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Why Foreign Economic Assistance?
In: Economic Development and Cultural Change, Band 37, Heft 2, S. 411-424
ISSN: 1539-2988
Long-term Brazilian Economic Development
In: The journal of economic history, Band 29, Heft 3, S. 473-493
ISSN: 1471-6372
The Purpose of this article is to clarify some historical features of Brazilian economic development in order to gain some insight into the process of long-term growth. The recent extension of the principal macroeconomic time-series to 1920 and the publication of several specialized monographs provide the material for such an analysis. We will begin with a consideration of the timing of Brazilian industrialization and, more important, of the conditions in which it took place. Such a discussion is all the more necessary since it appears that some of the stock ideas concerning Brazilian economic development before 1939 require revision.
Non-tradables in Brazilian economic history
In: Economia: revista da ANPEC, Band 24, Heft 2, S. 149-171
ISSN: 2358-2820
PurposeThe purpose is to market a reinterpretation of Brazilian economic history highlighting the importance of non-tradable goods to understand major historical developments such as the lack of industrialization in the mining boom; the rise and contribution of industries to development in the early 20th century; indexation as hyperinflation in the late 20th century; growth and cycles in the early 21st century.Design/methodology/approachSection 2 introduces analytical perspectives on the relationship between non-tradables, transport costs and external shocks. Section 3 presents a historical overview of the gold and coffee cycles in the Brazilian economy, which highlights the crucial role played by transport costs in the genesis of industrialization. Thus, in a more precise way, industrialization was not an import substitution process but the substitution of non-tradables by the domestic tradable manufactures.FindingsSection 4 shows that Brazilian statistical records and historiography disregard this characterization and, to that extent, underestimate economic growth in the primary export phase (1872–1920) and overestimate growth rates in the industrialization period (1920–1940). Section 5 shifts to the end of the 20th century to analyze the relationship between non-tradables, indexation and hyperinflation. Section 6 concludes with a brief discussion of the role played by the terms of trade and non-tradables in the unfolding of the 2014 economic crisis.Originality/valueDistance from international markets and a continental geographic size made transport costs in Brazil historically prohibitive: the relevance of non-tradables in the Brazilian economic history. While the theme is not new, it seldom received proper attention in the historiography.
Japan's foreign economic assistance
In: Asian survey: a bimonthly review of contemporary Asian affairs, Band 25, Heft 3, S. 322-340
ISSN: 0004-4687
World Affairs Online
Japan's Foreign Economic Assistance
In: Asian survey, Band 25, Heft 3, S. 322-340
ISSN: 1533-838X
Japan's Foreign Economic Assistance
In: Asian survey, Band 25, Heft 3, S. 322-340
ISSN: 1533-838X
Russian Economic Development Assistance in 2019
In: Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook. Trends and Challenges of Socio-economic Develoment. Moscow. IEP. 2020. No. 17, pp. 20-23
SSRN
Working paper
Technical Assistance for Economic Development
In: Journal of international affairs, Band 9, Heft 2, S. 39
ISSN: 0022-197X
Council of Mutual Economic Assistance
In: International organization, Band 3, Heft 2, S. 379-380
ISSN: 1531-5088
On January 25, 1949, a communiqué issued in Moscow announced the creation by six eastern European countries of a new Council of Mutual Economic Assistance. The organization was established at an economic conference attended by representatives of Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Rumania, Czechoslovakia and the USSR.
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
In: International organization, Band 18, Heft 3, S. 635-636
ISSN: 1531-5088
A new intergovernmental financial institution formed by the eight member countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) came into being on January 1, 1964, under the name of the International Bank for Economic Cooperation with headquarters in Moscow. Its initial capital was fixed at 60 million rubles (equivalent to §66,666,000), and was to increase to 300 million rubles within five years.