Suchergebnisse

Front Cover -- Ecosystem Services: From Biodiversity to Society, Part 2 -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface: Ecosystem Services: From Biodiversity to Society, Part 2 -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter One: Learning Ecological Networks from Next-Generation Sequencing Data -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Ecological Interactions Are Drivers of Ecosystem Functioning -- 1.2. Ecological Interactions Are Altered by Anthropogenic Activity -- 1.3. Next-Generation Sequencing Can Be Used for Monitoring Ecological Interactions -- 2. Why Learning Ecological Networks from NGS Data? -- 2.1. Limitations of Classical Methods for Resolving Ecological Interactions -- 2.2. Advantages of NGS for Identifying Species and Their Interactions -- 3. Examples of NGS-Based Ecological Networks and Their Applications -- 3.1. Deciphering Pathobiomes Using NGS-Based Microbial Networks for Improving Biological Control -- 3.2. Studying the Hologenome Theory of Evolution Using NGS-Based Microbial Networks -- 3.3. Testing the Niche Partitioning Theory with NGS-Based Trophic Networks -- 3.4. Challenges to Be Addressed to Get Predictive Insights from NGS-Based Networks -- 4. Theoretical Methods for Deciphering Ecological Networks from NGS Data -- 4.1. The Input Data -- 4.2. Inferring Ecological Interactions Using Statistical Models -- 4.2.1. Bayesian Networks and Dynamic Bayesian Networks -- 4.2.2. Gaussian Graphical Models with Sparse Regularization -- 4.3. Learning Ecological Interactions Using Logic-Based Machine-Learning Algorithms -- 4.3.1. Inductive Logic Programming -- 4.3.2. Meta-Interpretive Learning -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Glossary -- References -- Chapter Two: The Visualisation of Ecological Networks, and Their Use as a Tool for Engagement, Advocacy and Management -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Benefits of a Network Approach in Ecology.

Many companies rely on natural resources, and securing the flow of ecosystem services may be directly related to their business's bottom line. Other businesses have a considerable environmental impact or produce significant harmful emissions; they may find that paying to increase the flow of ES (e.g., carbon offsets or biodiversity offsets) is an economical way to neutralize their footprint. Insurance companies and coastal area developers may find that increasing the provision of ES is the cheapest way to reduce the risk of natural hazard. However, caring for the environment and paying for ES is not the sole responsibility of the private sector. Governments, communities, and NGOs share the burden of protecting the environment. Governments must work out the rules of the game, prime the pump, and in many cases be the direct procurers of some ecosystem services (public goods). Community and conservation NGOs must ensure that ES and PES are pursued with equity -balancing the interests of people and nature- to increase job and income opportunities for the rural poor and deliver real, on-the-ground conservation. Finding creative and equitable business arrangements is not a new concept, and companies that have already embraced corporate social and environmental responsibility are well positioned to take advantage of the business opportunities inherent in the five PES Business Models described within. In recent years, there has been an upsurge of initiatives to increase society's awareness of ecosystem services and a rush to devise mechanisms to pay for sustaining them. The business sector is bound to be a key player here, as a buyer and a seller of ecosystem services as well as a market developer and innovator. With this in mind, in November 2006, WWF invited a dozen representatives of some of the world's largest food, beverage, energy, and mining companies to join staff from government agencies, financial institutions, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Vienna to exchange ideas and identify collaborative opportunities. ; PES-1 (Payments for Environmental Services Associate Award)

"Revised and fully updated, this textbook provides a detailed yet accessible introduction to the key aspects of ecosystem services. Ecosystem services is one of the most powerful guiding principles for ecology, biodiversity conservation and the management of natural resources. It provides the basis of assessing the multiple values and services that ecosystems can provide to humankind, including such diverse issues as carbon sequestration, flood control, crop pollination and aesthetic and cultural services. The second edition of Ecosystem Services: Key Issues has been fully revised and updated to address policy and scientific developments, as well as new and emerging issues, such as nature-based solutions, zoonotic diseases and environmental justice. It includes new and updated case studies from across the world and each chapters contains further reading, learning objectives and discussion questions to aid student learning. The book details the historical roots of ecosystem services in the second half of the twentieth century, through initiatives such as the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, The Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. It shows how ecosystem goods and services can be categorised and valued in economic as well as non-monetary terms, while also highlighting some of the difficulties and limitations of valuation techniques. The author describes how themes such as systems thinking, social-ecological resilience and natural capital relate to ecosystem services, and how these can contribute to more sustainable and equitable development. This book will be essential reading for students and scholars of ecosystem services, ecology, environmental science, biodiversity conservation, environmental economics, natural resource management and sustainable development. It will also be of use to professionals and policymakers who are looking to integrate ecosystems and their services into their decision making processes"--

This address focuses on the legislative design for payment or ecosystem services (PES) since most countries do not have specific legislation that addresses the subject. Brazil is in the process of drafting national legislation on ecosystem services and there are several important issues that can be learnt from this experience.

This address focuses on the legislative design for payment or ecosystem services (PES) since most countries do not have specific legislation that addresses the subject. Brazil is in the process of drafting national legislation on ecosystem services and there are several important issues that can be learnt from this experience.

Um nachhaltigere Entscheidungen über natürliche Ressourcen und Landnutzung zu treffen, gewinnt das Konzept der Ökosystemleistungen (ES) an Bedeutung in Wissenschaft und Praxis. Die Einbeziehung von ES-Informationen in Entscheidungsfindungsprozesse (Mainstreaming) wird jedoch erschwert durch fehlende Standards für Terminologie, akzeptable Daten und Methoden sowie Erfordernisse für die Dokumentation zum Austausch konsistenter Informationen über ES. Datenbanken stellen konsistente Informationen bereit, die die Entwicklung von Standards erleichtern können und damit zum Mainstreaming beitragen. In dieser Dissertation wurden 29 ES-Datenbanken, mit 36.112 Studien analysiert. Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Informationen aus ES-Datenbanken in folgenden Anwendungskontexten zur Formalisierung von Standards beitragen: i) Integration von ES-Informationen in sechs generische Politikinstrumente, die Ressourcen und Landnutzung beeinflussen, ii) globale Übertragbarkeit und Unsicherheiten von ES-Datenbankinformation am Beispiel monetär bewerteter ES, und iii) Evaluation der Effektivität und Effizienz von ES-Studienergebnissen. ; In order to make more sustainable decisions on natural resources and land use, the concept of ecosystem services (ES) is gaining popularity in science and practice. Incorporating ES information into decision-making (mainstreaming), however, is impeded by a lack of standards that define terminology, acceptable data and methods, and reporting requirements for sharing consistent information on ES. Databases provide consistent information that can facilitate the development of standards and contribute to mainstreaming. In this dissertation, 29 ES databases containing information of 36,112 studies were analyzed. Results showed that information from ES databases contribute to the formalization of standards for the following application contexts: i) integration of ES information into six generic policy instruments that affect resource and land-use decisions, ii) global transferability and uncertainties of ES database ...

Economists have long embraced the idea that services provided by nature have inherent economic value. Ecologists, other scientists, and many in the environmental advocacy community have more recently come to focus on the connection between natural systems and economic value. The broadening interest in the economic value of nature over the last two decades led to the emergence of the interrelated and now commonly used terms ecosystem services and natural capital. To inform Canadian policy, this paper discusses some of the efforts that have been enacted elsewhere, with particular emphasis on those in the United States, and why some have been more successful than others.

Transcripts of papers presented at a conference organized by International Society for Ecological Economics, held at New Delhi during December 2006

Um nachhaltigere Entscheidungen über natürliche Ressourcen und Landnutzung zu treffen, gewinnt das Konzept der Ökosystemleistungen (ES) an Bedeutung in Wissenschaft und Praxis. Die Einbeziehung von ES-Informationen in Entscheidungsfindungsprozesse (Mainstreaming) wird jedoch erschwert durch fehlende Standards für Terminologie, akzeptable Daten und Methoden sowie Erfordernisse für die Dokumentation zum Austausch konsistenter Informationen über ES. Datenbanken stellen konsistente Informationen bereit, die die Entwicklung von Standards erleichtern können und damit zum Mainstreaming beitragen. In dieser Dissertation wurden 29 ES-Datenbanken, mit 36.112 Studien analysiert. Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Informationen aus ES-Datenbanken in folgenden Anwendungskontexten zur Formalisierung von Standards beitragen: i) Integration von ES-Informationen in sechs generische Politikinstrumente, die Ressourcen und Landnutzung beeinflussen, ii) globale Übertragbarkeit und Unsicherheiten von ES-Datenbankinformation am Beispiel monetär bewerteter ES, und iii) Evaluation der Effektivität und Effizienz von ES-Studienergebnissen.

Um nachhaltigere Entscheidungen über natürliche Ressourcen und Landnutzung zu treffen, gewinnt das Konzept der Ökosystemleistungen (ES) an Bedeutung in Wissenschaft und Praxis. Die Einbeziehung von ES-Informationen in Entscheidungsfindungsprozesse (Mainstreaming) wird jedoch erschwert durch fehlende Standards für Terminologie, akzeptable Daten und Methoden sowie Erfordernisse für die Dokumentation zum Austausch konsistenter Informationen über ES. Datenbanken stellen konsistente Informationen bereit, die die Entwicklung von Standards erleichtern können und damit zum Mainstreaming beitragen. In dieser Dissertation wurden 29 ES-Datenbanken, mit 36.112 Studien analysiert. Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Informationen aus ES-Datenbanken in folgenden Anwendungskontexten zur Formalisierung von Standards beitragen: i) Integration von ES-Informationen in sechs generische Politikinstrumente, die Ressourcen und Landnutzung beeinflussen, ii) globale Übertragbarkeit und Unsicherheiten von ES-Datenbankinformation am Beispiel monetär bewerteter ES, und iii) Evaluation der Effektivität und Effizienz von ES-Studienergebnissen.

A major strength of the ecosystem services (ESS) concept is that it allows a succinct description of how human well-being depends on nature, showing that the neglect of such dependencies has negative consequences on human well-being and the economy. As ESS refer to human needs and interests, values are to be considered when dealing with the concept in practice. As a result we argue that in using the concept there is a need to be clear about what different dimensions of value are involved, and be aware of ethical issues that might be associated with the concept. A systematic analysis of the ethical implications associated to the ESS concept is still lacking. We address this deficiency by scrutinising value dimensions associated with the concept, and use this to explore the associated ethical implications. We then highlight how improved transparency in the use of the ESS concept can contribute to using its strengths without succumbing to possible drawbacks arising from ethical problems. These problems concern the dangers that some uses of the concept have in obscuring certain types of value, and in masking unevenness in the distribution of costs and benefits that can arise in the management of ESS.