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"Economics and history both strive to understand causation: economics using instrumental variables econometrics and history by weighing the plausibility of alternative narratives. Instrumental variables can lose value with repeated use because of an econometric tragedy of the commons bias: each successful use of an instrument potentially creates an additional latent variable bias problem for all other uses of that instrument - past and future. Economists should therefore consider historians' approach to inferring causality from detailed context, the plausibility of alternative narratives, external consistency, and recognition that free will makes human decisions intrinsically exogenous"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

The science of history in the nineteenth century / William Milligan Sloane -- The conception and methods of history / James Harvey Robinson -- The expansion of Greek history / John Pentland Mahaffy -- Problems in Roman history / Ettore Pais -- A general survey of the history of Asia, with special reference to China and the Far East / Henri Cordier -- Historical development and the present character of the science of history / Karl Gotthart Lamprecht -- The present problems of medieval history / George Burton Adams -- The place of modern history in the perspective of knowledge / John B. Bury -- Historical synthesis / Charles W. Colby -- The relation of American history to other fields of historical study / Edward Gaylord Bourne -- Problems in American history / Frederick Jackson Turner -- Supplementary Papers -- Economic history in relation to kindred sciences / Johannes Evast Conrad -- The present problems in the economic interpretation of history / Simon Nelson Patten -- Bibliography: department of history -- History of law / Emlin McClain -- Characteristics of common law / Nathan Abbott -- The relations of Roman law to the other historical studies / William Hepburn Buckler -- Problems of Roman legal history / Munroe Smith -- The history of the common law / Simeon Eben Baldwin -- The problems of to-day for the history of the common law / John Henry Wigmore -- The new Japanese civil code, as material for the study of comparative jurisprudence / Nobushige Hozumi -- The latest organization of popular suffrage / Alfred Nerincx -- References suggested on the history of law -- Bibliography on the history of law -- Chairman's address / William Eliot Griffis -- The history of religions in the nineteenth century / George Foot Moore -- Fundamental conceptions and methods of the history of religion / Nathaniel Schmidt -- The relations of the religions of ancient India to the science of religion / Hermann Oldenberg -- Brahmanical riddles and the origin of theosophy / Maurice Bloomfield -- Short paper -- The progress of Islamic science in the last three decades / Ignaz Goldziher -- The problems of Muhammadanism / Duncan Black Macdonald -- Old Testament science / James Frederick McCurdy -- The relations of the Old Testament science to the allied departments and to science in general / Karl Ferdinand Reinhard Budde -- Chairman's address / Andrew C. Zenos -- The relations of New Testament science to kindred sciences / Benjamin Wisner Bacon -- The present problems of New Testament study / Ernest DeWitt Burton -- The relations between ecclesiastical and general history / Karl Gustav Adolph Harnack -- The progress of ecclesiastical history, especially ancient, during the nineteenth century / Jean Réville -- Supplementary paper -- Bibliography: history of religion. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The recent financial crisis has troubled the US, Europe, and beyond, and is indicative of the integrated world in which we live. Today, transactions take place with the use of foreign currencies, and their values affect the nations' economies and their citizens' welfare. Exchange Rates and International Financial Economics provides readers with the historic, theoretical, and practical knowledge of these relative prices among currencies. While much of the previous work on the topic has been simply descriptive or theoretical, Kallianiotis gives a unique and intimate understanding of international exchange rates and their place in an increasingly globalized world.

During the 1990s, skeptical aid donors confronted an example of development "success" in Vietnam. Understanding this requires reflection upon economic conditions in North Vietnam prior to 1975. These conditions created important prerequisites for a successful transition to a market economy, sufficiently guided by local reformists so as not to unduly threaten stability, and sufficiently reflective of realities that it could work.

Odessa was founded on the fault line between autocratic agricultural Russia and the international trade routes of emerging global capitalism. It was the place where the use value of agricultural products was converted into the exchange value of commodities. In the rift between these two systems of values, and between the epistemological and psychological perceptions associated with them, a third kind of ontological and epistemological space emerged. This space was conditioned by the evolving patterns of the Odessa grain trade regulated by stock trading, and induced in its turn a unique perception of time, history, and the relation between the real and fi ctitious. This article pinpoints the link between the mechanisms of the Odessa grain trade, the patterns of subjectivity and temporal perception that were molded by Odessa's business culture, and the modes of literary representation that elaborated these patterns into a specific literary idiom associated with Odessa literature.