Suchergebnisse

Analysis of the pre-1989 situation; Redefinition of the discipline since 1990; Core theoretical and methodological orientations; Thematic orientation and funding; Public space and academic debates; Views on further development.

Analysis of the pre-1989 situation and change of elites since 1990; Redefinition of the discipline since 1990; Core theoretical and methodological orientations; Thematic orientation and funding; Public space and academic debates; Views on further development: mission and trends.

Analysis of the pre-1989 situation; Redefinition of the discipline since 1990; Core theoretical and methodological orientations; Thematic orientation and funding; Public space and academic debates; Views on further development.

Analysis of the pre-1989 situation; Redefinition of the discipline since 1990; Core theoretical and methodological orientations; Thematic orientation and funding; Public space and academic debates; Views on further development.

Analysis of the pre-1989 situation; Redefinition of the discipline since 1990; Core theoretical and methodological orientations; Thematic orientation and funding; Public space and academic debates; Views on further development.

Analysis of the pre-1989 situation; Redefinition of the discipline since 1990; Core theoretical and methodological orientations; Thematic orientation and funding; Public space and academic debates; Views on further development.

Analysis of the pre-1989 situation; Redefinition of the discipline since 1990; Core theoretical and methodological orientations; Thematic orientation and funding; Public space and academic debates; Views on further development.

It is argued that public support of a country's defense-industrial base is needed to compensate for the failure of the market to develop new technologies, to exploit market imperfections & preempt competition from other countries, & to avoid dependence on external or concentrated suppliers. The offensive & defensive tasks deriving from these objectives were relatively easy for the US to fulfill in the 1980s, but since then, an increasing portion of defense technology comes from the private commercial sector. Evidence from the 1990s & early 2000s shows that the private sector has no difficulty keeping pace with defense demands, but there are still issues related to defense industry strategy, especially in the offensive strategy of building up a large US defense conglomerate to compete against those in Europe, Japan, the People's Republic of China, & Russia. A defensive strategy of intervening to prevent foreign takeovers is also problematic. The future defense industry may be increasingly interpenetrated & integrated across industrial states. M. Pflum

Proposes an alternative to theories focusing on cumulative individual behavior to explain the generation of economic organizations, based on the general equilibrium theory Walrasian conception of the economy that stresses the interaction & connectedness of markets in & across economies. It is argued that market participants are embedded in organized environments that steer & constrain both firm-level & individual economic processes. Calculability, generalized through price systems, helps rationalize an economy's organization, causing firms to coordinate or not coordinate their activities in a business group, depending on price incentives. These system actions are mutually maintained & require participants to play by the rules of the organizational game. Economic organization theories that assume individual aggregation are summarized, along with the benefits of a neo-Walrasian conception, as opposed to bottom-up theories, for addressing the effects of economic organizations on the formation of a complex capitalist economy. It is maintained that both economic & noneconomic factors are important in understanding structural differences among capitalist economies. 90 References. J. Lindroth

Die Autorin gibt einen Überblick über institutionenökonomische Ansätze zur Analyse der Ursachen und Folgen von Korruption. Zentrale Theoriebausteine sind hier die Rational-Choice-, die Prinzipal-Agenten-, die Rent-Seeking- und die Transaktionskostentheorie. Die Korruption erfolgt nach diesem Verständnis nicht zufällig, sondern lässt sich, in Anlehnung an den so genannten situativen Ansatz bzw. die Kontingenztheorie, mit der Situation erklären, in der eine Person handelt. Die Autorin verweist in diesem Zusammenhang auf ihre eigene Untersuchung "Corruption. A Study in Political Economy" (1978), in welcher sie Korruptionsrisiken in unterschiedlichen Organisationsstrukturen herausgearbeitet hat. Demnach lassen sich fragmentierte, sequenzielle, hierarchische und disorganisierte Organisationsstrukturen anhand ihrer korruptionsanfälligen Schwachstellen voneinander unterscheiden. Die Struktur der Bürokratie bestimmt dabei den Handlungsspielraum eines Akteurs in Bezug auf die zu erwartenden Kosten, Bestechungsgelder einzuwerben oder zu akzeptieren. Die Autorin stellt ferner einige empirische Erhebungen über die ökonomischen Determinanten der Korruption vor, die ländervergleichende Analysen, Forschungen über die institutionellen Strukturen von Regierungen, Umfragen und Experimente sowie sektorspezifische Anti-Korruptionsmaßnahmen umfassen. (ICI)