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Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- OUTLOOK -- PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Strengthening the Institutional Foundations of Dollarization -- B. Boosting Competitiveness and Job Creation -- C. Promoting Shared Prosperity and Protecting the Poor and Most Vulnerable -- D. Improving Transparency and Governance -- PROGRAM MODALITIES AND RISKS -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- FIGURES -- 1. Recent Economic Developments -- 2. Fiscal Developments -- 3. A Vulnerable External Position -- 4. The Financial System Has Recovered -- 5. Labor Force Gender Issues -- 6. Competitiveness -- TABLES -- 1. Active Scenario Selected Indicators -- 2. Program Implementation -- 3. Fiscal Consolidation Measures -- 4. Selected Economic and Financial Indicators -- 5a. Operations of the Nonfinancial Public Sector (Net Accounting) (Millions of U.S. dollars) -- 5b. Operations of the Nonfinancial Public Sector (Net Accounting) (Percent of GDP) -- 6. Nonfinancial Public Sector Financing -- 7. Balance of Payments -- 8. External Financing -- 9. Monetary Survey -- 10. Financial Soundness Indicators -- 11. Indicators of Fund Credit 2019.28 -- 12. Proposed Access and Phasing Under the Extended Fund Arrangement -- ANNEXES -- I. Legal Reform on Public Financial Management and Fiscal Rules in Ecuador -- II. Progress on the Reform of the Legal Framework of Banco Central del Ecuador (BCE) -- III. Gender Wage Gap in Ecuador -- APPENDICES -- I. Letter of Intent -- Attachment I. Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies -- Attachment II. Technical Memorandum of Understanding.

Video games have been created on political and social issues since the beginning of this medium. In recent years, many computer developers are creating and launching games quickly in response to current events. These games are known as "newsgames". Increasingly the number of Internet users increases using the network to consume news. Newsgames could become an important part of how people understand current events and could be an important and expressive genre of video games. Digital journalism is making the media look for new ways to tell news and interact with their audience. A journalist should use Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and implement new journalistic formats. In Ecuador this process takes time to boot although some media are putting these formats into practice as is the case of newsgames. Our work studies the newsgames that are being produced in Ecuador. ; Se han creado videojuegos sobre temas políticos y sociales desde los inicios de este medio. En los últimos años, muchos desarrolladores informáticos están creando y lanzando juegos rápidamente en respuesta a eventos actuales. Estos juegos se conocen como "newsgames". Cada vez más el número de internautas aumenta utilizando la red para consumir noticias. Los newsgames podrían convertirse en una parte importante de cómo la gente entiende los acontecimientos actuales y ser un importante y expresivo género de videojuegos. El periodismo digital está haciendo que los medios busquen nuevas maneras de contar las noticias y de interactuar con su público. Un periodista debe de utilizar las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación (TIC) y poner en práctica los nuevos formatos periodísticos. En Ecuador, este proceso tarda en arrancar, aunque ya algunos medios están poniendo en práctica estos formatos como es el caso de los newsgames. Nuestro trabajo estudia los newsgames que se están produciendo en Ecuador.

Tilapia is a freshwater fish native to Africa that has many characteristics that make it an excellent fish for aquaculture, but it is also considered one of the most dangerous invasive exotic species in the world due to its adaptability and reproductive potential. This essay analyzes the dilemma between the benefits of these fish as an alternative to contribute to agrifood security and the threat it poses to Ecuador's aquatic biodiversity. The absence of official information makes it necessary to investigate the effect of the invasions by tilapia in the rivers, lagoons and estuaries colonized by this species. The level of action to prevent, eradicate or control the tilapia in Ecuador has been very limited and therefore the need to establish strategies to prevent its spread to areas not yet invaded is imposed. Although the government of Ecuador has regulations that restrict the introduction of exotic species, the reality is that, in the case of the tilapia, far from establishing adequate controls, the culture of these fish is promoted without major objections. The possibility of adopting biocontrol strategies to eradicate and / or mitigate the consequences of the invasion by tilapia in the country and the need to promote educational campaigns to create a new environmental behavior, conscience and responsibility in society is discussed. ; La tilapia es un pez dulceacuícola originario del África que posee muchas características que la convierten en un excelente pez para acuicultura, pero también es considerada como una de las especies exóticas invasoras más peligrosas del mundo debido a su adaptabilidad y potencial reproductivo. En este ensayo se analiza el dilema entre las bondades de estos peces como alternativa para contribuir con la seguridad agroalimentaria y la amenaza que representa para la biodiversidad acuática de Ecuador. La ausencia de información oficial hace necesario investigar el efecto de las invasiones por tilapia en los ríos, lagunas y esteros colonizados por esta especie. El nivel de acción para prevenir, erradicar o controlar la tilapia en Ecuador ha sido muy limitado y por lo tanto se impone la necesidad de establecer estrategias para evitar su propagación hacia áreas aún no invadidas. Aunque el gobierno de Ecuador posee regulaciones que restringen la introducción de especies exóticas, la realidad es que, en el caso de la tilapia, lejos de establecer controles adecuados, el cultivo de estos peces es impulsado sin mayores objeciones. Se discute la posibilidad de adoptar estrategias de control biológico para erradicar y/o mitigar las consecuencias de la invasión por tilapias en el país y la necesidad de fomentar campañas educativas para crear un nuevo comportamiento ambiental, conciencia y responsabilidad en la sociedad.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- RISKS AND OUTLOOK -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Fiscal Adjustment to External Shocks -- B. Ensuring Financial Stability and System Liquidity -- C. Restoring Competitiveness and Promoting Private Sector Participation -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Revisiting Potential Output Growth -- 2. Recent Proposals and Tax Reforms -- FIGURES -- 1. Real Sector Developments, 2008-14 -- 2. Fiscal Sector Developments, 2008-14 -- 3. External Sector Developments, 2008-15 -- 4. Selected Banking and Financial System, 2002-15 -- 5. Social and Structural Indicators, 2003-14 -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic and Financial Indicators -- 2. Operations of the Nonfinancial Public Sector, Net Accounting -- 3. Operations of the Nonfinancial Public Sector, Net Accounting -- 4. Nonfinancial Public Sector Financing -- 5. Balance of Payments -- 6. Monetary Survey -- 7. Financial Soundness Indicators -- 8. Financial and External Vulnerability Indicators -- 9. Medium-Term Macroeconomic Framework -- ANNEXES -- I. Implementation of Advice in Previous Article IV Consultations -- II. External Sector Assessment -- III. Debt Sustainability Analysis -- IV. Financial Stability Assessment -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- RELATIONS WITH THE WORLD BANK -- RELATIONS WITH THE INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK -- STATISTICAL ISSUES.

Intro -- ECUADOR PERSPECTIVES OF THEPAST, PRESENT AND FUTUREA MULTI-CRITERIA APPROACHTO SOCIAL EVOLUTION -- ECUADOR PERSPECTIVES OF THEPAST, PRESENT AND FUTUREA MULTI-CRITERIA APPROACHTO SOCIAL EVOLUTION -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Chapter 1INTERIOR SOLUTIONS IN MINIMALLOW-INCOME HOMES -- Abstract -- INTRODUCTION -- Analysis of Minimal Rural Housing Conditions in Latin America -- Adequate Housing and Minimal Rural Housing -- Study of the Conditions of Furniture and Materiality ofMinimal Rural Dwellings: Nopaltzin NeighborhoodProject, Mexico -- PRESENT -- Current Status of the Housing To Be Intervened -- Description of the Case Studies, Analysis of the Planimetry and ItsFunctionality -- Diagnosis of the Case Studies -- Analysis of the Existing Furniture and Materiality of the InteriorSpaces -- FUTURE -- Experimentation through Low-Cost Materials for Thermaland Lighting Solutions -- Interior Design Proposals as Solutions to Current Needsof Adapted Homes -- The Prospect of Low-Cost Interior Solutions for Minimal Homes -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2URBAN PLANNING FOR THE SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL INTERESTHOUSING -- Abstract -- URBAN PLANNING FOR THE SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL INTEREST HOUSING -- HOUSING OF SOCIAL INTEREST IN CUENCA -- THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL INTEREST HOUSINGPROGRAMS BETWEEN THE DECADES FROM1970 TO 2019 -- HOUSING OF SOCIAL INTEREST IN THE LASTDECADE, ITS PROCESSES AND DEVELOPMENTORGANISMS -- LOCAL HOUSING POLICIES -- URBAN GROWTH OF THE CITY OF CUENCA INRELATION TO CITY PLANNING IN CONTEMPORARY -- SOCIAL INTEREST HOUSING, CASE STUDIES -- Case Study 1: Chile -- Case Study 2: Singapore -- Case Study 3: United States of North America -- Case Study 4: Ecuador: "Social Interest Housing in aMarginal Areaof Ecuador" -- RELATIONSHIP OF HOUSING PROJECTS WITHURBAN PLANNING AND TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENTPROCESSES IN CUENCA.

Ecuador's total population numbers some 15,682,792 inhabitants, and includes 14 nationalities accounting for around 1,100,000 people, all joined together in a series of local, regional and national organisations. 60.3% of the Andean Kichwa live in six provinces in the Central-North Mountains; 24.1% live in the Amazon region and belong to ten nationalities; 7.3% live in the Southern Mountains; and the remaining 8.3% live in the Coastal region and the Galapagos Islands. 78.5% still live in rural areas and 21.5% in urban areas. The current Constitution of the Republic recognises the country as a "…constitutional state of law and social justice, democratic, sovereign, independent, unitary, intercultural, multinational and secular". Over the last five years, the country has undergone a series of political and institutional reforms. At the same time, however, enforcing and guaranteeing the collective rights recognised in the Constitution has become a challenge to the process, and a permanent point of disagreement between the government, headed by the economist Rafael Correa, and the indigenous social organisations. The government's economic action has been largely marked by an opening up of the extractive industries - oil, copper and gold - to foreign investment, either of Chinese or Belarussian origin, or from other Latin American countries such as Brazil, Chile or Argentina. This has resulted in risk to and impacts on the territorial and cultural integrity of various indigenous peoples, and an uncertainty created around the true validity of the broad collective rights enshrined in the Constitution.

Cover -- CONTEXT -- OUTLOOK -- PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Strengthening the Institutional Foundations of Dollarization -- B. Promoting Shared Prosperity and Protecting the Poor and Most Vulnerable -- C. Boosting Resilience of the Financial System -- D. Boosting Competitiveness and Job Creation -- E. Improving Transparency and Governance -- PROGRAM MODALITIES AND RISKS -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- FIGURES -- 1. Recent Economic Developments -- 2. Fiscal Developments -- 3. A Vulnerable External Position -- 4. Financial System Developments -- 5. Competitiveness -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Indicators -- 2. Tax Reform Measures -- 3. Selected Economic and Financial Indicators -- 4a. Operations of the Nonfinancial Public Sector (Net Accounting ) (Millions of U.S. dollars) -- 4b. Operations of the Nonfinancial Public Sector (Net Accounting) (Percent of GDP ) -- 5. Nonfinancial Public Sector Financing -- 6. Balance of Payments -- 7. External Financing -- 8. Monetary Survey -- 9. Financial Soundness Indicators -- 10. Indicators of Fund Credit 2019.2028 -- 11. Access and Phasing Under the Extended Fund Arrangements -- ANNEXES -- I. Explaining the Program Target on Net International Reserves -- II: Tax Reform in Ecuador -- III. Debt Sustainability Analysis -- APPENDIX -- I. Letter of Intent -- Attachment I. Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies -- Attachment II. Technical Memorandum of Understanding.

Economic science is concerned with the redistribution of wealth and income in society, with mixed results, very good in developed economies, with high maturity of political systems and the macroeconomic stability, but very poor in underdeveloped countries like ours that have not yet been able to solve the problems of inequality and poverty. Tax theory is closely linked to concepts of equality, development, income and wealth. If we review the history of economic thought thinkers are constantly referring to taxes. We could talk about the contribution of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Hume, Henry George, among others. In the document presented here, we have a brief description of the birth of the institution responsible for the taxes in the country, the Servicio de Rentas Intemas, SR], we analyze short features the process of its creation. We continue in our analysis, with the country's income and what is its composition, we present our views on this point, is then analyzed, IVA, IR, ICE and Income, raising linking each to income, at the end we place the findings of this study. ; La ciencia económica se preocupa por la redistribución de la riqueza y los ingresos en las sociedades, con resultados ambiguos; muy buenos en economías desarrolladas, con alta madurez de sistemas políticos y estabilidad en lo macroeconómico; pero muy malos en economías subdesarrolladas como la nuestra, que no han podido todavía resolver los problemas de desigualdad y pobreza. La teoría tributaria está vinculada a conceptos de igualdad, desarrollo, ingresos y riqueza. La historia del pensamiento económico tiene constantemente pensadores que hacen referencia a los tributos. Podríamos hablar del aporte de Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Hume, Henry George, entre otros. En el documento que ahora presentamos, tenemos una breve descripción del nacimiento de la institución rectora de los impuestos en el país, del Servicio de Rentas Internas, SRI. Analizamos a breves rasgos el proceso de su creación. Continuamos en nuestro análisis, con los ingresos del país y cuál es su composición, exponemos nuestros criterios sobre este aspecto, se analiza luego, la recaudación tributaria del IVA, ICE y Renta, relacionando la recaudación de cada uno de ellos con los ingresos, al final ubicamos las conclusiones de este estudio.