado no contribuye a la realización efectiva de los derechos humanos. Con este propósito, se propondrá el enfoque de los derechos humanos como el marco adecuado para el diseño de la política económica. Particularmente, interesa estudiar la relación entre el sistema de mercado y los derechos humanos, bajo la hipótesis básica de que el sistema democrático, en conjunto con la economía de mercado, no ofrece las condiciones para desarrollar y realizar los derechos humanos de las personas.