Suchergebnisse

Metadata only record ; This section identifies institutions and individuals involved in dispute settlement. Within the village setting and nationwide, individual Gambians have become particularly well-known as skillful mediators and peace-keepers. The skills, characteristics and motivations of individuals shape settlement processes and outcomes. These skillful mediators can determine how laws become adapted to, or do not adapt to, new situations. Whether a conflict is resolved or left to fester is often contingent upon the presence (or absence) of a strong leader. Across all interviews conducted for this study, there seems to be a consensus on the skills of a strong leader. A strong leader must possess: knowledge of tradition, knowledge of traditional ways of solving disputes, knowledge of the laws of the new military government and the former government, reasonableness, recognition of people's position in society, knowledge of Islamic jurisprudence and knowledge of local languages. ; Available in SANREM office, FS

Metadata only record ; Though poorly developed from a methodological standpoint, stakeholder analysis (SA) now belongs to the long list of virtues and catchwords reigning over the field of development. Much to its credit, the method travels well across disciplinary and theoretical boundaries. It is so eclectic as to stretch across the political spectrum and fit in with most of what it encounters, be it informed by participatory methodology or not (Burgoyne 1994: 205, Grimble and Wellard 1997: 182). SA is currently used in fields ranging from political science to policy development and international relations. The concept and related methodology have made significant inroads into poverty reduction studies and applied research pertaining to issues of sustainable livelihood, community-based natural resource and conflict management (Ramrez 1999). It is also part of World Bank thinking on participation methodology since about 1993 (MacArthur 1997a: 5). ; Available in SANREM office, FS

Metadata only record ; This article discusses a brief overview of the history of agriculture technology and conservation, and the failures of past programs. From there, the author explains the need for a new approach, listing the SANREM CRSP (Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management- Collaborative Research Support Program) as a recent government initiative that recognizes the need for environmental conservation in international agriculture development. The author also expresses the need for long-term projects that invest in these concepts, rather than short-term remedies that have little lasting impacts. ; SysCoor-1 (Field)

Metadata only record ; This paper addresses the need to further understand the linkages between different units of organization (e.g. households, peer networks, etc.) as they relate to increasing participation. Many aid agencies (e.g. UNDP, World Bank) have acknowledged the importance of participatory information collection and planning, yet they (and academics) have failed to address the different linkages between these different segments of the population, especially in terms of the role played by (and granted to) women and their organizations. A further failure is noted in the absence of discussion of participation, empowerment and democracy in the organizations. The author notes two gaps in the information gathering system that will have to be addressed so that development will be more 'meaningful'. The first relates to the content of information relating to the assumption of a bounded entity (e.g. family or community). The second gap concerns the processes whereby information is gathered and analyzed, where local perceptions and priorities are integrated into the entire process. ; available in SANREM offices, FS

Metadata only record ; For many developing countries, agricultural production gains have facilitated rural and urban economic growth. However, African countries in general are viewed as being unsuccessful in increasing productivity. Sustainable intensification is a method of production that incorporates the principles of natural resource conservation and efficient use with intensive agricultural practices. Recently, it is a coming into ideological and practical popularity among agriculturalists, environmentalists, and economists as a means to increase productive capacity sustainably. In this study, forty projects and programs utilizing concepts of sustainable intensification in twenty African states were evaluated the determine the commonalities of success. Increased yields and benefits to farmers and their families were demonstrated, and scaling out now presents significant issues and challenges. Common factors in the success of these forty endeavors include farmer and scientist-generated animal integration technologies, improving social infrastructure, incorporation of the private sector, adoption of modern communication technologies, developing rural banking and microfinance opportunities, garnering support from the public sector, and focusing on impacts and issues related to gender.

Recent work has celebrated the political potential of `counter-mapping', that is, mapping against dominant power structures, to further seemingly progressive goals. This article briefly reviews the counter-mapping literature, and compares four counter-mapping projects from Maasai areas in Tanzania to explore some potential pitfalls in such efforts. The cases, which involve community-based initiatives led by a church-based NGO, ecotourism companies, the Tanzanian National Parks Authority, and grassroots pastoralist rights advocacy groups, illustrate the broad range of activities grouped under the heading of counter-mapping. They also present a series of political dilemmas that are typical of many counter-mapping efforts: conflicts inherent in conservation efforts involving territorialization, privatization, integration and indigenization; problems associated with the theory and practice of `community-level' political engagement; the need to combine mapping efforts with broader legal and political strategies; and critical questions involving the agency of `external' actors such as conservation and development donors, the state and private business interests.

For some decades, small-scale enterprise has been instrumental for economic growth, poverty alleviation and the promotion of more pluralist societies. For the whole economics system, small-scale enterprise may be regarded as 'safety valve' since it guarantees people feeling of having a job and reduces the level of insecurity. The success of small-scale enterprise development depends on the support from the government and other stake holders.