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In the early 1990s first Cossack organizations were formed in Russia and the process of Cossack restoration was launched. The role of the government was very important in the organization of the Cossack restoration movement and in forming its bodies. Nevertheless, initially the movement was pushed mostly by aspiration of Cossack descendants, i.e. by primarily social and cultural forces. In the first place those forces searched for a new social identity and the desire to regain the Cossacks' past and, probably, to live it again. The Cossack restoration movement is developing in many regions of Russia. The process is especially rapid in the south of Russia, on the traditional Cossack territories which were part of the Don, Terek, Kuban, and Astrakhan
Cossack Hosts in the early 20th century. New Cossack organizations are formed by people of different professions and social status, Cossack organizations grow fast in number which is indicative of demand for Cossack movement in the Russian society. The principal ideas under the Cossack restoration movement are preservation of the Cossack culture and history, rehabilitation of the Cossacks as a politically persecuted people and its ethnic revival, and presentation of the Cossacks as the most patriotic part of the Russian society. These principal ideas vary in details in different Cossack organizations according to the changed social, territorial, and political conditions. Nevertheless, all the above-mentioned factors collectively led to establishing the Cossacks as a new distinct part of the Russian society and contributed to putting the Cossack restoration movement on a long-term basis in the social and political life in Russia.

The paper analyzes a new for the Russian anthropology concept of the «working man», introduced in the Urals along with the propagation of a social and political movement «For the Working Man Protection»; the semantic content of the «man» and «labor» notions being observed as well as the process and problems of the working man formation in the modern world. The author emphasizes the asymmetry of the socio-economic and vocational educational infrastructure, along with the contradictions between the labor market demands for the technical and technological profile workers and the existing educational qualification structure of vocational schools.In author's opinion, the disorganization of labor training in comprehensive school and deficiencies of vocational education hinder the process of the industrial working man formation. The professional orientation system is criticized for being unable to meet the demands of modern economy and provide the young people with the adequate concept of the working career.For overcoming the above problems affecting the working man formation, the paper recommends modernization of the labor training system in comprehensive schools, reformation of vocational training, and renovation of professional orientation system. The special emphasis is given to the continuing training of the working man ; В статье анализируются новое для отечественного человекознания понятие «человек труда», появившееся в связи с возникновением на Урале общественно-политического движения «В защиту человека труда». Рассмотрено и конкретизировано смысловое наполнение составляющих данного понятия – «труд» и «человек»; описаны процесс и проблемы становления человека труда в современном мире. Автор обращает внимание на существование асимметрии социально-экономической и профессионально-образовательной инфраструктуры общества, на имеющееся противоречие между потребностями рынка труда в работниках технико-технологического профиля и сложившейся образовательно-квалификационной структурой профессиональной школы. Негативным фактором, мешающим становлению человека труда, является дезорганизация существующей системы трудового воспитания и технологической подготовки в общеобразовательной школе. Показаны и трансактные издержки в системе профессионального образования, которые отрицательно сказываются на формировании рабочих кадров для индустриально-технологических видов труда. Критикуется также система профориентации, которая не отвечает требованиям современной экономики и опирается в основном на опыт прошлых лет, что искажает представления молодежи о своем профессиональном будущем и усложняет эффективное развитие кадрового потенциала государства в целом и отдельных регионов в частности. Преодоление существующих препятствий становления человека труда требует кардинальной модернизации системы трудового воспитания в школе, переструктурирования профессиональной подготовки, обновления системы профориентации. Важным условием успешности этих процессов является кадровое обеспечение непрерывного образования человека труда.

This article discusses about innovation in the context of economic and political activity. Special attention is focused on the social aspect of process and product innovation, as well as the use of such solutions in the contemporary political activity. From the economic and social sciences, the authors draw conclusions about the trends and the impact of innovation on social development against the backdrop of social activity and the growth of demand for highly personalized innovation. ; В статье рассматриваются инновации в контексте экономической и политической активности. Особо акцентируется внимание на социальный аспект процессных и продуктовых инновационных решений, а также на использование подобных решений в современной политической деятельности. С позиций экономической и социальных наук авторы делают выводы о тенденциях и влиянии инноваций на общественное развитие на фоне роста общественной активности и спроса на высокоперсонифицированные инновации.

The article explores the issue of museum image creation and memorialization processes of the Great Patriotic War events during the times of the war which was not studied by soviet or post-soviet historiography. The author focuses on the principles and aims of the government order of the coverage of the aforementioned events and analyzes a number of directive and instructional documents of the Ministry of Education of the USSR and Russian SFSR, the Department for Agitation and Propaganda of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, regional authorities along with documents retrieved from museum archives and containing information on the collection, enlightenment and exhibition activity. Additionally, analyzing the documents, guide books and catalogues of exhibitions and memorials published in the course of war as well as memoirs, the author describes such issues as the glorification of the Great Patriotic War events, forbidden plots absent from the verbal and object representation in the museums (prisoner-of-war camps, collaboration, etc.) and the almost instant mythologization of the military theme and the increase in the ideological control of museum activity.The author describes principles of material collection (from war trophies to amateur posters) which made it possible to create collections in demand of exhibitions that followed the events at the front and home front. The author also analyzes exhibitions established in historical and revolutionary, local history and fine arts museums of the Republic, their thematic focus (which was of important propaganda significance), the periodization, its documental sources, etc. The museum materials under consideration enable the author to reconstruct the peculiarities of the exhibition and enlightenment activity of the home front regions as well as at the sites of battles and the territory liberated from occupation, and, on the other hand, study an important ideological task, i. e. the formation of a unified memory space by as early as 1945. ; В статье исследуется практически не изучавшаяся как в советской, так и в постсоветской историографии проблема музеефикации и мемориализации событий Великой Отечественной войны собственно в военное время.Рассмотрены принципы и установки «государственного заказа» на освещение названной темы, проанализированы директивные и инструктивные документы Наркомпроса СССР и РСФСР, Отдела агитации и пропаганды ЦК ВКП(б), региональных органов власти, а также документы музейных архивов, содержащие информацию о собирательской, просветительской и выставочной деятельности. Также, на основе анализа документов, путеводителей и каталогов по выставками и памятным местам (опубликованным в военное время) и мемуарных источников, проиллюстрированы такие проблемы, как установка на глорификацию событий Великой Отечественной, «запретные» сюжеты, исключенные из вербального и предметного освещения в музеях (лагеря для военнопленных, коллаборация и т. д.), и мифологизация военной темы «по горячим следам», а также усиление идеологического контроля за деятельностью музейщиков.Представлены принципы сбора материала (от трофейного оружия до любительских плакатов), позволившие сформировать коллекции, востребованные на выставках, открывавшихся непосредственно вслед событиям на фронтах и в тылу. Проанализированы выставки, создаваемые в историко-революционных, краеведческих, художественных музеях республики: их содержательная направленность (имевшая важное пропагандистское значение), периодизация, предметно-документальное насыщение и т. д. Музейные материалы позволяют, с одной стороны, реконструировать специфику выставочно-просветительской деятельности в тыловых регионах, на местах боев, а также на территории, освобожденной от оккупантов, а с другой – проследить выполнение важной идеологической задачи – формирования единого «пространства памяти» уже к 1945 г.

The article presents the results of the study, the subject matter of which are the public programs of building Information and Post-information society in Japan. The purpose of the study is to identify the real vector of social development of one of the most developed countries of the world - Japan, in order to formulate a possible development landmark for the foreseeable future for Russia. The study reveals the influence of improving information and building post-information society on the process of Japan's transition to the paradigm of sustainable development; examines the specificity of building the information and post-information society in Japan; analyses the most important factors and strategies of joint efforts of the government and business aimed at the country's sustainable development. The author cames to the conclusion that the informational society as a society based on information and communication technologies (ICT) and knowledge, represents a real vector of social development for the foreseeable future and presupposes a corresponding state policy.

The article explores the issue on the perception of the concept "national security" areas, models and methods of its maintenance by the population. The author uses materials of the sociological survey conducted by the Laboratory of problems of increasing the efficiency of state and municipal management of the South-Russian Institute of Management - branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. The survey was carried out with the participation of leading experts in various aspects of national security, representing 27 Russian higher educational institutions and research centers in Moscow, Astrakhan, Barnaul, Belgorod, Dushanbe, Krasnodar, Nizhny Novgorod, Omsk, Pyatigorsk, Rostov-on-Don, Saint Petersburg, Syktyvkar, Sochi, Ufa. It is noted that as a priority political governance model that implements the basic concept of national security, respondents identified a democratic model. Most respondents believe that a unified security model in the Russian regions is ineffective, and such model should be developed taking into account the specificity of each subject. The study showed that the public's attention to the issue of national security is not sustainable, as determined by situational factors. It is proved that the motives of anxiety formed in the Russian public mind are not sustainable, and situational. Respondents see the economic cooperation more effective incentive to maintain national interests than by force. Estimation of the population of the priority issues of security shows that most respondents appreciate the organization of work to ensure the safety and anti-terrorism security in the sphere of national relations. The findings give grounds to assert that the focus of public attention to the problem of national security does not yet occupy the leading positions. To a greater extent, respondents focused on the issues of public safety, reducing threats and risks in their daily lives. Apparently, despite the external and internal attempts by certain forces to escalate the symptoms of military threats, economic and political instability, the state authorities have managed to maintain a stable situation on the ground and to instill confidence in the stability of the government itself. However, assessments of respondents showing pain points (as discussed above), on which the regional and federal authorities and the public should focus their attention. This should avoid focusing on minor topics objects, eliminate switching public attention on themes and subjects that do not require a real public outcry and do not carry the real threats to the individual, society and state. Thus, the problem of improving the state policy in the sphere of security exists objectively, and its resolution should be ensured not only by the professional power sector, deputies and representatives of the executive power, but also qualified experts from civil society and scientific environment. (author's abstract)

This article investigates the characteristics of meaningful social identity of an individual in terms of higher education; reveals its structure and analyzes the functional blocks which are basic, personal and professional one. The research explains that various functional blocks of social identity are activated at different levels and forms of education according to the age characteristics of students. The full-time students demonstrate activating of the basic block; the students of correspondence courses and PhD-students demonstrate activating of professional and personal ones. The author specifies the dominant professional types of the students trained in higher institutions. The research is significant due to applying of the research results in politics, education, business and management. In particular, they can be applied in social and psychological forecasting, development of psychotherapeutic practice, increasing effectiveness of training professionals in new social-economic conditions. The data represented can be applied in the educational process, as they supplement and specify the sections of social, educational and aged psychology. ; В данной статье исследованы содержательные характеристики социальной идентичности личности в условиях высшего образования, выявлена ее структура, проведен анализ функциональных блоков: базового, личностного и профессионального. В результате сравнительного исследования доказано, что на разных уровнях и формах обучения активизируются различные функциональные блоки социальной идентичности в зависимости от возрастных особенностей, а именно: у студентов очной формы обучения - базисный; у студентов заочной формы обучения и аспирантов - профессиональный и личностный. А также экспериментально определены доминирующие профессиональные типы у разных категорий обучающихся в вузе. Практическая значимость исследования определяется тем, что его результаты могут найти применение в политике, образовании, бизнесе, управлении. В частности, могут быть полезны для построения социально-психологических прогнозов, развития психотерапевтической практики, повышения эффективности подготовки специалистов для работы в новых социально-экономических условиях. Данные могут использоваться в учебном процессе, так как дополняют и детализируют разделы социальной, педагогической и возрастной психологии.

The aim of this paper is to identify the role of the loyalty programs in the Russian market. The methodology of the study based on the analysis of relevant publications and qualitative research using semi-structured interviews with experts in customer relationship and loyalty programs which were fulfilled in 2014–2015 in Russia and Austria. The article offers the definition of customer loyalty programs as relationship marketing tool, and contains the differentiation criteria from the frequency and reward schemes, also the role of customer loyalty programs for retail chains are investigated. The systematization of the reward types that are widely use in loyalty programs are provided. The paper contributes to the development of relationship marketing theory and customer loyalty programs issue.

Timely development of requirements for quality and food safety is topical for today because the issue is directly related to the quality of business process of the company, which is interested in attracting a large number of consumers. This problem is solved by providing products with the range which is constantly changing and expanding in connection with the development of new formulations and new technologies. The question of technical documents is particularly important in business development, the Enterprisemanufacturers,and updating their status, which regulate the requirements for quality and safety of new products. Currently, the Russian Federation has a national standard GOST R 51740-2001, which regulates the procedure for the development of technical specifications. Compliance with this standard is mandatory in the development and execution of technical specifications for all types of foods other than those for which the laws and regulations of the Government of the Russian Federation provides otherwise. Approved Standard specifies general requirements for the construction, presentation, content, design, marking, agreement, approval, registration, application, renewal, cancellation of technical specifications for foods produced in the territory of the Russian Federation intended for sale to the public and for industrial processing for food purposes . This standard implemented by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On quality and food safety" and "On Protection of Consumers" Rights. It should be noted that the company, organization or entrepreneurs, who are the holders of the originals previously developed technical specifications for foods required to bring them into line with the requirements of GOST R 51740-2001. ; Своевременная разработка требований к качеству и безопасности пищевой продукции является актуальной на сегодняшний день, поскольку этот вопрос напрямую связан с качеством работы самого предприятия, которое заинтересовано в привлечении большого количества потребителей. Данная задача решается при выпуске продукции, ассортимент которой постоянно меняется и расширяется в связи с разработкой новых рецептур и новых технологий. Здесь особенно важен вопрос технических документов, разрабатываемых предпрятиями-изготовителями, их состояние и актуализация, которые регламентируют требования к качеству и безопасности новой продукции. В настоящее время в Российской Федерации действует государственный стандарт ГОСТ Р 51740–2001, который регламентирует порядок разработки технических условий. Соблюдение требований настоящего стандарта носит обязательный характер при разработке и оформлении технических условий на все виды пищевых продуктов, кроме тех, для которых законодательными актами и постановлениями правительства Российской Федерации установлено иное.Утвержденный стандарт устанавливает общие требования к построению, изложению, содержанию, оформлению, обозначению, согласованию, утверждению, регистрации, применению, обновлению, отмене технических условий на пищевые продукты, производимые на территории Российской Федерации, предназначенные для реализации населению и для промышленной переработки на пищевые цели. Внастоящем стандарте реализованы нормы Федеральных законов Российской Федерации «О качестве и безопасности пищевых продуктов» и «О защите прав потребителей». Необходимо отметить, что предприятия, организации или индивидуальные предприниматели, которые являются держателями подлинников ранее разработанных технических условий на пищевые продукты, обязаны привести их в соответствие с требованиями ГОСТ Р 51740–2001.

The article analyzes the essence of globalization and modern trends of its development. Considers the main contradictions associated with the concept of «globalization» and touches on questions about the nature of this phenomenon and the current vector of its development. Proposed author's vision of the nature of globalization, its prerequisites and content of this concept. Also during the research it was established that the current condition of globalization is characterized by the level of internationalization of reproduction process in the world economy. The analysis is based on the results of basic research in the field of international production. The conclusions drawn by results of this research about essence and nature of globalization can be used further at more
detailed studying of a subject of global changes of the world economy. The findings of this study about essence and nature of globalization can be used further for a more detailed studying of a theme of global changes of the world economy.

Modern world is experiencing further geo-economic diversification of economic growth. The task of this section is to consider the implications of this process for political and economic development of Asia and Africa. What are the trends of socio-economic development in these countries? What are the key features of the relations between the North and the South nowadays? What role does modernization play in Asia and Africa? This section also analyzes the process of regionalization in the macro-region. ; В современном мире активно продолжаются процессы геоэкономической диверсификации экономического роста, задевающие и страны Востока. Задача раздела – рассмотреть последствия этих процессов для политического и экономического развития макрорегиона. В чем заключаются особенности социально-экономического развития стран Востока? В чем заключаются особенности взаимоотношений Севера и Юга в современном мире? Какую роль в странах Востока играет концепция модернизации? В данном разделе также дается оценка процессам регионализации в макрорегионе.

The article is devoted to the analysis of personal meanings of intention of Constitution in an ordinary political consciousness of modern students in conditions of variation of modern Russian higher education. The character of coincidence of official meanings and personal senses, their content peculiarities at students studying as bachelors and specialists are analyzed. It is shown that personal meanings of intention of constitution of students studying as specialists differ from the same ones of the students studying as bachelors, and the differences are in content variety, semantic accuracy and quantitative predominance. This implicitly characterizes them as much more active participants of specific substantial relations with the state power, indicates their quite adequate representations and estimates of political realities, more broad than at students studying as bachelors of civic position, more potential of political behaviour, realization of possibilities and responsibility for their adoption or refusal, for personal choice. ; Статья посвящена анализу личностных смыслов интенции Конституции в обыденном политическом сознании студентов в условиях вариативности современного российского высшего образования. Анализируются характер совпадений официального значения и личностных смыслов, их содержательные особенности у студентов систем бакалавриат и специалитет. Показано, что личностные смыслы интенции конституции студентов специалитета отличаются от аналогичных у студентов-бакалавров количественным преобладанием, семантической точностью и содержательным разнообразием. Это косвенно характеризует их как значительно более активных участников конкретных содержательных отношений с государственной властью, свидетельствует об их достаточно адекватных представлениях и оценках политических реалий, более широкой, чем у студентов системы бакалавриат, гражданской позиции, о большем потенциале политического поведения, осознания возможностей и ответственности за их принятие или отвержение, за личностный выбор.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the selected limitation of the right to property. The author is of the opinion that establishing the boundaries of property rights in the law system serves the interests of society and supports the economic, social, politicial and economic well-being.

The article is devoted to the development of the modern politics of identity construction in Japan, which actively refers to the practice of designing self-image in international relations. This trend dates back to the 19th century, when there was the end of Sakoku (Japan's policy of isolation). It is now possible to talk about the institutionalization of the identity construction policy to organized structures and regulations. Enhanced efforts in the field of Japanese traditional and popular culture, education and creative content has led to a number of institutions appearance (like Japan Foundation Fund, Japan Creative Agency, Japan Culture Fund, Agency for Cultural Affairs, Cool Japan Fund, Japan brand Fund) and changing idea about the role of culture in foreign policy realization (it is fixed the documents of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry), as well as a number of projects (Cool Japan, Visit Japan, Japan Culture Power, Japan Manga Awards, Kawaii Ambassadors, Cosplay International Fest and etc.). These efforts are aimed at forming Japan identity abroad to solve a number of foreign policy challenges of the future and the development of economic cooperation. The Japanese government nearest plans is to increase funding in order to create a positive image of Japan in the region of East Asia. All of these allows us to speak about the policy of the Japanese construction of identity as an institutionalized process in which there was clearance of organizations and regulatory activities.

The article provides a critical analysis of imagology, revealing the link between imagological approach to the Other, on the one hand, and the traditions of the analytic philosophy, post-structuralist doctrines and the method of discourse analysis, on the other. We also consider the problem of imagology's correlation with historical poetics and investigate the role of imagology in solving some crucial political challenges for contemporary Europe, discovering the latent ideological nature of imagology. We also call for the introduction of a new notion, "imagopoetics".The foundational difference between imagology which studies the image of the other and comparative studies or historical poetics lies both in the aspect of image studies and its methodology. Imagology primarily concentrates on the social and ideological function of the image of the Other, its role in creating stereotypes and sociocultural and national particularity, while historical politics is interested in the structure and aesthetic operation of the image. Imagology's method is the post-structuralist discourse analysis, while historical poetics utilizes the comparative historical method. Analytical philosophy with its characteristic linguocentrism acts as a forerunner and philosophical background for discourse analysis.Imagology and historical poetics have different visions of literature. For imagology, literature is nothing more than a source and repository of the stereotypes of the Other. Literature here is devoid of mimetic and cognitive finctions, unlike the view of historical poetics, which is focused on the "spirit of the nation".By studying mechanisms and types of constructing sociocultural and ethnic identities, as well as the chances of recoding it by creating and spreading stereotypes, imagology has a very important poetical and cultural function for contemporary Europe – shaping the common European identity. ; В статье дан критический анализ имагологии, описана специфика ее методологии, показана связь имагологического подхода к изучению образа Другого с традициями аналитической философии, постструктуралистскими доктринами и методом дискурс-анализа.Рассмотрен вопрос о соотношении имагологии и исторической поэтики. Констатируется роль имагологии в решении некоторых важных политических задач современной Европы, раскрыта латентная идеологичность имагологии. Обосновывается целесообразность введения в научный обиход понятия «имагопоэтика».Принципиальное отличие имагологии, изучающей образ Другого, от исторической поэтики и компаративистики состоит как в избранном ей аспекте изучения образа, так и в методологии. Имагология изучает прежде всего социально>идеологическую функцию образа Другого, его роль в создании стереотипов и конструировании социокультурной и национальной идентичности, в то время как историческую поэтику интересует структура и художественно-эстетическое функционирование образа. Методом имагологии является постструктуралистский дискурс-анализ. Историческая поэтика использует сравнительно-исторический метод. Философской основой и предпосылкой дискурс-анализа стала аналитическая философия с характерным для нее лингвоцентризмом.Имагология и историческая поэтика исповедуют разные концепции литературы: для имагологии литература — лишь источник и резервуар стереотипов о Другом, не претендующий на миметическую и познавательную функцию, для исторической поэтики — выражение «духа нации».Изучая механизмы и способы конструирования социокультурной и национальной идентичности, возможности ее перекодировки посредством создания и распространения стереотипов, имагология выполняет важную для современной Европы политико-культурную задачу — формирование общеевропейской идентичности.