Suchergebnisse

The article analyzes the problems of moral and aesthetic education in the process of personal and professional development of future engineering teachers in terms of the educational process of higher education at the present stage. Constant dynamic changes in the political, economic and socio-cultural structure of society require new approaches in the system of vocational education. The article proposes to consider an engineer-teacher of a new type as a person who has humanity, an awareness of the high value of human life; spirituality, the need for knowledge of the surrounding reality, self-knowledge, the search for the meaning of life and life credo, in communication with art, in understanding the intrinsic value of their inner world; creativity, developed intellect, striving for transforming activity and possession of the sense of the new, ability for active life and creativity; pragmatism, possession of the newest technologies, skills and abilities necessary for the implementation of professional knowledge in the new economic and socio-cultural situation. The article substantiates that the main tasks of higher education at the present stage are the formation of the spiritual sphere of the student's personality and the education of its ethical and aesthetic qualities. The development of these qualities is impossible without creating an effective training system. In this regard, the search for new approaches to the organization of educational activities in higher education is being actualized, in particular, the implementation of the educational function of education, the creation of favorable conditions for professional, personal, cultural, creative self-development and self-education, assistance in the development of a competitive personality of a future specialist . The article analyzes the current trends in the development of society, describes the contradictory attitude towards high aesthetic and moral ideals, as evidenced by the decline in the prestige of education and public culture; consumer attitude to artistic values, which affected the quality of print, television programs, the dominance of "mass culture" on the one hand and on the other - the creation of real conditions for the aesthetic education of people in a sovereign, independent state: an appeal to national sources, to the origins of folk culture wisdom; openness of society, which makes it possible to integrate into the world community, acquaintance with world achievements in various fields, in particular, in artistic creation; freedom of thought; alternative education system, increased attention to the capable and gifted. Prospects for further research are to conduct a detailed analysis of the socio-psychological characteristics of students young people identified in this article, factors that influence the level of aesthetic and moral culture and education of future specialists. ; В статье проанализированы проблемы нравственного и эстетического воспитания в процессе личностного и профессионального развития будущих инженеров-педагогов в условиях учебно-воспитательного процесса высшей школы на современном этапе. Постоянные динамические изменения в политическом, экономическом и социально-культурном устройстве общества требуют новых подходов в системе профессионально-технического образования. В статье предлагается рассматривать инженера-педагога нового типа как личность, которой присущи гуманность, осознание высокой ценности человеческой жизни, духовность, потребность в познании окружающей действительности, самопознании, поиске смысла жизни и жизненного кредо, в общении с искусством, в понимании самоценности своего внутреннего мира, творчество, развитый интеллект, стремление к преобразовательной деятельности, способность к активной жизни и творчеству, прагматичность, владение новейшими технологиями, умениями и навыками, необходимыми для реализации профессиональных знаний в новой экономической и социокультурной ситуации. В статье обосновывается, что основными задачами высшей школы на современном этапе является формирование духовной сферы личности студента и воспитания ее этических и эстетических качеств. Развитие этих качеств невозможно без создания эффективной учебной системы. В связи с этим актуализируется поиск новых подходов к организации учебно-воспитательной деятельности в высшем учебном заведении, в частности, реализации воспитательной функции обучения, создания благоприятных условий для профессионального, личностного, культурного, творческого саморазвития и самовоспитания, оказание помощи в становлении конкурентоспособной личности будущего специалиста. В статье проанализированы сегодняшние тенденции в развитии общества, охарактеризовано противоречивое отношение к высоким эстетическим и нравственным идеалам, о чем свидетельствует падение престижа образования, общественной культуры; потребительское отношение к художественным ценностям, что отразилось на качестве печати, телепрограмм, засилье «массовой культуры» с одной стороны и с другой - создание настоящих условий для эстетического воспитания людей, в условиях суверенного, независимого государства: обращение к национальным истокам, к истокам народной культуры, мудрости; открытость общества, что дает возможность интегрировать в мировое сообщество, ознакомления с мировыми достижениями в различных областях, в частности, в художественном творчестве; свобода мысли; альтернативная система образования, повышение внимания к способным и одаренным. Перспективами дальнейших исследований является проведение детального анализа определенных в данной статье социально-психологических особенностей студенческой молодежи, факторов, под воздействием которых формируется уровень эстетической и нравственной культуры и воспитанности будущих специалистов. ; У статті проаналізовано проблеми морального та естетичного виховання в процесі особистісного та професійного розвитку майбутніх інженерів-педагогів в умовах навчально-виховного процесу вищої школи на сучасному етапі. Постійні динамічні зміни у політичному, економічному і соціально-культурному устрої суспільства вимагають нових підходів в системі професійної-технічної освіти. Отже, в статті пропонується розглядати інженера-педагога нового типу як особистість, якій притаманні гуманність, усвідомлення високої цінності людського життя; духовність, володіння розвинутими потребами в пізнанні навколишньої дійсності, самопізнанні, пошуку сенсу життя і життєвого кредо, у спілкуванні з мистецтвом, у розумінні самоцінності свого внутрішнього світу; творчість, розвинений інтелект, прагнення до перетворювальної діяльності й володіння почуттям нового, здатність до активного життя і творчості; прагматичність, володіння новітніми технологіями, уміннями та навичками, необхідними для реалізації професійних знань у новій економічній і соціокультурній ситуації. В статті доводиться, що основними завданнями вищої школи на сучасному етапі є формування духовної сфери особистості студента та виховання її етичних та естетичних якостей. Розвиток цих якостей неможливий без створення ефективної навчально-виховної системи. В зв'язку з цим актуалізується пошук нових підходів до організації навчально-виховної діяльності у вищому навчальному закладі, зокрема, реалізації виховної функції навчання, створення сприятливих умов для професійного, особистісного, культурного, творчого саморозвитку й самовиховання, здійснення допомоги в становленні конкурентоспроможної особистості майбутнього фахівця. В статті проаналізовано сьогоднішні тенденції в розвитку суспільства, охарактеризовано суперечливе ставлення до високих естетичних та моральних ідеалів, про що свідчить падіння престижу освіти, суспільної культури; споживацьке ставлення до художніх цінностей, що відбилося на якості преси, телепрограм, засилля «масової культури» з одного боку та з іншого - створення справжніх умов для естетичного виховання людей, в умовах суверенної, незалежної держави: звернення до національних витоків, до джерел народної культури, мудрості; відкритість суспільства, що надає можливості інтегрувати у світове співтовариство, ознайомлення зі світовими досягненнями в різних галузях, зокрема, в художній творчості; свобода думки; альтернативна система освіти, підвищення уваги до здібних, обдарованих.Педагоги мають діяти за такими напрямками: визначально-діагностичний, у межах якого передбачено вивчення наявного рівня естетичної вихованості студентів, їхньої естетичної спрямованості, здатності до самовиховних дій, схильності до певних видів естетичної діяльності з використанням методів психолого-педагогічної діагностики (спостереження, опитування, анкетування, вивчення продуктів діяльності тощо); організаційно-діяльнісний, що передбачає використання методів організації процесу професійно орієнтованої діяльності; спонукально-стимулюючий, за яким передбачене використання методів стимулювання до естетичного самовиховання, допомога в спільному складанні програм і планів колективного й індивідуального естетичного самовиховання та їхньої подальшої реалізації; регулятивно-корегувальний як допомога в організації колективного контролю та самоконтролю за виконанням спільно та індивідуально намічених планів колективної діяльності й подальшого естетичного самовиховання особистісно-професійних рис і якостей, його регулюванні й корекції в сполученні з саморегуляцією й самокорекцією кожного учасника. Взаємопов'язаність і взаємозалежність указаних напрямків вимагають від педагогів виважених комплексних дій у тісному творчому діалозі з усіма учасниками естетично-виховного процесу. Перспективами подальших досліджень є проведення детального аналізу визначених у даній статті соціально-психологічних особливостей студентської молоді, факторів, під впливом яких формується рівень естетичної та моральної культури й вихованості майбутніх фахівців.

[spa] El propósito de esta tesis es el estudio de la naturaleza legal de los, recientemente actualizados, Incoterms® en el ámbito del conflicto de leyes y de jurisdicciones en el marco del contrato de compraventa internacional de mercaderías. La Cámara de Comercio Internacional, como organización representante del mundo empresarial, se ha ocupado, desde 1936, de recopilar y actualizar los principales términos comerciales de forma regular para adaptarse a los cambios en el comercio Internacional. Las características de los Incoterms® reflejan la esencia de la entidad creadora que promueve la autorregulación en el ámbito profesional. Su actuación no solo se limita a recoger las prácticas más consolidadas en el ámbito mercantil, sino que pretende ser proactiva e impulsar el comercio. De esta forma se acerca al fenómeno de la denominada lex mercatoria, que busca la regulación adecuada del comercio internacional. Los Incoterms son relevantes tanto en el contexto económico como en el jurídico. Son reglas que se encuentran integradas en el marco legal como parte del contrato de compraventa internacional de mercaderías e interactúan con toda la normativa aplicable a este contrato, tanto de origen formal como informal. La presente tesis aborda el ámbito normativo en el que se insertan y analiza el lugar que ocupan estos términos comerciales en el sistema tradicional de fuentes del ordenamiento jurídico. La naturaleza jurídica de las reglas Incoterms determina el rol que estas reglas desempeñan en el ámbito del conflicto de leyes y de jurisdicciones. Esta tesis analiza también los distintos cauces a través de los cuales los Incoterms® pueden incorporarse al contrato de compraventa de mercaderías, así como su posible incidencia sobre la normativa aplicable, tanto de forma directa como indirecta. Desde su primera publicación, la finalidad de las reglas Incoterms© ha consistido en proporcionar unas pautas para la interpretación de los principales términos comerciales en el comercio internacional, a fin de prevenir y reducir posibles conflictos entre los operadores del comercio. El espíritu inicial de los Incoterms® sigue vigente, pero es preciso comprobar si se traduce, a efectos prácticos, en la determinación de la competencia judicial internacional, ya sea de forma directa o indirecta. En los últimos años, el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea ha concluido, de forma pionera, que la delimitación del lugar de entrega contenido en los Incoterms® puede constituir un criterio válido a efectos de determinar el foro contractual establecido en el artículo 7.1 b) del Reglamento 1215/2012. Este hecho pone de manifiesto la especial relevancia de estas reglas como referente interpretativo del lugar de entrega material de las mercaderías en el contrato de compraventa internacional. Las reglas Incoterms®, como elementos clave del contrato de compraventa, contribuyen a reducir los malentendidos entre comerciantes, minimizando las controversias entre las partes y los litigios. ; [eng] The aim of this thesis is to study the legal nature of newly released Incoterms® concerning the conflict of applicable laws and of jurisdiction in the scope of contracts for sale of goods. Since the creation of Incoterms® by the International Chamber of Commerce in 1936, these rules have been regularly updated to keep pace with developments in international trade. The Incoterms® content reflects the essence of the International Chamber of Commerce's spirit of self-regulation for businesses. Their goal is to ascertain and reflect the most common commercial practices, promote international trade, and encourage proactive best practices. Doing so, Incoterms addresses the needs of international trade acting as a source of the lex mercatoria. The Incoterms® rules play an important role in an economic context as well as in the legal framework. They are integrated in a legal context as part of an international sale of goods contract. They operate in conjunction with other formalized laws and applicable rules of laws to the international sales contract. This thesis addresses the regulatory framework in which the Incoterms® rules reside and analyzes the place of commercial terms in the traditional source of law. The legal nature of Incoterms® determines the role these rules play in the conflict of applicable laws and of jurisdiction. This thesis also analyzes the different ways Incoterms® rules can be incorporated into an international sales contract and their direct or indirect influence on the governing law. Since its first publication, the purpose of Incoterms© rules has been to provide a set of international guidelines for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the Incoterms© rules address problems arising out of the inconsistent interpretation of trade terms among international trading partners and thereby reduce the number of disputes. The initial Incoterms® spirit remains in force, but it is necessary to verify whether it translates into practical effects in the direct or indirect determination of international jurisdiction. Recently, the Court of Justice of the European Union concluded that Incoterms® can be the provisions of a contract on whose basis the place of delivery can be determined within the meaning of the first indent of article 7.1 b) of the Regulation 1215/2012. This fact reveals the special relevance of these rules as an interpretative reference of the material delivery place of the goods in the international sales contract. Incoterms® rules, as key elements of an international sales contract, significantly reduce misunderstandings among traders and thereby minimize trade disputes and litigation. ; [cat] The aim of this thesis is to study the legal nature of newly released Incoterms® concerning the conflict of applicable laws and of jurisdiction in the scope of contracts for sale of goods. Since the creation of Incoterms® by the International Chamber of Commerce in 1936, these rules have been regularly updated to keep pace with developments in international trade. The Incoterms® content reflects the essence of the International Chamber of Commerce's spirit of self-regulation for businesses. Their goal is to ascertain and reflect the most common commercial practices, promote international trade, and encourage proactive best practices. Doing so, Incoterms addresses the needs of international trade acting as a source of the lex mercatoria. The Incoterms® rules play an important role in an economic context as well as in the legal framework. They are integrated in a legal context as part of an international sale of goods contract. They operate in conjunction with other formalized laws and applicable rules of laws to the international sales contract. This thesis addresses the regulatory framework in which the Incoterms® rules reside and analyzes the place of commercial terms in the traditional source of law. The legal nature of Incoterms® determines the role these rules play in the conflict of applicable laws and of jurisdiction. This thesis also analyzes the different ways Incoterms® rules can be incorporated into an international sales contract and their direct or indirect influence on the governing law. Since its first publication, the purpose of Incoterms© rules has been to provide a set of international guidelines for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the Incoterms© rules address problems arising out of the inconsistent interpretation of trade terms among international trading partners and thereby reduce the number of disputes. The initial Incoterms® spirit remains in force, but it is necessary to verify whether it translates into practical effects in the direct or indirect determination of international jurisdiction. Recently, the Court of Justice of the European Union concluded that Incoterms® can be the provisions of a contract on whose basis the place of delivery can be determined within the meaning of the first indent of article 7.1 b) of the Regulation 1215/2012. This fact reveals the special relevance of these rules as an interpretative reference of the material delivery place of the goods in the international sales contract. Incoterms® rules, as key elements of an international sales contract, significantly reduce misunderstandings among traders and thereby minimize trade disputes and litigation.

Virtually the entire scientific, political, business, and social community is aware of the importance of climate change. Countries adhering to the Kyoto Protocol have taken up the challenge of reducing carbon emission, implementing national policies that include the introduction of carbon emissions trading programs, voluntary programs, taxes on carbon emissions and energy efficiency standards. In this context, the business world must be able to generate a carbon reduction strategy to ensure long-term success, considering also that customers (and investors) are ever more interested in the well-being of the environment, and increasingly demand their suppliers to be eco-friendly. This thesis has addressed the problem of designing (or redesigning) the supply chain to reduce carbon emission in an economically viable and, as far as possible, optimal way. The thesis addresses the problem by designing a complete and formalized methodology, which also includes a mathematical model to determine the best decisions to take. The research begins, as usual, with a review of the basic terminology, standards and the scientific literature related to the topic. From the review of the literature, it has been concluded that, although there are authors who propose models related to the design of the supply chain including carbon reduction, there is a lack of formalized methodologies that can be applied to real cases . The methodology consists of 4 stages: 1) The creation of a corporate carbon strategy; 2) The alignment with strategic financial planning; 3) The development of a mathematical model; and 4) The implementation and tracking. In the first stage a six-step guide is developed to create a corporate carbon strategy. The steps are: 1) Determine the type of emission; 2) Boundaries definition; 3) Planning and performance information; 4) ldentify carbon reduction opportunities; 5) Determine carbon reduction goals; 6) Participating in programs and carbon markets . In the second stage, the corporate carbon strategy is evaluated from a financial point of view and integrated into the strategic planning. In the third stage, a Mixed lnteger Linear Programming (MILP) model is proposed to obtain a plan for the supply chain redesign, so that: 1) the carbon reduction targets are achieved; 2) the strategic financial plan is taken into account; 3) all the real possibilities are contemplated to redesign the supply chain; and 4) a solution is achieved to optimize the economic results of the company. The carbon reduction methodology , including the mathematical model, has been applied to three case studies that are useful for adjusting sorne elements and for its validation . The first case study corresponds to a company that operates in the Home and Personal Care sector in Brazil, where the system of taxes is more complex than in other countries and illustrates how the mathematical model can be adapted to any context. The second case study deals with a multinational company which operates in the Foods sector in Spain and requires a redesign of the supply chain to improve its product cost. Finally, the third case used a company in the U.S. to show the effect of the scope definition on the carbon strategy. In the three cases, the solution of the mathematical model maximizes the net profit, whilst the carbon reduction target is achieved. Therefore, the carbon reduction methodology is useful for achieving economic and environmental benefits, as well as providing benefits related to the improvement of the corporate image, strengthening of brands and avoiding possible carbon taxes risks. In conclusion, the carbon reduction methodology proposed in this thesis, was developed to support companies that want to generate a competitive advantage and a sustainable development. In addition, it was designed to be flexible enough to adapt to the needs of each business and facilitate its execution in the business world. ; Prácticamente toda la comunidad científica, política, comercial y social es consciente de la importancia del desafío medio ambiental relacionado con las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEi). Los paises adheridos al Protocolo de Kioto han asumido el desafío de reducir los GEi, implementando políticas que incluyen programas de comercio de emisiones , programas voluntarios, impuestos sobre la emisión de GEi y normas sobre eficiencia energética. En este contexto, el mundo empresarial debe ser capaz de generar una estrategia de reducción de GEi para garantizar el éxito a largo plazo, considerando además que los clientes están cada vez más interesados en el bienestar del medio ambiente . Esta tesis ha abordado el problema de diseñar (o rediseñar) la cadena de suministro como vía para la reducción de GEi de una manera económicamente viable y, en la medida de lo posible, óptima. La tesis aborda la problemática diseñando una metodología completa y formalizada, que incluye también un modelo matemático para determinar las mejores decisiones a tomar. De la revisión de la literatura, se ha concluido que, si bien existen autores que proponen modelos relacionados con el diseño de la cadena de suministro que incluyen la reducción de GEi, no existen trabajos que propongan una metodología completa y suficientemente formalizada que puedan ser aplicados a la realidad. La metodología consta de 4 etapas que son: 1) La creación de una estrategia corporativa para la reducción de GEi; 2) La alineación con la planificación financiera estratégica; 3) El desarrollo de un modelo matemático; y 4) La implementación y seguimiento. En la primera etapa se desarrolla una guía de seis pasos para crear una estrategia corporativa para la reducción de GEi, los pasos son: 1) Determinar el tipo de emisión; 2) Definir el alcance; 3) Establecer las bases de la medición; 4) Identificar oportunidades de reducción de GEi; 5) Establecer los objetivos; 6) Planificar la participación en programas de reducción de GEi. En la segunda etapa, la estrategia corporativa antes propuesta, se evalúa desde un punto de vista financiero y se integra en la planificación estratégica. En la tercera etapa, se propone un modelo de Programación Lineal Entera Mixta para obtener un plan para et rediseño de ta cadena de suministro, de modo que: 1) se logren tos objetivos de reducción de GEi; 2) se tenga en cuenta el plan financiero estratégico; 3) se contemplen todas las posibilidades reales para rediseñar la cadena de suministro; y 4) se optimicen tos resultados económicos de la empresa. La metodología, incluyendo el programa matemático se ha probado en tres casos de estudio. El primer caso de estudio corresponde a una multinacional del sector de productos de higiene del hogar y cuidado personal que opera en Brasil, donde el modelo matemático fue adaptado para integrar beneficios fiscales. El segundo caso trata de una multinacional del sector alimentario basada en España que requiere un rediseño de la cadena de suministro para mejorar el coste de producir. Finalmente, en el tercer caso se utiliza una empresa del sector del metal basada en EE. UU., para ilustrar la importancia de la definición de límites y responsabilidades corporativas . En los tres casos de estudio, el modelo matemático maximiza el beneficio neto mientras alcanza el objetivo de reducción de GEi. Por lo tanto, la metodología es útil para conseguir beneficios económicos y medio ambientales, además de brindar beneficios relacionados con la mejora de la imagen corporativa, fortalecimiento de las marcas y el evitar posibles riesgos impositivos . En conclusión, la metodología propuesta fue desarrollada para que su implementación pueda generar en las empresas una ventaja competitiva y un crecimiento fundamentado en la sostenibilidad ambiental; asimismo, fue diseñada para que sea lo suficientemente flexible y pueda adaptarse a las necesidades de cada negocio ; Postprint (published version)

Based on an audio-visual geographical research conducted in the Fogo Caldera, in Cape Verde, this thesis analyses the power games between and within the groups of stakeholders around the territory of Chã das Caldeiras before, during and after the disaster linked with the 2014-2015 volcanic eruption.Within an international institutional context advocating "resilience" as a Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) strategy for local populations, yet controversial in the scientific sphere, the aim is to rethink the individual and collective resistances of the populations. These are often interpreted as unfounded or impulsive reactions, enhancing their exposure to hazards. Rather, these coping strategies facing governmental measures of territorial exclusion and restriction of access to resources appear as a frequent essential condition for reducing vulnerability (multifactorial and differential within the population) but also for rehabilitating social economic and material livelihoods.The challenge is, through the case study of the Fogo caldera in Cape Verde, to understand the genesis of rivalries, influences and oppositions around the control of the territory. These invalidate the classic opposition of "the" population to "the" government. These two entities, far from being monolithic, prove to be crossed by internal contradictions, alliances of convenience, expressing the collective difficulties encountered in trying to reconcile disaster risk reduction, preservation of a common "natural" and cultural heritage, and ethical issues related to socio-economic development, themselves complex when they comes to respect local populations in their diversity.This diversity is part of a territorialized construction of vulnerability and capacity inequalities in a long-term (trajectories) and daily pattern, and is showed at rupture times, during crisis and post-crisis periods. It is woven after the pioneer settlement of the caldera, until the 2014-2015 eruption. The understanding of this social, spatial and temporal complexity would allow to avoid conflicts of interest between the populations and the State, which should legitimately support the local dynamics, instead of yielding to the pressures of resistance, in a large and collective process of resilience, accepting the duality "resources vs threats" of the territories.The PHD is articulated around several films, made as full-fledged scientific productions. Three documentary films and two participative films appear as devices, material supports and privileged places to explore the different types of relations, power games and inequalities around the management of this territory. ; A partir de una investigación geográfica audiovisual realizada en la caldera de Fogo, Cabo-Verde, esta tesis analiza los juegos de poder entre y dentro de los grupos de actores que intervienen en el territorio de Chã das Caldeiras antes, durante y después del desastre provocado por la erupción volcánica de 2014-2015.En un contexto institucional internacional preconizando la "resiliencia" como estrategia de reducción de los riesgos para las poblaciones locales, una idea polémica en el ámbito científico, se trata de repensar las resistencias individuales y colectivas de las poblaciones, con frecuencia interpretadas como reacciones infundadas o impulsivas, que agravan su exposición a los peligros. Por el contrario, estas estrategias de adaptación a las medidas gubernamentales de exclusión territorial y restricción de acceso a los recursos, a menudo aparecen como una condición ineludible para la reducción de la vulnerabilidad (multifactorial y diferencial en lo que se refiere a la población) y la reconstrucción social, económica y material de los medios de subsistencia.El objetivo es, a través del caso de estudio de la caldera de Fogo en Cabo-Verde, comprender la génesis de las rivalidades, las influencias y las oposiciones en torno al control del territorio. Estas dejan obsoleta la oposición clásica de "la" población contra "el" gobierno. Dos entidades que, lejos de ser monolíticas, están atravesadas por contradicciones, por alianzas circunstanciales, que expresan las dificultades colectivas a la hora de conciliar la reducción de los riesgos de desastre, la preservación de un patrimonio "natural" y cultural común, y las implicaciones éticas del desarrollo socioeconómico, en sí mismas complejas, si tienen que respetar a "las" poblaciones locales en su diversidad.Esta diversidad se inscribe en una construcción territorializada de las desigualdades de vulnerabilidad y de las capacidades a largo plazo de las trayectorias personales y de la vida cotidiana, la cual se revela en los momentos de ruptura, como por ejemplo en períodos de crisis y postcrisis. Se teje a partir del primer asentamiento de la caldera y hasta la erupción de 2014-2015. La comprensión de esta complejidad social, espacial y temporal permitiría evitar los conflictos de intereses entre las poblaciones y el Estado, y este último a la cabeza, de forma legítima, debería acompañar las dinámicas locales en lugar de ceder a las presiones de las resistencias, en un proceso de resiliencia colectiva que acepta la dualidad "recursos/amenazas" de los territorios.La tesis se articula en torno a varias películas realizadas como producciones científicas de pleno derecho (DVD adjunto). Las tres películas documentales y las dos películas colaborativas constituyen dispositivos, soportes materiales y lugares privilegiados para explorar los diferentes tipos de relaciones, juegos de poder y desigualdades en torno a la gestión de este territorio. ; À partir d'une enquête géographique audiovisuelle réalisée dans la caldera de Fogo, au Cap-Vert, cette thèse analyse les jeux de pouvoir entre et au sein des groupes d'acteurs autour du territoire de Chã das Caldeiras avant, pendant et après la catastrophe d'origine volcanique de 2014-2015.Dans un contexte institutionnel international prônant la « résilience » comme stratégie de réduction des risques pour les populations locales, pourtant controversée dans la sphère scientifique, il s'agit de repenser les résistances individuelles et collectives des populations, fréquemment interprétées comme des réactions infondées ou impulsives, aggravant leur exposition face aux aléas. Au contraire, ces stratégies d'adaptation face aux mesures gouvernementales d'exclusion territoriale et de restriction d'accès aux ressources apparaissent comme une condition souvent incontournable de réduction de la vulnérabilité (multifactorielle et différentielle au sein de la population) et de reconstruction sociale, économique et matérielle des moyens d'existence.L'enjeu est de comprendre, à travers le cas d'étude de la caldera de Fogo au Cap-Vert, la genèse des rivalités, influences et oppositions autour du contrôle du territoire. Celles-ci rendent caduque la classique opposition de « la » population face « au » gouvernement. Ces deux entités, loin d'être monolithiques, s'avèrent être traversées de contradictions internes, d'alliances de circonstance, traduisant les difficultés collectives à concilier réduction des risques de catastrophe, préservation d'un patrimoine « naturel » et culturel commun, et enjeux éthiques de développement socio-économique, eux-mêmes complexes s'ils doivent respecter « les » populations locales dans leur diversité.Cette diversité s'inscrit dans une construction territorialisée des inégalités de vulnérabilité et des capacités dans le temps long des trajectoires et du quotidien, et se révèle dans les moments de rupture, que constituent les temps de la crise et de l'après-crise. Elle se tisse donc depuis le peuplement pionnier de la caldera, jusqu'à l'éruption de 2014-2015. La compréhension de cette complexité sociale, spatiale et temporelle, permettrait d'éviter les conflits d'intérêts entre populations et État, celui-ci devant, en toute légitimité, accompagner les dynamiques locales au lieu de céder aux pressions des résistances, dans un processus de résilience collective acceptant la dualité « ressources/menaces » des territoires.La thèse s'articule autour de plusieurs films, réalisés comme productions scientifiques à part entière (DVD joint). Trois films documentaires et deux films participatifs constituent des dispositifs, supports matériels et lieux privilégiés pour explorer les différents types de relations, jeux de pouvoir et inégalités autour de la gestion de ce territoire.

Based on an audio-visual geographical research conducted in the Fogo Caldera, in Cape Verde, this thesis analyses the power games between and within the groups of stakeholders around the territory of Chã das Caldeiras before, during and after the disaster linked with the 2014-2015 volcanic eruption.Within an international institutional context advocating "resilience" as a Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) strategy for local populations, yet controversial in the scientific sphere, the aim is to rethink the individual and collective resistances of the populations. These are often interpreted as unfounded or impulsive reactions, enhancing their exposure to hazards. Rather, these coping strategies facing governmental measures of territorial exclusion and restriction of access to resources appear as a frequent essential condition for reducing vulnerability (multifactorial and differential within the population) but also for rehabilitating social economic and material livelihoods.The challenge is, through the case study of the Fogo caldera in Cape Verde, to understand the genesis of rivalries, influences and oppositions around the control of the territory. These invalidate the classic opposition of "the" population to "the" government. These two entities, far from being monolithic, prove to be crossed by internal contradictions, alliances of convenience, expressing the collective difficulties encountered in trying to reconcile disaster risk reduction, preservation of a common "natural" and cultural heritage, and ethical issues related to socio-economic development, themselves complex when they comes to respect local populations in their diversity.This diversity is part of a territorialized construction of vulnerability and capacity inequalities in a long-term (trajectories) and daily pattern, and is showed at rupture times, during crisis and post-crisis periods. It is woven after the pioneer settlement of the caldera, until the 2014-2015 eruption. The understanding of this social, spatial and temporal complexity would allow to avoid conflicts of interest between the populations and the State, which should legitimately support the local dynamics, instead of yielding to the pressures of resistance, in a large and collective process of resilience, accepting the duality "resources vs threats" of the territories.The PHD is articulated around several films, made as full-fledged scientific productions. Three documentary films and two participative films appear as devices, material supports and privileged places to explore the different types of relations, power games and inequalities around the management of this territory. ; A partir de una investigación geográfica audiovisual realizada en la caldera de Fogo, Cabo-Verde, esta tesis analiza los juegos de poder entre y dentro de los grupos de actores que intervienen en el territorio de Chã das Caldeiras antes, durante y después del desastre provocado por la erupción volcánica de 2014-2015.En un contexto institucional internacional preconizando la "resiliencia" como estrategia de reducción de los riesgos para las poblaciones locales, una idea polémica en el ámbito científico, se trata de repensar las resistencias individuales y colectivas de las poblaciones, con frecuencia interpretadas como reacciones infundadas o impulsivas, que agravan su exposición a los peligros. Por el contrario, estas estrategias de adaptación a las medidas gubernamentales de exclusión territorial y restricción de acceso a los recursos, a menudo aparecen como una condición ineludible para la reducción de la vulnerabilidad (multifactorial y diferencial en lo que se refiere a la población) y la reconstrucción social, económica y material de los medios de subsistencia.El objetivo es, a través del caso de estudio de la caldera de Fogo en Cabo-Verde, comprender la génesis de las rivalidades, las influencias y las oposiciones en torno al control del territorio. Estas dejan obsoleta la oposición clásica de "la" población contra "el" gobierno. Dos entidades que, lejos de ser monolíticas, están atravesadas por contradicciones, por alianzas circunstanciales, que expresan las dificultades colectivas a la hora de conciliar la reducción de los riesgos de desastre, la preservación de un patrimonio "natural" y cultural común, y las implicaciones éticas del desarrollo socioeconómico, en sí mismas complejas, si tienen que respetar a "las" poblaciones locales en su diversidad.Esta diversidad se inscribe en una construcción territorializada de las desigualdades de vulnerabilidad y de las capacidades a largo plazo de las trayectorias personales y de la vida cotidiana, la cual se revela en los momentos de ruptura, como por ejemplo en períodos de crisis y postcrisis. Se teje a partir del primer asentamiento de la caldera y hasta la erupción de 2014-2015. La comprensión de esta complejidad social, espacial y temporal permitiría evitar los conflictos de intereses entre las poblaciones y el Estado, y este último a la cabeza, de forma legítima, debería acompañar las dinámicas locales en lugar de ceder a las presiones de las resistencias, en un proceso de resiliencia colectiva que acepta la dualidad "recursos/amenazas" de los territorios.La tesis se articula en torno a varias películas realizadas como producciones científicas de pleno derecho (DVD adjunto). Las tres películas documentales y las dos películas colaborativas constituyen dispositivos, soportes materiales y lugares privilegiados para explorar los diferentes tipos de relaciones, juegos de poder y desigualdades en torno a la gestión de este territorio. ; À partir d'une enquête géographique audiovisuelle réalisée dans la caldera de Fogo, au Cap-Vert, cette thèse analyse les jeux de pouvoir entre et au sein des groupes d'acteurs autour du territoire de Chã das Caldeiras avant, pendant et après la catastrophe d'origine volcanique de 2014-2015.Dans un contexte institutionnel international prônant la « résilience » comme stratégie de réduction des risques pour les populations locales, pourtant controversée dans la sphère scientifique, il s'agit de repenser les résistances individuelles et collectives des populations, fréquemment interprétées comme des réactions infondées ou impulsives, aggravant leur exposition face aux aléas. Au contraire, ces stratégies d'adaptation face aux mesures gouvernementales d'exclusion territoriale et de restriction d'accès aux ressources apparaissent comme une condition souvent incontournable de réduction de la vulnérabilité (multifactorielle et différentielle au sein de la population) et de reconstruction sociale, économique et matérielle des moyens d'existence.L'enjeu est de comprendre, à travers le cas d'étude de la caldera de Fogo au Cap-Vert, la genèse des rivalités, influences et oppositions autour du contrôle du territoire. Celles-ci rendent caduque la classique opposition de « la » population face « au » gouvernement. Ces deux entités, loin d'être monolithiques, s'avèrent être traversées de contradictions internes, d'alliances de circonstance, traduisant les difficultés collectives à concilier réduction des risques de catastrophe, préservation d'un patrimoine « naturel » et culturel commun, et enjeux éthiques de développement socio-économique, eux-mêmes complexes s'ils doivent respecter « les » populations locales dans leur diversité.Cette diversité s'inscrit dans une construction territorialisée des inégalités de vulnérabilité et des capacités dans le temps long des trajectoires et du quotidien, et se révèle dans les moments de rupture, que constituent les temps de la crise et de l'après-crise. Elle se tisse donc depuis le peuplement pionnier de la caldera, jusqu'à l'éruption de 2014-2015. La compréhension de cette complexité sociale, spatiale et temporelle, permettrait d'éviter les conflits d'intérêts entre populations et État, celui-ci devant, en toute légitimité, accompagner les dynamiques locales au lieu de céder aux pressions des résistances, dans un processus de résilience collective acceptant la dualité « ressources/menaces » des territoires.La thèse s'articule autour de plusieurs films, réalisés comme productions scientifiques à part entière (DVD joint). Trois films documentaires et deux films participatifs constituent des dispositifs, supports matériels et lieux privilégiés pour explorer les différents types de relations, jeux de pouvoir et inégalités autour de la gestion de ce territoire.

"Aryanization" is the Nazi term for the cheap purchase of Jewish firms during the Third Reich with the ultimate goal of eliminating Jews from the German economy. Eleven of the largest such companies in Germany are examined in this dissertation and a noticeable pattern becomes evident. In an atmosphere of anti-Semitism, conservative non-Nazi businessmen approached Germany's three largest banks to request that they withdraw existing loans from the Hermann Tietz department store chain. Although this study focuses on the large Hermann Tietz and Leonhard Tietz retailers, it presents a new paradigm of Aryanization through analyses of the patterns of acquisition of massive publishing houses, as well as an enormous private bank, brewery, and gun manufacturer. The financial institutions participated because they earned fees, appointed bank executives to the formerly Jewish firms' Supervisory Boards and became the house bank conducting all future transactions. Courts were unwilling to intervene in the coerced acquisitions, because they shared the same conservative mindset as the businessmen and financial institutions. By focusing on the Jewish enterprises, it appears that the largest enterprises were frequently purchased in 1933-1935, whereas the tiny "Mom-and-Pop-shops" usually went out-of-business in 1938. This insight has not been noticed by the traditional model, since it does not differentiate between large and small companies. The cheap purchase of Jewish-owned companies occurred throughout the 1933 through 1938 timeframe. Saul Friedländer keenly observed a radical break in its implementation during these six pre-war years, with the pre-1936 period being a time of "relative moderation." He discerned a "new phase on the internal German scene" in 1936 in its manner of actualization, which had profound consequences. The 1936 break in the style of execution occurred due to Germany's economic growth and return to full employment as well as Göring's appointment to the Four Year Plan to prepare the nation for war. With regard to the Jewish citizens, the resulting "internal radicalization" in 1936 necessitated that in the opinion of the Reich "their assets [be] impounded for the benefit of German rearmament." Furthermore, Schacht's dismissal in 1938 also contributed to the Government replacing private opportunists as the key player in Aryanization. There were two periods of Aryanization. The 1933-1935 period, discussed in this dissertation, was characterized by an ad-hoc private initiative perpetrated by non-Nazi businessmen. In contrast, the 1936-1938 period was an organized state activity leading to the exclusion of Jewish businessmen from the German economy.Many historians have successfully elucidated the later 1936 through 1938 period of Aryanization directed from Berlin for the benefit of the state or private parties. By observing that the largest of Jewish-owned companies were taken during the earlier 1933 through 1935 period, this dissertation would like to make a contribution to scholarship. The responsibility for the 1933-1935 Aryanizations is placed firmly on the private sector, rather than on either the Nazi political party or on the central government in Berlin as has been characterized for the 1936-1938 timeframe. Another comprehensive break in the Aryanization process was the later focus on tens of thousands of mid-sized and small businesses as contrasted with the earlier conglomerates. The later timeframe additionally also concentrated on houses, apartments, acreage and even synagogues. This coincides with Friedländer's far-reaching break between the two periods of Aryanization. Although the following quotation concerns the difference between the prices paid for large versus small firms, perhaps Friedländer could accept my interpretative inclusions, which coincide with my perspective: "As noted in chapter 1 , recent research indicates that the considerable scope of [later] Aryanization at the medium- and small-business level was not indicative of the [earlier] situation at the higher level of the economy." The interpretive adaptation of Friedländer illustrates that although this dissertation is indebted to him for an Aryanization paradigm, with a thoroughgoing differentiation before and after 1936, there are some significant contributions in this research. Another such example concerns the role of Conservatives in the process of expropriating Jewish companies. Friedländer viewed Conservatives, such as Schacht, as a protection for the continuation of Jewish ownership or at least that fair market value would be offered. However, research uncovered in this dissertation indicated that in the earlier 1933-1935 period, Conservative businessmen without any capital were extended loans by Conservative bankers to coerce a sale in which Conservative judges were unwilling to ensure that justice was achieved. For the most part, one does not find documentation in the archives concerning the earlier 1933-1935 intervention by Adolf Hitler, Hermann Goering, or Rudolf Hess in the seizure of large Jewish-owned department stores, publishing houses, banks, and breweries. Instead, the key participants in the acquisition of such non-Gentile firms are non-NSDAP Party members, such as Joachim Tiburtius, Georg Karg, Max Winkler, Walther Frisch and Herbert Hoffmann. In Chapter III Section B4, this Dissertation has discovered and extrapolated on the venomous feature articles and lampoons beginning in December 1927 by Propaganda Minister Goebbels. However, my research process actually began by means of a different approach. In 2010, Business Historian Jeff Fear recommended that I begin my Aryanization research by reading microfilm on Hermann Göring's Four Year Plan. Two significant differences immediately emerged between my 1933-1935 bottom-up approach in the investigation of seizing Jewish firms and a later top-down procedure. First, I discovered that in building his financial colossus, Göring had not depended upon acquiring firms from the consumer sector as the private Aryanizers did. Göring's NSDAP-inspired technique involved acquiring control over firms in the Autobahn construction, car manufacturing and synthetic fuel and fiber replacement industries. Second, following Friedländer's observation, Göring's Four Year Plan commenced in 1936, which was after the timeframe from 1933 to 1935 in which the major Jewish companies had been "purchased." Private "purchases" of Jewish-owned businesses for personal benefit occurred years before Göring's acquisition of war-related industries for the state's benefit. The Dissertation does not seek to answer the question of whether comparatively smaller private sector Aryanizations influenced the later NSDAP's public infrastructure acquisitions. In addition, neither Friedländer nor I attempt to address the quantitative issues of what percentage of rearmament funding originated with Hjalmar Schacht's Metallurgische Forschungsgesellschaft promissory notes (also known as Mefo bills) as opposed to the requisition of Jewish assets. The hesitancy to be more quantitatively precise in both Aryanization and the funding of German rearmament is indirectly acknowledged by Friedländer's admission: "It is difficult to assess what was paid. to the tens of thousands of Jewish owners." This dissertation merely seeks to contribute to the understanding of early Aryanization. Neither the Aryanization by the state or by private individuals in the later 1936-1938 period are addressed. Numerous other economic issues remain for future research, including other private to public transitions such as the private pre-1933 building of the Autobahn to the later Organisation Todt construction of the roads. One of the three largest financial organizations was the Dresdner Bank. Its executive Karl Rasche was made a scapegoat by his firm in the subsequent war-crimes trials at Nuremberg. In contrast, little is known about other Dresdner Bank executives, not to mention the numerous local bank managers who organized lists of local businessmen seeking a quick profit. Similarly, little is known about German businessmen, who were not Nazi Party members, but who nevertheless took advantage of the political circumstances to enrich themselves. Germans viewed post-war de-Nazification proceedings as "victor justice," and thus these post-war processes are replete with whitewashed assessments of how German businessmen acquired Jewish firms. Since the original Jewish proprietors were usually unaware of the confidential negotiations between the three banks and the new Gentile owners, the restitution trials are often unhelpful to the historian. Nevertheless the common perspective of a "perpetrator" as one carrying a weapon, is expanded to include "ordinary" non-Nazi businessmen who enriched themselves at Jewish expense.

If you consider for a second the radical technological evolution, you will realize that our everyday life has changed dramatically the recent years. Not only at the electronic level of evolution but also at the personal communication. A new era has already started and requires crucial reforms to our everyday life, and to the political, social, military, economical aspects. This sudden change of scene has affected significantly the way we work, we communicate and socialize, the way we inform ourselves about the news, and even when we do the housework. From this revolution, the existing structures cannot respond to these technological evolutions, our thoughts and actions should be adapted to the radical changes and create, for example, new political and economic norms. If someone cannot follow the way technology evolves, he or she will stay in the dark and lose the arsenal at the cyber war. Of course, the military security of a state could not stay aside from the technological route. From the 90's, electrical grids, data, malware, hardware and software are some vivid examples of the alterations that had been made in the military area. A state cannot concentrate only on the military's physical appearance, but should consider the intelligence and espionage part of a war. The attacker could be a terrorist, a hacker or maybe an activist that tries to spread his/ her ideas and create panic. It is crucial for a state's security to defend first its citizens and its critical infrastructures. The "sophisticated use of communications" (NATO Website) has altered the way an armed conflict flares. Cyber-attacks, cyber espionage, stealing governments' information are few examples of the new form of terrorism which, most importantly, hides a political motive. The weaponized malware introduces a new type of war, Cyber Warfare and Cyber Terrorism. The attackers with their digital weapons, such as worms, viruses and Trojans can affect not only the defense of a state but also the civilians' life, their opinion on a matter. The leak of vital information to the public may cause panic and armed riots. If people think that the government has manipulated them, they will revolt against it. The attacker may not be limited to cyber-attacks or stealing information, but use public cameras or private ones from laptops for surveillance reasons. He could use the information recorded to threaten the victims with the videos going public. This big new game in cyberspace has many aspects, many that we have not discovered yet, and everyone, especially the states and academic community should plan and promote solutions and defense mechanisms. For the attacker, is not necessary to have a physical appearance in the arena of Cyber War but he needs only a computer for his offense, for his whole plan. Without risking his life and spending a large amount of money, he will offend his target and win the battle. His real identity will remain anonymous by using temporary nicknames and guest names, the Darknet and a variety of cryptography mechanisms, making difficult for the intelligence and security agencies to track down his location and his real personal information. Thus, it is important to address the arising problems of the new era as soon as possible, with the technological evolutions and threats. However, the weaponized malware is not the only aspect of Cyber Warfare that should notice. Social media have entered vividly to personal communications. In a matter of seconds, people can be informed from their mobile phone, their tablets or laptops while they work, walk or entertain. The rapid spread of information has revolutionized the cyber era and made people media consumers and victims of worthless information. Their personal identity and their desires are shaping according to the global trends that social media present. Mobile applications introduce people to national and international news, help them communicate and share their thoughts for a variety of subjects. Unfortunately, their identity is exposed to the internet, shaped from the desires that the international community presents and losing their real personal identity, without knowing the threats. It is well obvious that the variety and number of targets are enormous and the future victims are not aware of the cyber dangers and how vulnerable they are against the new cyber threats. As Brian Solis stated, "Social media is about sociology and psychology more than technology" (Brian Solis, "Social Media is About Social Science Not Technology", March 14, 2012). Because of the multiple audiences, the feelings of terror and the brand awareness, an information vacuum has been created to this new era. Social sciences are now in need to face the current and future challenges in cyberspace. The traditional social sciences will help promote innovative solutions and ideas, evolve the current political framework and improve the current governmental structure. They will be used as a theoretical basis for the analysts to promote their ideas and propose multiple solutions to the threat of cyber –attacks. With respect to human rights, the academic community must set an analytical framework, deepen her research and suggest ideas for the regulation problem in cyberspace. All levels of governance, political, economic, military, and social must be evolved according to the latest technological developments and in parallel with the technological modernization. With the alterations at the international and national framework, many states have emerged as the first cyber powers. States are trying to evolve technologically without losing their national identity and stay behind to the electronic weapon arsenal. In an international system where "war of all against all" dominates (Thomas Hobbes, "Leviathan", 1651), the need for political and social recommendations is demanding. The emerging cyber powers and states trying to follow the technological evolution, in cooperation with the private sector, should share information upon the attackers, their methods and their targets. Secrecy concerning security issues will not help a unified cyber strategy against attackers and develop the necessary structure for the new cyber era of connectivity. Victims of cyber-attacks should go in public and share their experience upon the new threat, how it has affected its function and how the defenders could collaborate with other actors to retaliate against the terrorists. Often people say that those cyber threats are exaggerated and there is no risk for the state's and civilian's security. But who will take the risk and ignore the uprising threats? Who will ignore that these cyber-attacks gain access to many critical infrastructures, steal confidential information, take control and cripple of electronic systems? This ability to attack critical infrastructures such as military electronic documents, water supply infrastructures, banks and many more, in a terrorist's hand or a group of terrorists may have significant consequences to regional and national security - sovereignty. It is unavoidable that new vulnerabilities at electronic systems will be discovered constantly, but that does not mean that governments should stop promote their national defense strategy and build step by step cyber defense measures to prevent further consequences of the cyber-attacks. It is common that an actor (terrorist or hacker) will want to intrude military infrastructure, hack a bank or steal personal information of a well-known person for several reasons (political, religious, ideological reasons). A government cannot defend itself against cyber- attacks. But the damage caused could have irreversible results to the state and its bone structure. Thus, states must harden to the newly threats and prevent denial of services from taking national systems getting done to their knees, prevent the manipulation of national critical infrastructures and the spread of panic. No one can dare to ignore that if cyber weapons are in hands of a terrorist will have immeasurable results to the electronic function of a nation and letting the attacker succeed his target. No one knows how destructive an attack of cyber warfare could be.

Virtually the entire scientific, political, business, and social community is aware of the importance of climate change. Countries adhering to the Kyoto Protocol have taken up the challenge of reducing carbon emission, implementing national policies that include the introduction of carbon emissions trading programs, voluntary programs, taxes on carbon emissions and energy efficiency standards. In this context, the business world must be able to generate a carbon reduction strategy to ensure long-term success, considering also that customers (and investors) are ever more interested in the well-being of the environment, and increasingly demand their suppliers to be eco-friendly. This thesis has addressed the problem of designing (or redesigning) the supply chain to reduce carbon emission in an economically viable and, as far as possible, optimal way. The thesis addresses the problem by designing a complete and formalized methodology, which also includes a mathematical model to determine the best decisions to take. The research begins, as usual, with a review of the basic terminology, standards and the scientific literature related to the topic. From the review of the literature, it has been concluded that, although there are authors who propose models related to the design of the supply chain including carbon reduction, there is a lack of formalized methodologies that can be applied to real cases . The methodology consists of 4 stages: 1) The creation of a corporate carbon strategy; 2) The alignment with strategic financial planning; 3) The development of a mathematical model; and 4) The implementation and tracking. In the first stage a six-step guide is developed to create a corporate carbon strategy. The steps are: 1) Determine the type of emission; 2) Boundaries definition; 3) Planning and performance information; 4) ldentify carbon reduction opportunities; 5) Determine carbon reduction goals; 6) Participating in programs and carbon markets . In the second stage, the corporate carbon strategy is evaluated from a financial point of view and integrated into the strategic planning. In the third stage, a Mixed lnteger Linear Programming (MILP) model is proposed to obtain a plan for the supply chain redesign, so that: 1) the carbon reduction targets are achieved; 2) the strategic financial plan is taken into account; 3) all the real possibilities are contemplated to redesign the supply chain; and 4) a solution is achieved to optimize the economic results of the company. The carbon reduction methodology , including the mathematical model, has been applied to three case studies that are useful for adjusting sorne elements and for its validation . The first case study corresponds to a company that operates in the Home and Personal Care sector in Brazil, where the system of taxes is more complex than in other countries and illustrates how the mathematical model can be adapted to any context. The second case study deals with a multinational company which operates in the Foods sector in Spain and requires a redesign of the supply chain to improve its product cost. Finally, the third case used a company in the U.S. to show the effect of the scope definition on the carbon strategy. In the three cases, the solution of the mathematical model maximizes the net profit, whilst the carbon reduction target is achieved. Therefore, the carbon reduction methodology is useful for achieving economic and environmental benefits, as well as providing benefits related to the improvement of the corporate image, strengthening of brands and avoiding possible carbon taxes risks. In conclusion, the carbon reduction methodology proposed in this thesis, was developed to support companies that want to generate a competitive advantage and a sustainable development. In addition, it was designed to be flexible enough to adapt to the needs of each business and facilitate its execution in the business world. ; Prácticamente toda la comunidad científica, política, comercial y social es consciente de la importancia del desafío medio ambiental relacionado con las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEi). Los paises adheridos al Protocolo de Kioto han asumido el desafío de reducir los GEi, implementando políticas que incluyen programas de comercio de emisiones , programas voluntarios, impuestos sobre la emisión de GEi y normas sobre eficiencia energética. En este contexto, el mundo empresarial debe ser capaz de generar una estrategia de reducción de GEi para garantizar el éxito a largo plazo, considerando además que los clientes están cada vez más interesados en el bienestar del medio ambiente . Esta tesis ha abordado el problema de diseñar (o rediseñar) la cadena de suministro como vía para la reducción de GEi de una manera económicamente viable y, en la medida de lo posible, óptima. La tesis aborda la problemática diseñando una metodología completa y formalizada, que incluye también un modelo matemático para determinar las mejores decisiones a tomar. De la revisión de la literatura, se ha concluido que, si bien existen autores que proponen modelos relacionados con el diseño de la cadena de suministro que incluyen la reducción de GEi, no existen trabajos que propongan una metodología completa y suficientemente formalizada que puedan ser aplicados a la realidad. La metodología consta de 4 etapas que son: 1) La creación de una estrategia corporativa para la reducción de GEi; 2) La alineación con la planificación financiera estratégica; 3) El desarrollo de un modelo matemático; y 4) La implementación y seguimiento. En la primera etapa se desarrolla una guía de seis pasos para crear una estrategia corporativa para la reducción de GEi, los pasos son: 1) Determinar el tipo de emisión; 2) Definir el alcance; 3) Establecer las bases de la medición; 4) Identificar oportunidades de reducción de GEi; 5) Establecer los objetivos; 6) Planificar la participación en programas de reducción de GEi. En la segunda etapa, la estrategia corporativa antes propuesta, se evalúa desde un punto de vista financiero y se integra en la planificación estratégica. En la tercera etapa, se propone un modelo de Programación Lineal Entera Mixta para obtener un plan para et rediseño de ta cadena de suministro, de modo que: 1) se logren tos objetivos de reducción de GEi; 2) se tenga en cuenta el plan financiero estratégico; 3) se contemplen todas las posibilidades reales para rediseñar la cadena de suministro; y 4) se optimicen tos resultados económicos de la empresa. La metodología, incluyendo el programa matemático se ha probado en tres casos de estudio. El primer caso de estudio corresponde a una multinacional del sector de productos de higiene del hogar y cuidado personal que opera en Brasil, donde el modelo matemático fue adaptado para integrar beneficios fiscales. El segundo caso trata de una multinacional del sector alimentario basada en España que requiere un rediseño de la cadena de suministro para mejorar el coste de producir. Finalmente, en el tercer caso se utiliza una empresa del sector del metal basada en EE. UU., para ilustrar la importancia de la definición de límites y responsabilidades corporativas . En los tres casos de estudio, el modelo matemático maximiza el beneficio neto mientras alcanza el objetivo de reducción de GEi. Por lo tanto, la metodología es útil para conseguir beneficios económicos y medio ambientales, además de brindar beneficios relacionados con la mejora de la imagen corporativa, fortalecimiento de las marcas y el evitar posibles riesgos impositivos . En conclusión, la metodología propuesta fue desarrollada para que su implementación pueda generar en las empresas una ventaja competitiva y un crecimiento fundamentado en la sostenibilidad ambiental; asimismo, fue diseñada para que sea lo suficientemente flexible y pueda adaptarse a las necesidades de cada negocio ; Postprint (published version)

The article studies the key approaches to understanding the reputation of one of the key subjects of the political process, i.e. of a political party. The Ukrainian society currently has a growing demand for the reputation of political parties. The author emphasizes that the most citizens of Ukraine choose apolitical party not by their political programs, but rather by their images created by the mass media. There is a solid tendency, that results of the elections depend on the reputation of a political party, which may serve as a guarantor of social stability of the society in general. That is why mass consciousness has a growingly fixed vision of reputation as a certain value, the existence of which determined the success of a political force.The author stresses that certain aspect of the concept of "reputation" have already been studied, primarily in the political leadership theory and during the studies of images of political leaders. The understanding of a reputation has been personalized since ancient times. That is why, the article highlights and explains the personalized approach to this phenomenon. The article shows that Confucius, Laozi, Protagoras, Plato, Titus Livy, Plutarch, N. Machiavelli and others have determined a direct dependency between the welfare of whole nations and the correspondence of the ruler to a certain "ideal image", which consisted of a number of moral and ethical qualities.It has been determined that, unlike the reputation of a political party, the study of personal reputation is explained by a considerably late appearance of actual political parties. At the start of the process, we may remember the socalled movement of "The Populares" – a sociopolitical coalition, which started to form soon after the end of the second Punic war (218-201 BC). The first prototypes of modern political parties appear only during the periods of bourgeois revolutions and the appearance of parliamentary forms of fighting for power. The concrete examples may be the 16701680-s in England (Tory and Whigs); the 1780-1790-s in France (Jacobins and Girondins). The first parties of a modern type appear in the first half of the 19th century. On the basis of this, a conclusion is drawn that due to objective reasons, namely, the time of party formation, there is a longer history of studying the reputation of a person.The author notes that the concept of a "reputation of a political party" is not used as a fixed term in modern political science. It is rather used in association with such terms as "brand", "image", "cognitive image". At the same time, image and reputation have different purposes – image is aimed exclusively at the consumer of services whereas reputation is aimed at consumers, employees, partners, society etc. The author substantiates that personal reputation (reputation of the leader of a political party) is connected to the reputation of a political party in general. This may be seen on the examples of modern "personalized" political parties of Ukraine. Unlike the image, reputation must be suited in the context of personality, an actual living person as it may not exist separately from its bearer.In the context of understanding the reputation of a political party, the practical contents of the concept of "sustainability of electoral preferences" is revealed. It has been determined that the shift of the reputation of a certain political party may objectively influence the shift of electoral preferences. This, in turn, may signify that a sustainable reputation of apolitical party is a certain guarantee of the sustainability of electoral preferences.The author uses various approaches – economic, legal, sociological, communicative, systemic, socio-philosophic – to reputation analysis. In general, the study concludes that reputation of a political party must be viewed as a phenomenon of public opinion, evaluation of moral, business and professional qualities of the members of a certain party. It should be viewed as a non-material resource or a non-material assets of a political organization. ; The article studies the key approaches to understanding the reputation of one of the key subjects of the political process, i.e. of a political party. The Ukrainian society currently has a growing demand for the reputation of political parties. The author emphasizes that the most citizens of Ukraine choose apolitical party not by their political programs, but rather by their images created by the mass media. There is a solid tendency, that results of the elections depend on the reputation of a political party, which may serve as a guarantor of social stability of the society in general. That is why mass consciousness has a growingly fixed vision of reputation as a certain value, the existence of which determined the success of a political force.The author stresses that certain aspect of the concept of "reputation" have already been studied, primarily in the political leadership theory and during the studies of images of political leaders. The understanding of a reputation has been personalized since ancient times. That is why, the article highlights and explains the personalized approach to this phenomenon. The article shows that Confucius, Laozi, Protagoras, Plato, Titus Livy, Plutarch, N. Machiavelli and others have determined a direct dependency between the welfare of whole nations and the correspondence of the ruler to a certain "ideal image", which consisted of a number of moral and ethical qualities.It has been determined that, unlike the reputation of a political party, the study of personal reputation is explained by a considerably late appearance of actual political parties. At the start of the process, we may remember the socalled movement of "The Populares" – a sociopolitical coalition, which started to form soon after the end of the second Punic war (218-201 BC). The first prototypes of modern political parties appear only during the periods of bourgeois revolutions and the appearance of parliamentary forms of fighting for power. The concrete examples may be the 16701680-s in England (Tory and Whigs); the 1780-1790-s in France (Jacobins and Girondins). The first parties of a modern type appear in the first half of the 19th century. On the basis of this, a conclusion is drawn that due to objective reasons, namely, the time of party formation, there is a longer history of studying the reputation of a person.The author notes that the concept of a "reputation of a political party" is not used as a fixed term in modern political science. It is rather used in association with such terms as "brand", "image", "cognitive image". At the same time, image and reputation have different purposes – image is aimed exclusively at the consumer of services whereas reputation is aimed at consumers, employees, partners, society etc. The author substantiates that personal reputation (reputation of the leader of a political party) is connected to the reputation of a political party in general. This may be seen on the examples of modern "personalized" political parties of Ukraine. Unlike the image, reputation must be suited in the context of personality, an actual living person as it may not exist separately from its bearer.In the context of understanding the reputation of a political party, the practical contents of the concept of "sustainability of electoral preferences" is revealed. It has been determined that the shift of the reputation of a certain political party may objectively influence the shift of electoral preferences. This, in turn, may signify that a sustainable reputation of apolitical party is a certain guarantee of the sustainability of electoral preferences.The author uses various approaches – economic, legal, sociological, communicative, systemic, socio-philosophic – to reputation analysis. In general, the study concludes that reputation of a political party must be viewed as a phenomenon of public opinion, evaluation of moral, business and professional qualities of the members of a certain party. It should be viewed as a non-material resource or a non-material assets of a political organization.

Contrato de confidencialidad por publicación. ; The environmental impact has become a growing global concern in the current economic and social spheres, including consumers, companies, politicians and organizations of various kinds. Therefore, to survive within the current situation, marked by highly dynamic, volatile and hyper-competitive scenarios, companies should adopt strategies aimed at encouraging sustainability and innovation. The growing social concern and regulatory environment is significantly contributing to the development of green innovation strategies by a large number of companies, which is allowing them to ensure their long-term survival and to increase performance (LaForet, 2009). Companies must therefore make an effort to keep up-to-date of changes, fluctuations and trends emerging in the market gradually. This implies to be oriented to the demands of their main customers and stakeholders, developing a strategy of orientation toward sustainability and green innovation. The increasing demands of society in environmental matters is forcing companies to integrate sustainability issues into its regular activity so that the company achieve its social, environmental and economic objectives. There are two main driving forces that promote environmental management (Chen, 2008): (i) the international set of rules and regulations concerning the protection of the environment, and (ii) the ecological awareness of consumers (Chen, Lai and Wen, 2006). Anyone that are the objectives that lead companies to carry out environmental management, the integration of environmental sustainability issues in business strategy and the ecological orientation of the innovation process is becoming a strategic opportunity for firms (Porter & Reinhardt, 2007). Therefore, as indicated by several studies, environmental management and green practices are closely linked to business innovation (Aragón-Correa, 1998; Perez-Valls et al, 2015). In this sense, those companies that are pioneers in the generation of strategies of green innovation will be able to maintain competitive advantages. Therefore, the success of green innovation performance (GIP) helps companies to achieve greater efficiency, as well as to establish and strengthen their core competencies and to improve their green image. Consequently, all this will allow businesses to achieve superior performance and greater profitability (Chen, 2008). The literature focused on the study of organizational capabilities highlights dynamic capabilities approach (DC) as a valuable source of generation of sustainable competitive advantages, and as a key component for access, the achievement and development of new knowledge to improve innovation outcomes. Several authors have defined dynamic capabilities as a set of processes that are necessary for the reconfiguration of the routines and resources of a company (Cepeda and Vera, 2007). In addition, the latest literature in the field of knowledge management highlights the concepts of relationship learning (RL), absorptive capacity (ACAP) and knowledge base (KB), as fundamental drivers of firm innovativeness and performance. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is to try to understand in depth the concept of green innovation performance, as well as to ascertain the impact exerted by the distinct drivers of green innovation –dynamic capabilities, knowledge base, relationship learning and absorptive capacity–. Accordingly, we focus our study with the target of answering the following research questions, which we will group into four blocks: Question 1: What are the conceptual roots of the green innovation variable? Question 2: To what extent do the existing internal capabilities of firms and their interaction with external knowledge sources —relationship learning enhancement —affect the level of green innovation performance? Question 3: How does the presence of relationship learning actually affect the link between a firm's knowledge base and green innovation performance? Question 4: How does a firm's potential absorptive capacity influence realized absorptive capacity? How does a firm's potential absorptive capacity influence the creation of green innovation through processes and products? How does a firm's realized absorptive capacity influence the creation of green innovation through processes and products? Within the introduction and development of the four main chapters, together with the theoretical background gathered in Chapter 2, we have proposed to respond to the key research questions and to empirically test the relations postulated. The first research question is dealt with in Chapter 3. The second question is considered in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 assesses the third research question. Lastly, Chapter 6 evaluates the fourth research question. The first conclusion of this thesis is that the companies' base of resources and capabilities is essential for the development of green innovations, since it allows them to obtain a competitive advantage in dynamic and turbulent environments. Organizations are different from each other. For this reason, companies have to work hard to acquire and develop the combination of resources and capabilities that allow them to adapt to the environmental needs identified in the market and society in general, and acquire a favorable position in relation to their competitors. In this vein, the most valuable resource within companies these days is its knowledge base. A firm's knowledge base establishes the possibility and ability to understand and employ novel knowledge for problem solving, decision making or innovations development (Ahuja and Katila, 2001). For this reason, companies should have a deep and broad knowledge base, since it enables its preparation for catalyzing new ideas that might lead to launching innovative products and services successfully. However, it is necessary for companies to develop and keep absorptive capacity to improve their outcomes and spread competitive advantages, given that this absorptive capacity can strengthen, reorient or supplement the previous organizational knowledge base, as well as interpret and exploit the new knowledge acquired. In addition, dynamic capabilities allow firms to develop particularly unique, reliable and satisfactory combinations of internal and external resources that may lead to creating value for the customers and other stakeholders, whose needs are continually evolving. Therefore, green innovation performance requires firms to implement changes on the basis of dynamic capabilities development and effective knowledge absorption and management processes. The second conclusion of this study is the importance of the companies' creation of relationship learning ties with their stakeholders in order to learn about new environmental requirements and in this way adapt their resources and capabilities to obtain green innovation performance. Relationship learning is a joint activity between the firm and one or more parts –supplier, customer, partner, competitors, etc.–, whose objective is to share information and strenghthen the knowledge base (Leal-Rodríguez et al., 2014). For example, it is important that the companies build and maintain relationship learning mechanisms with their suppliers to negotiate the type of raw material that they need or the packaging design. Consequently, companies should share, combine and integrate information about environmental topics to improve their yields. The last conclusion of the present thesis is that there are not significant differences between green product and process innovation. Green product innovation deals with the introduction of new products or services characterized by waste recycling, energy-saving or reducing the use of polluting resources, whereas green process innovation is connected with the development of production which satisfies the requirements of environmental protection. These two types of innovation are interrelated as developing a green product innovation adapts the processes that operators take into account of the environmental requirements which should be followed. As a result, green process innovations are worked out with the idea of creating eco-friendly products that respect and care for the environment, or modify existing products in a firm's portfolio with the intention of adapting them to the new needs of the market. The empirical results extracted reveal that potential and realized absorptive capacity are positively linked to both green product and process innovation performance. ; Premio Extraordinario de Doctorado US

The present impacts from coastal storms and high tides grow significantly over time due to SLR even over the relatively short period to 2060. Hydrodynamic model simulations of storm surge with and without sea level rise scenarios show that although flooding and inundation increases with increasing subtidal forcing and higher sea level, dissipation of the tide and storm surge in the estuary channel somewhat limits the maximum inundation that might otherwise be expected in the back marsh areas. The estuary is dominated by high marsh, which lies high in the intertidal zone and by 2060 it will convert to mostly low marsh unless it can build very rapidly (greater than 5 mm/year). The marsh supports fisheries and many charismatic birds, some marsh dependent, and provides a culturally significant view-scape across the estuary. The Sea Level Affecting Marsh Model (SLAMM) was used to predict habitat changes due to 0.73 m SLR by 2060 under different accretion rates and levels of protection for developed areas that became intertidal. Although the relative amounts of high marsh and low marsh varied dramatically, the overall marsh area remained within 5% of the current levels and mostly increased if marsh accretion rates exceeded 2 mm/year. Limited areas of intertidal flats supporting shellfish exist in present day, but in the near future culturally important recreational shellfish areas will convert to open water. However, areas that are currently low marsh will drown and may provide future shellfish areas. The open water harbor is important for boating, access to coastal waters and recreational fishing. Currently, the open water area is small, but may double in size by 2060 and the greater tides relative to the marsh elevation will create a different feel for the estuarine landscape in the future because high tides will regularly cover larger areas of the marsh with seawater. Outside of the estuary on the oceanfront, beaches and dunes support tourism and intensive recreational use as well as federally protected nesting shorebirds (piping plover, least tern). Most of the outer beach is exposed to Gulf of Maine waters. Where there are existing floodwalls, rising sea levels will worsen the storm danger and damage to the integrity of the walls. Unless walls are raised, storms will also transport massive amounts of beach sediments over the walls and across the barrier system. Beaches will have less width and steep ramping to the walls will severely decrease the value of the beach for tourism. In areas with dune systems, very little change is predicted for this area because the dynamic equilibria of the dune-beach system will allow the beach to build in elevation as sea level rises and wind-driven dune building will continue. Bedrock outcrops (at Plaice Cove, Great Boars Head and the inlet) help reduce landward erosion. The socio-economic impacts result in more people flooded as sea level rises, particularly of socially vulnerable populations, and more anchor institutions flooded. Residents presently living in the most socially vulnerable census blocks were 8.6 times more likely to be located in the flood zone, compared to those living in blocks with low social vulnerability. Under climate change,census blocks with high percentages of the population living in poverty were 17.7 times more likely to be located in the flood zone. This analysis more likely reflects the winter/spring population than the summer population. The estimated annual expected value damages in the present are approximately $0.90 M. In 2060 with SLR they are $4.8 M. Using a 7 % discount rate, the present expected value of these damages between 2018 and 2060 is approximately $27 M. There are many sources of possible error in this value due to missing data, and not including damages to infrastructure, human mortality and morbidity, lost business (particularly recreation), and other cascading and multiplier events. We also do not include the value of ecosystem services. The adaptation goal focused on protecting the socio-economic systems of the barrier beach areas. Engineering approaches that only use hard structures or grey solutions may weigh the communities down with severe debt, result in long term damage to the environment and degrade the charm and attractiveness of the area to tourists. On the other hand, allowing over-wash and marsh migration everywhere will reduce the number of people and tourists that benefit from the beaches and dunes, shellfish flats, marinas, fishing and marshes. Because marshes of limited area do not significantly decrease storm surge and there is limited wave activity on the western, inland side of the barrier beaches, the marshes may not directly contribute to reducing the flooding on the western side of the barrier beaches. Regional solutions such as building a berm or a floodwall (smaller footprint limits direct marsh losses) to limit land loss will prevent marsh migration. Flood protection berms to protect all residential development bordering the estuary will result in significant marsh loss. Individual site flood management actions such elevating buildings must be employed there. The most expensive adaptations are needed on the coastal side where the beach-dune system has been replaced by an armored shoreline (seawalls) designed for pedestrians and automobiles, but not beach goers. These walls need to be fortified; their expansion opens an opportunity to provide alternate transportation pathways that are safe (bike lane), green space, and a more attractive promenade (increasing ecosystem/cultural services for residents and visitors). The beaches need to be nourished to provide sandy areas at high tide (especially in the northern areas) to better support the tourism industry. The two oceanfront sections without walls or dune systems were especially vulnerable; these could benefit from green adaptation solutions that construct and maintain sacrificial dunes at relatively low cost. Residential areas landward of existing dune fields were deemed the best protected and only required low cost adaptation decisions (e.g., building sand barriers at beach access cuts and maintaining dune health). Heavily used roads that cross marshes on causeways will need to be raised. Although more expensive, roadways elevated above the marsh surface will reduce impacts from direct filling and provide better tidal exchange. Thus throughout the HSE, there are limited reasonable green options for coastal flood management here. The present value adaptation costs in 2018 including capital and maintenance costs discounted at 7 % is approximately $149 M. This adaptation cost is more than the previously estimated damage avoided cost or benefit of $27 M. Because, as noted earlier, this benefit estimate is significantly underestimated due to data and methodological limitations, we cannot really state this project is not cost-effective; it actually may be cost effective. A lower discount rate would also increase it cost-effectiveness. Adaptation would mitigate some of the direct impacts to social vulnerable populations, but in some areas would require towns investing in the protection of their individual residents instead of being part of a possibly less costly regional solution. The adaptation plan could provide important public health benefits through the addition of the green elevated walkway (in place of current parkingspaces) along the floodwall. We met with several local non-governmental (NG) and mixed governmental and NG organizations over the grant lifetime. They generally support our findings. One possible troubling possibility is that 75% of respondents of one relatively small, but representative, sample agreed that convincing residents to support flood protection measures that may benefit home-owners in the flood zone, at the perceived 'expense' of those residents who do not live in the flood zone, is a significant challenge to municipal adaptation planning and emergency preparedness. In response to the statement, "Residents generally would be receptive to implementing the green/gray strategies presented", 43% disagreed, 14% were neutral, and 43% agreed. As described above, the marshes themselves are not major contributors to present and future flood protection in the area. They are, of course, valuable for other reasons. Examples include habitat, runoff treatment, recreation, tourism, and carbon storage. An estimate of the annual values of these services in HSE are approximately $370 M under present and future SLR conditions. Thus, their preservation should be a priority.

The article studies the key approaches to understanding the reputation of one of the key subjects of the political process, i.e. of a political party. The Ukrainian society currently has a growing demand for the reputation of political parties. The author emphasizes that the most citizens of Ukraine choose apolitical party not by their political programs, but rather by their images created by the mass media. There is a solid tendency, that results of the elections depend on the reputation of a political party, which may serve as a guarantor of social stability of the society in general. That is why mass consciousness has a growingly fixed vision of reputation as a certain value, the existence of which determined the success of a political force.The author stresses that certain aspect of the concept of "reputation" have already been studied, primarily in the political leadership theory and during the studies of images of political leaders. The understanding of a reputation has been personalized since ancient times. That is why, the article highlights and explains the personalized approach to this phenomenon. The article shows that Confucius, Laozi, Protagoras, Plato, Titus Livy, Plutarch, N. Machiavelli and others have determined a direct dependency between the welfare of whole nations and the correspondence of the ruler to a certain "ideal image", which consisted of a number of moral and ethical qualities.It has been determined that, unlike the reputation of a political party, the study of personal reputation is explained by a considerably late appearance of actual political parties. At the start of the process, we may remember the socalled movement of "The Populares" – a sociopolitical coalition, which started to form soon after the end of the second Punic war (218-201 BC). The first prototypes of modern political parties appear only during the periods of bourgeois revolutions and the appearance of parliamentary forms of fighting for power. The concrete examples may be the 16701680-s in England (Tory and Whigs); the 1780-1790-s in France (Jacobins and Girondins). The first parties of a modern type appear in the first half of the 19th century. On the basis of this, a conclusion is drawn that due to objective reasons, namely, the time of party formation, there is a longer history of studying the reputation of a person.The author notes that the concept of a "reputation of a political party" is not used as a fixed term in modern political science. It is rather used in association with such terms as "brand", "image", "cognitive image". At the same time, image and reputation have different purposes – image is aimed exclusively at the consumer of services whereas reputation is aimed at consumers, employees, partners, society etc. The author substantiates that personal reputation (reputation of the leader of a political party) is connected to the reputation of a political party in general. This may be seen on the examples of modern "personalized" political parties of Ukraine. Unlike the image, reputation must be suited in the context of personality, an actual living person as it may not exist separately from its bearer.In the context of understanding the reputation of a political party, the practical contents of the concept of "sustainability of electoral preferences" is revealed. It has been determined that the shift of the reputation of a certain political party may objectively influence the shift of electoral preferences. This, in turn, may signify that a sustainable reputation of apolitical party is a certain guarantee of the sustainability of electoral preferences.The author uses various approaches – economic, legal, sociological, communicative, systemic, socio-philosophic – to reputation analysis. In general, the study concludes that reputation of a political party must be viewed as a phenomenon of public opinion, evaluation of moral, business and professional qualities of the members of a certain party. It should be viewed as a non-material resource or a non-material assets of a political organization. ; The article studies the key approaches to understanding the reputation of one of the key subjects of the political process, i.e. of a political party. The Ukrainian society currently has a growing demand for the reputation of political parties. The author emphasizes that the most citizens of Ukraine choose apolitical party not by their political programs, but rather by their images created by the mass media. There is a solid tendency, that results of the elections depend on the reputation of a political party, which may serve as a guarantor of social stability of the society in general. That is why mass consciousness has a growingly fixed vision of reputation as a certain value, the existence of which determined the success of a political force.The author stresses that certain aspect of the concept of "reputation" have already been studied, primarily in the political leadership theory and during the studies of images of political leaders. The understanding of a reputation has been personalized since ancient times. That is why, the article highlights and explains the personalized approach to this phenomenon. The article shows that Confucius, Laozi, Protagoras, Plato, Titus Livy, Plutarch, N. Machiavelli and others have determined a direct dependency between the welfare of whole nations and the correspondence of the ruler to a certain "ideal image", which consisted of a number of moral and ethical qualities.It has been determined that, unlike the reputation of a political party, the study of personal reputation is explained by a considerably late appearance of actual political parties. At the start of the process, we may remember the socalled movement of "The Populares" – a sociopolitical coalition, which started to form soon after the end of the second Punic war (218-201 BC). The first prototypes of modern political parties appear only during the periods of bourgeois revolutions and the appearance of parliamentary forms of fighting for power. The concrete examples may be the 16701680-s in England (Tory and Whigs); the 1780-1790-s in France (Jacobins and Girondins). The first parties of a modern type appear in the first half of the 19th century. On the basis of this, a conclusion is drawn that due to objective reasons, namely, the time of party formation, there is a longer history of studying the reputation of a person.The author notes that the concept of a "reputation of a political party" is not used as a fixed term in modern political science. It is rather used in association with such terms as "brand", "image", "cognitive image". At the same time, image and reputation have different purposes – image is aimed exclusively at the consumer of services whereas reputation is aimed at consumers, employees, partners, society etc. The author substantiates that personal reputation (reputation of the leader of a political party) is connected to the reputation of a political party in general. This may be seen on the examples of modern "personalized" political parties of Ukraine. Unlike the image, reputation must be suited in the context of personality, an actual living person as it may not exist separately from its bearer.In the context of understanding the reputation of a political party, the practical contents of the concept of "sustainability of electoral preferences" is revealed. It has been determined that the shift of the reputation of a certain political party may objectively influence the shift of electoral preferences. This, in turn, may signify that a sustainable reputation of apolitical party is a certain guarantee of the sustainability of electoral preferences.The author uses various approaches – economic, legal, sociological, communicative, systemic, socio-philosophic – to reputation analysis. In general, the study concludes that reputation of a political party must be viewed as a phenomenon of public opinion, evaluation of moral, business and professional qualities of the members of a certain party. It should be viewed as a non-material resource or a non-material assets of a political organization.

The circle of the Sixties, which was never homogeneous, included artists from different fields, such as writers, artists, composers, actors and directors, as well as physicians, physicists, educators, librarians, philologists, economists, and lawyers. The purpose of this study is to expand the range of names of those individuals who stood in the defense of national self-affirmation, to supplement the known facts by forgotten or inaccessible material, create generalizations and evaluate the material in terms of objectivity and impartiality. For this purpose, various materials, in particular little-known correspondence which remains in handwritten form within the fund's institutions, are also subjected to scholarly study, as well as autobiographical memoirs, legal documents, declassified party archives under the heading "Secret", testimonies of eyewitnesses, and documentary lectures. Particular attention is merited by the diary of Peter Shelest, whose mask, as an official Communist Party figure of the day who was forced to justify the Moscow-propaganda position of the right from the highest rostrum, concealed a man with democratic views who was in favor of the Ukrainian-democratic movement, sympathized with the artists and the general Ukrainian elite, was loyal to the opposition, and cared for national economic interests, the thorough study of untapped pages of the past, and Ukrainianization in the field of education.The movement of the 1960s in Ukraine was extremely variegated and heterogeneous, and it is not possible to unite all its representatives into a single whole. But for all the heterogeneity and complete contradictions of the era, they shared political, economic and national conditions in which the promise of freedom — creative, and, consequently, personal — resounded. Moreover, this freedom even had a chronological range — from the period of the "thaw", that is, the XXth Congress of the CPSU (Communist Party of Soviet Union), after the report of Nikita Khrushchev on the decadence of the cult, to the introduction of tanks into a democratic and rebellious Prague on August 20-21, 1968, which marked the end of democracy and revival. Artists, resorting to self-sacrifice, striving for the individual expression of the inner being in their own visual and sensual world, feeling the delicious taste and natural need for expression, came forward, first of all, in words, against the social prison environment, ideological restrictions, threats and outright terror, utopian models of "everything for the good of man ", a brutal bourgeoisie and a provincial routine. This inevitably led to social conflicts and neuroses. Unlike the opposition in other countries at this period, the Ukrainian citizen body was also characterized by the accentuation of the national question, which the party leaders tried to erase from the agenda in every way, according to the "general plan" from the time of the empire, completely levelling the nation. The use of mass repressions and psychiatric "sweepers", in opposition to the Ukrainian intelligentsia, and deportation into the harsh regime's camps, caused a storm of protests — open and hidden. Now is the time to abandon the dusty histories on the bookshelves and study the Samvydav (Samizdat) publications which are now being read as important documents of the recent era ; В круг шестидесятников, который никогда не было однородным, входили художники различных направлений, а это литераторы, художники, композиторы, актеры и режиссеры, а также врачи, физики, педагоги, библиотекари, филологи, экономисты, юристы. Цель данного исследования — расширять круг имен тех личностей, которые стояли в обороне национального самоутверждения, дополнять общеизвестное забытым или же малодоступным фактажем, обобщать и оценивать материал с точки зрения объективности и беспристрастности. Для этого привлечены к научной трактовке разнообразные материалы, в первую очередь малоизвестную переписку, которая все еще находится в рукописном виде в фондовых учреждениях, а также автобиографическую мемуаристику, правовые документы, рассекреченный партийный архив под грифом «Секретно», свидетельства очевидцев, документальную литературу. Особого внимания заслуживает дневник Петра Шелеста, за маской которого как тогдашнего официального коммунистического деятеля, который вынужден был произносить с высшей трибуны правильные с московско-пропагандистской позиции речи, скрывался человек с демократическими взглядами, который сочувствовал украинско-демократическому движению, симпатизировал художникам и украинской элите в целом, был в меру лояльным к проявлениям несогласия, заботился о национально экономических интересах и об основательном изучении страниц прошлого, об украинизации в сфере образования.Движение шестидесятников в Украине был чрезвычайно пестрым и неоднородным, всех его представителей невозможно объединить в некое единство. Но при всей неоднородности и исполненной противоречий эпохи объединяли их политические, экономические и национальные условия, при которых звучало обещание свободы — творческой, а затем личностной. И эта свобода даже имела хронологические рамки — от периода «оттепели», то есть ХХ съезда КПСС, после доклада Никиты Хрущева с развенчанием культа до введения танков в демократически мятежную Прагу 20-21 августа 1968 г., что ознаменовало собой конец демократии и возрождения. Творческие личности, прибегая к самопожертвованию, стремясь к индивидуальному проявления внутренней сущности в собственном визуально-чувственном мире, имея острую потребность к самовыражению, выступили, прежде всего словом, против общественно-тюремной атмосферы, идеологических ограничений, угроз и откровенного террора, утопических моделей «все для блага человека», заскорузлого мещанства и провинциальной рутины. А это неизбежно вело к общественной конфронтации и неврозов. Украинское гражданство, в отличие от оппозиционеров других стран этого периода, отличалось также акцентуализацией национального вопроса, которого партийные деятели всячески пытались, согласно «генерального плана» еще со времен империи, стереть с повестки дня, нивелировав нацию вообще. Применение к несогласным среди украинской интеллигенции массовых репрессий и психиатрических «зачисток», депортация в лагеря строгого режима вызвало бурю протестов — открытых и тайных. Сегодня актуально доставать из запыленных историей книжных полок и детально изучать издания Самиздата, что сейчас читаются как важнейшие документы недавней эпохи. ; До кола шістдесятників, яке ніколи не було однорідним, входили митці різних напрямів, як от літератори, художники, композитори, актори і режисери, а також лікарі, фізики, освітяни, бібліотекарі, філологи, економісти, правники. Мета даного дослідження – розширювати коло імен тих особистостей, які стояли в обороні національного самоствердження, доповнювати відоме призабутим або й малодоступним фактажем, узагальнювати й оцінювати матеріал з точки зору об'єктивності і неупередженості. Для цього залучено до наукового потрактування різноманітні матеріали, насамперед маловідоме листування, що залишається в рукописному вигляді у фондових установах, а також автобіографічну мемуаристику, правові документи, розсекречений партійний архів під грифом «Таємно», свідчення очевидців, документальну лектуру. На особливу увагу заслуговує щоденник Петра Шелеста, за маскою якого як тодішнього офіційного компартійного діяча, що змушений був виголошувати з вищої трибуни правильні щодо московсько-пропагандистської позиції речі, приховувалася людина з демократичними поглядами, яка вболівала за українсько-демократичний рух, симпатизувала митцям і загалом українській еліті, була в міру лояльною до виявів незгоди, дбала про національно економічні інтереси та ґрунтовне вивчення незамулених сторінок минувшини, про українізацію у сфері освіти.Рух шістдесятництва в Україні був надзвичайно строкатим і неоднорідним, усіх його представників неможливо об'єднати в якесь одне ціле. Але за всієї неоднорідності і сповненої протиріч епохи об'єднували їх політичні, економічні і національні умови, за яких звучала обіцянка свободи – творчої, а відтак особистісної. І ця свобода навіть мала хронологічні межі – від періоду «відлиги», тобто ХХ з'їзду КРПС, після доповіді Микити Хрущова з розвінчанням культу до введення танків у демократично-бунтівну Прагу 20-21 серпня 1968 року, що ознаменувало собою кінець демократії і відродження. Митці, вдаючись до самопожертви, прагнучи до індивідуального вияву внутрішнього єства у власному візуально-почуттєвому світі, відчуваючи тонкий смак і природну потребу самовираження, виступили, насамперед словом, проти суспільно-тюремної атмосфери, ідеологічних обмежень, погроз і відвертого терору, утопічних моделей «все для блага людини», заскорузлого міщанства і провінційної рутини. А це неминуче призводило до суспільних конфронтацій і неврозів. Українське громадянство, на відміну від опозиціонерів інших країн цього періоду, вирізнялося також акцентуалізацією національного питання, яке партійні діячі усіляко намагалися, відповідно до «генерального плану» ще із часів імперії, зітерти з порядку денного, нівелювавши націю взагалі. Застосування до незгодних серед української інтелігенції масових репресій і психіатричних «зачисток», депортування у табори суворого режиму спричинило бурю протестів – відкритих і прихованих. Сьогодні на часі діставати із запилених історією книжкових полиць і детально вивчати видання Самвидаву, що нині прочитуються як важливі документи недавньої епохи.

Máster Universitario en Ingeniería Industrial ; El crecimiento de la población mundial [1] supone un incremento de la demanda de producción de energía. La Agencia Internacional de la Energía (IEA) prevé que la demanda mundial de electricidad aumentará un 70% hasta 2040 [2]. El aumento de la demanda se yuxtapone a una desaforada explotación de los escasos recursos fósiles, origen de la producción de las energías tradicionales. Estas dos condiciones tienen consecuencias humanas y medio ambientales - destrucción de ecosistemas, calentamiento del planeta, hambrunas, dependencia energética de países productores de petróleo etc. Las energías renovables son fuentes de energía limpias, inagotables y crecientemente competitivas. Representan cerca de la mitad de la nueva capacidad de generación eléctrica instalada en 2014 según la IEA [2]. Por añadidura, el coste de su generación evoluciona a la baja, contrariamente a los costes de los combustibles fósiles. Dentro de las fuentes de energías renovables, los océanos – constituyendo el 71% de la superficie terrestre [3] - tienen un inmenso potencial de generación de tres tipos de energías: mareomotriz, undimotriz y eólica offshore. Sin embargo, la recuperación de estas energías conlleva nuevos desafíos tecnológicos: mantenimiento de turbinas en condiciones de elevada humedad, problemas de corrosión o instalación de cableado submarino. Por ende, los costes de instalación y mantenimiento de estos equipos son importantes. Este proyecto nace en el seno de una intuición industrial, que se ha querido estudiar y validar cualitativamente. En la actualidad, existen iniciativas industriales, que investigan el potencial de reducción de costes de una instalación conjunta offshore. Es el caso de CENIT-E OCEAN LIDER de Iberdrola [4], cuyo objetivo es crear conocimiento sobre tecnologías rupturistas, para el aprovechamiento eficiente e integral de las energías oceánicas, a través de la creación de sistemas híbridos como energía de las corrientes/eólica o undimotriz/eólica. En esta línea, este proyecto propone el diseño un parque de recuperación de energía del mar en Normandía, para el aprovechamiento conjunto de la energía eólica offshore y de la energía mareomotriz. La proyección de dicho parque se justifica bajo la hipótesis de una reducción de costes, debido a la posibilidad de mutualizar elementos de ambas tecnologías en un mismo parque. Además, la tentativa de proponer un parque de recuperación de energía mareomotriz y eólica offshore en Raz Blanchard (Normandía), responde al gran potencial energético de estas dos energías en el Canal de la Mancha [5] y a la voluntad política de desarrollar ambas tecnologías en la zona [6,7]. La energía eólica –dado el fuerte apoyo económico recibido por parte de las autoridades políticas desde los años 80- es una tecnología madura, barata y de fuerte rendimiento. La variabilidad del viento, fuera del control del humano, permanece su gran desventaja. Al contrario, la energía de las corrientes marinas sigue a estado de prueba, con la construcción, actualmente, de los primeros parques mareomotores. La apuesta de los industriales y de las autoridades por este nuevo tipo de energía renovable augura grandes posibilidades de desarrollo. Efectivamente, la previsibilidad de las corrientes marinas representa su gran ventaja. La complementariedad de estas dos energías es indudable. Los costes de estas instalaciones, tanto eólicas como mareomotrices, siguen representando una gran inversión. Las reparticiones de costes de estas energías difieren. Sin embargo, una gran parte se puede atribuir a la construcción del parque (fundaciones, sistema eléctrico, cableado…) y a su mantenimiento. Las posibilidades de mutualización de estos son los motores de este proyecto. El riesgo rupturista de este proyecto puede quedar en parte minimizado, si como esperan el autor del mismo y la industria, las autoridades de diferentes gobiernos mantienen y/o aumentan el apoyo reciente a este tipo de instalaciones. Así pues, en consecuencia, proyectos como este son necesarios para anticipar el cambio de políticas energéticas, apoyando el desarrollo de energías renovables con mayor carácter de predictibilidad que las actuales. En resumen, este proyecto trata de maximizar la recuperación una energía madura pero fluctuante, como la eólica, con una energía todavía innovadora, pero predictible, como la mareomotriz. En un parque offshore conjunto, la rentabilidad económica de la energía eólica supone, para los inversores privados, una renta segura, mientras que, para la energía mareomotriz, un gran impulso a su desarrollo. ; The growth of the world's population [1] involves an increase in the energy production demand. The International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts a risen of 70% of the global demand for electricity until 2040 [2]. The increase of the demand juxtaposes itself to an unbridled utilisation of scarce fossil resources, traditional source of energy production. These two conditions have human and environmental consequences – ecosystem destructions, global warming, famines, energy dependency on fuel producer countries etc. Renewable energies are a clean, endless and growingly competitive source of energy. They represent almost half of the new electric generation capacity installed in 2014, according to the IEA [2]. In addition to this, the cost of its generation evolves downwards, contrary to the cost of fossil fuels. Among renewable energies, oceans – constituent 71% of the earth's surface [3] – have an immense generation potential of three types of energy : tidal, wave and wind offshore. However, the recuperation of this energy implies new technological challenges: turbine maintenance in high humidity conditions, corrosion problems or installation of underwater cables. For that matter, the installation costs and maintenance of these equipment are significant. This project was born under the wing of an industrial intuition, to be studied and validated qualitatively. Currently, there are industrial initiatives that explore the potential cost reductions of a joint offshore installation. It is the case of CENIT-E OCEAN LIDER by Iberdrola [4], whose objective is to create expertise of rupturist technologies, for the efficient and integral use of the oceanic energies, through the creation of hybrid systems such as tidal current/eolic or wave/eolic. In this regard, this project suggests the design of an ocean energy recuperation park in Normandy, for the joint use of offshore wind energy and tidal energy. The forecast of this park justifies itself under the assumption of a cost reduction, due to the possibility of element mutualizing, between both technologies, in one park. Moreover, the attempt of proposing an offshore energy recuperation park for wind and tidal energy in Raz Blanchard (Normandy) responds to a huge energy potential of these two energies in the English Channel [5], and to the political will of developing both technologies in the area [6,7]. Wind energy – provided the strong economic support received from the political authorities since the 80's- represents a mature, affordable and high-performance technology. The wind's variability, out of human control, remains its major disadvantage. On the contrary, tidal current energy is still on a testing stage, with the construction currently, of the first tidal current energy parks. The bet of industrials and authorities on this new type of renewable energy promises strong possibilities of growth. Indeed, the predictability of tidal current represents its key benefit. The complementarity of these two energies is undeniable. The cost of these installations, wind as well as tidal current, still constitutes a significant investment. The cost sharing of these energies differs. However, a substantial part is assigned to the construction of the park (foundations, electric system, cabling…) and to its maintenance. The possibilities of mutualisation of these are the driving force of this project. The rupturist risk of this project can be partly minimized, if as expected by the author and the industry, the authorities of different governments keep and/or increase their recent support to this type of facilities. Therefore, projects, such as this one, are necessary to anticipate the changes in the energy policies, promoting the development of renewable energies, with higher predictability than the existing ones. In fine, this project aims to maximise the recuperation of a mature, but fluctuating energy, such as the offshore wind, with an innovative, but predictable energy, such as the tidal current. In an offshore joint park, the economic profitability of wind energy supposes, for private investors, a safe income, whereas, for tidal current energy, a major boost to its development.

The circular economy is a strategy for reducing risks that result from the criticality of commodities in our economic system. Therefore, anticipatory planning of recycling infrastructure must consider the historical and future use of metals as well as detailed product characterizations. For bulk materials like plastics, industrial base metals (IBMs) such as steel, aluminum, copper, and precious metals (PM), e.g. gold, silver, palladium, well-established methodologies and a profound knowledge base exist that enable a detailed process modeling. Similar information is missing for a selected set of critical raw materials (S-CRMs), which are applied to a large extent in modern electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). Although, being highly important for the producing industry and being related to potential future supply risks, a functional recycling from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is currently not practiced. This doctoral thesis focuses on the provision of WEEE product-centric information with a special emphasis on S-CRMs via the consolidation and further development of available methods to support the derivation of recycling strategies. Research is needed explicitly for gallium in integrated circuits (ICs), indium applied as indium tin oxide (ITO) in liquid crystal displays (LCD), rare earth elements (REEs) used in NdFeB magnets applied in hard disk drives (HDDs), and tantalum in tantalum capacitors applied on printed circuit boards (PCBs). Following a consecutive methodology, in a first step, S-CRMs will be identified and localized in WEEE flows via material flow analysis (MFA), and single WEEE products via recycling-oriented product characterization. In a second step, theoretically available mass flows of these S-CRMs and by-applied materials are quantified for EEE put-on-market (worldwide/Germany) and WEEE collected (Germany) in 2013. Recyclability of S-CRMs in selected WEEE applications is assessed via customized recycling processes. Data are then collated in a recycling barrier analysis investigating the framework for a successful recovery of S-CRMs. WEEE flow results indicate a lower relevance of S-CRM recovery from WEEE, as significantly higher yields can be gained by reducing losses in the primary production of S-CRMs, in subsequent refining steps, and in the manufacture of semi-finished products. However, supply risks typically accompanying the primary production routes of S-CRMs indeed suggest considering S-CRMs recycling from WEEE. Current recycling strategies of WEEE are solely optimized for the recovery of bulk and valuable materials. Results on the general pre-processing of WEEE show that S-CRM recovery is not the core focus, which results in their dilution with other materials in mechanical treatment. A later S-CRM recovery from generated output fractions is hardly possible. Together with the loss of S-CRMs, other valuable materials, such as gold or copper, are lost within those output fractions as well, due to limited liberation and separation techniques in mechanical treatment. Results from WEEE product analyses confirm the earlier indicated lower relevance of S-CRM recovery, as the mass fractions in the WEEE devices is rather low. However, selected liberated components contain high S-CRM mass fractions of up to 30-50% and are worth further end-of-life treatment. The typical design of WEEE devices often impedes a feasible recycling of the S-CRMs. Also, the technical identification of smaller components (e.g. tantalum capacitors and in particular ICs), which contain S-CRMs, is complex due to lacking well identifiable characteristics. Chemical analyses prove heavily fluctuating mass fractions of S-CRMs in WEEE components. Furthermore, they have a limited selectivity, as with the removal of materials carrying S-CRMs, other elements are unintentionally removed. This applies to valuable materials such as gold, copper in ICs and silver in tantalum capacitors. Also, contaminating elements are affected such as nickel in NdFeB magnets or even toxic heavy metals such as arsenic, chromium, lead, and antimony in LCD panels. Resulting from WEEE flow and WEEE product analyses, theoretically available mass flows of gallium from ICs, of indium from LCD panels, of REEs from NdFeB magnets in HDDs and of tantalum from tantalum capacitors are estimated. Results show that WEEE cannot solely cover the S-CRM demand to produce new similar goods currently occurring on the market. Furthermore, the subsequently performed recyclability assessments reveal that S-CRMs cannot be recycled with current practice. However, within this thesis individual approaches are presented, which enable the concentration of S-CRMs and other by-applied materials to provide them for appropriate end-processing steps. For instance, a thermal treatment of ICs, manual removal of tantalum capacitors and a chemical fractionation of LCD panels show promising recycling processes for liberation and separation of components and materials carrying S-CRMs. In conclusion, the generated fundamental product-centric information for WEEE products allows for the development of recycling strategies and supports the holistic recovery of all materials applied in WEEE such as S-CRMs, PMs, IBMs, and other bulk materials. Thus, an extension with additional non-product-related information enables the further development of general political recycling strategies implemented e.g. in the European WEEE directive, national laws or in in-house business plans of recycling facilities. Also, technical and economic recycling strategies are supported, which are used for the technical set-up in recycling plants and the selection of materials to be recovered in context of processing costs and expected revenues. ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ist eine Strategie zur Verringerung von Risiken, die sich aus der Kritikalität von Rohstoffen innerhalb unseres Wirtschaftssystems ergeben. Eine vorausschauende Planung der Recyclinginfrastruktur muss die historische und zukünftige Nutzung von Metallen mit Hilfe von detaillierten Produktcharakterisierungen berücksichtigen. Für Massenwaren wie Kunststoffe, industrielle Basismetalle (IBMs) wie etwa Stahl, Aluminium, Kupfer oder Edelmetalle (PMs), z. B. Gold Silber, Palladium, etablierte Methodik und eine fundierte Wissensbasis existieren, die eine detaillierte Prozessmodellierung ermöglichen. Adäquate Informationen fehlen indes für ein ausgewähltes Set von kritischen Rohstoffen (S-CRMs), die zu großen Anteilen in modernen Elektro- und Elektronikgeräten (EEE) eingesetzt werden. Obwohl diese kritischen Rohstoffe wichtige Grundstoffe für die produzierende Industrie sind und künftig Versorgungsrisiken bestehen, wird derzeit kein funktionelles Recycling dieser Stoffe aus Elektro- und Elektronikaltgeräten (WEEE) praktiziert. Diese Dissertation fokussiert sich auf die Bereitstellung von produktzentrischen Information über WEEE mit einem besonderen Schwerpunkt auf S-CRMs, um durch die Konsolidierung und Weiterentwicklung verfügbarer Methoden die Ableitung von Recyclingstrategien zu ermöglichen. Forschungsbedarf bei S-CRMs besteht im Wesentlichen immer noch für Gallium in integrierten Schaltkreisen (ICs), Indium in Indiumzinnoxid (ITO) in Flüssigkristallanzeigen (LCD), Seltenerdelemente (SEE) in NdFeB Magneten in Festplatten und Tantal in Tantalkondensatoren, eingesetzt auf Leiterplatten. Einer konsekutiven Methodik folgend werden in dieser Arbeit in einem ersten Schritt S-CRMs in WEEE Massenflüssen durch Materialflussanalysen (MFA) und in WEEE-Produkten durch eine Recycling-orientierte Produktcharakterisierung identifiziert. In einem zweiten Schritt werden die theoretisch verfügbaren Massenströme, die durch neue Produkte auf den Markt gebracht werden mit den Massenströmen verglichen, die durch die formelle Sammlung von WEEE dem Recycling als Potenzial zur Verfügung stehen. Es folgt eine praktische Bewertung der Rezyklierbarkeit von S-CRMs und anderer eingesetzter Materialien in WEEE-Produkten. Final werden alle generierten Informationen in einer Recyclingbarrieren-Analyse zusammengefasst, mit externen Daten erweitert, um die generellen Rahmenbedingungen für das Recycling von S-CRMs darzustellen. Ergebnisse aus den Massenflussanalysen zeigen nur eine geringe Relevanz der S-CRM Recyclingpotenziale in WEEE, da deutlich höhere Potenziale durch die Verringerung von Verlusten in der Primärproduktion ausgeschöpft werden können. Allerdings ergibt sich durch künftige Versorgungsrisiken die Notwendigkeit auch aus WEEE zu rezyklieren. Die derzeitigen Recyclingstrategien von WEEE sind grundsätzlich auf die Rückgewinnung von Massen- und stark werthaltigen Materialien ausgelegt. Ergebnisse aus der Massenflussanalyse in einer Erstbehandlungsanlage zeigt, dass S-CRMs sich in der mechanischen Aufbereitung stark in den Hauptstoffströmen verdünnen. Eine spätere Rückgewinnung ist kaum möglich. Dies gilt allerdings auch für andere, stark werthaltige Materialien wie Gold, Silber oder Kupfer, da die Zerkleinerungs- und Trenntechniken der mechanischen Aufbereitung stark begrenzt sind. Ergebnisse aus den WEEE Produktanalyse bestätigen die Annahme der geringen Relevanz des S-CRMs Recyclings, die die Massenanteile in WEEE Produkten gering sind. Jedoch können durch gezielte Liberalisierung einzelner Bauteile und Materialien hohe S-CRM Massenanteile von bis zu 30-50% erreicht werden, die eine weitere Aufbereitung wert sind. Hierbei spielt das Produktdesign eine große Rolle, da es das funktionale Recycling eher behindert. Dies ist vor allem durch die komplexe technische Identifikationsmöglichkeit kleinerer Komponenten (z. B. Tantalkondensatoren oder ICs) zu erklären. Chemische Analysen zeigen stark schwankende Massenanteile der S-CRMs in WEEE Geräten und Komponenten. Darüber hinaus konnte eine stark begrenzte Selektivität bei der gezielten Separierung S-CRM haltiger Bauteile nachgewiesen werden. Andere Stoffe, teilweise wertvolle Edelmetalle, werden unter Umständen abgetrennt. Diese gilt allerdings auch für Kontaminanten, die Rückgewinnungsprozesse stören können. Ergebnisse der Analyse der theoretisch verfügbaren Massenströme zeigen, dass ein Recycling von WEEE momentan nicht die Nachfrage an S-CRMs für die Herstellung momentan auf den Markt gebrachter neuer Geräte decken kann. Die Rezyklierbarkeitsanalyse zeigt, dass aktuelle Recyclingsysteme dieses Recycling nicht leisten kann. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden jedoch individuelle Ansätze vorgestellt, die eine Aufkonzentration von S-CRMs und anderen eingesetzten Materialien ermöglichen. Es lässt sich zusammenfassen, dass die erarbeiteten produktzentrischen Informationen die Entwicklung von Recyclingstrategien für WEEE Produkte ermöglichen und hierbei einen ganzheitlichen Ansatz fördern. Ein Fokus auf S-CRM Recycling sollte nicht gesetzt werden, da nur das ganzheitliche Recycling ökonomische und ökologische Vorteile bringt. Durch die Erweiterung der in dieser Arbeit generierten mit externen, nicht produktzentrischen Informationen können politische Recyclingstrategien, wie zum Beispiel verankert in Gesetzgebung (Europäische WEEE Richtlinie, Elektro-G) oder in individuellen Businessplänen von Recyclingbetrieben entwickelt werden. Darüber hinaus werden technische und ökonomische Recyclingstrategien unterstützt, die direkt die Auswahl der zurückzugewinnenden Materialien beeinflussen und somit das technische Set-Up von Recyclingprozessen innerhalb der Recyclingkette im Zusammenhang der Prozesskosten und der erwarteten Erlöse definieren.