Suchergebnisse

South Asian geopolitical face-off of Delhi and Islamabad revealed breaches of the nuclear nonproliferation. This encouraged the greatest nuclear powers to create a mechanism for additional regulation of the nuclear technology and materials export, which is now known as "Nuclear Suppliers' Group". This mechanism aims to impose restrictions for the nuclear technology and materials export to the countries that are not members of NPT. These are nuclear programs of India and Pakistan that are pressing challenge on the agenda. India has been a very attractive market for nuclear suppliers, especially the United States, so the restrictions were lifted from Delhi in 2008. However, they remained valid for Pakistan, which wasn't an appealing market for the American nuclear exporters. As a result, China, which has been a member of NSG since 2004, has initiated building new NPPs in Pakistan getting mixed reaction of the international community. Despite the clearly contradicting Guidelines, the members of NSG haven't reached common ground on how to restore its supporting role in maintaining the non-proliferation regime. Thus, the Asian nuclear market develops mostly spontaneously, and its future is shaped primarily by the international relations between importers and exporters. Russia isn't able to influence all the NSG members to change the position, however it can take advantage of the situation for developing nuclear cooperation with the Asian countries to support sustainable development of the South Asian energy market. (author's abstract)

The article is devoted to the study of the Iran-Azerbaijan relations during the first year of Muhammad Khatami's presidency. The main task of the research is to follow the evolution of Iran-Azerbaijan relations during that period, to describe the most important events of these relations and to find an answer to the question why such a successful beginning of the period led Iran and Azerbaijan to the verge of a diplomatic catastrophe. The coming of the liberal president Khatami to power in Iran created an opportunity to overcome mutual mistrust in the Iran-Azerbaijan relations and to direct them into a constructive course. The fact that in 1997-1998 Iran and Azerbaijan foreign policy agendas partly coincided also contributed to this concept. The first serious attempts to stabilize the Iran-Azerbaijan relations were made during the eighth OIC summit in Tehran, when Iran initiated passing of several documents, condemning the actions of Armenia in the Karabakh conflict. However, this proved insufficient to stabilize the relationship. Soon, because of problems in ethnic and energy spheres the Iran-Azerbaijan relations began rapidly to deteriorate. The priority given to relations with the United States by Azerbaijan served as an additional source of irritation for Iran. That eventually became the main reason for Iran to change its position on the international legal status of the Caspian Sea that created the basis for Iranian claims to Azerbaijan oilfields. In three years dramatic events of the first year of Khatami presidency led Iran and Azerbaijan to a military conflict in the Caspian Sea when Iranian warships drove away Azerbaijan research vessels from a contract zone Araz-Alov-Sharg.

The article is devoted to the transformation of the energy strategy of Russia in the conditions of the current economic crisis. The special attention is paid to current trends in the sphere of international relations having a decisive influence on the formation of Russia's energy strategy. The authors point to the crisis of the modern world, the deepening of interstate contradictions, the expansion of confrontation, the revision of the uniform principles of trade, established by the World Trade Organization, the changes in the global financial system. The authors investigate the possibility of political arrangements between the leading suppliers of oil on the destabilization of the oil market in order to achieve geopolitical goals. In the article special attention is also paid to the issue of political motivation of anti-Russian sanctions directed at impeding Russia's development and its Fuel & Energy Complex, in particular. Today, against the background of the current political situation, the energy strategy of Russia is exposed to adjustment. The country has the important task of ensuring technological independence of the energy sector on the basis of import substitution of the equipment, diversification of the directions of export of energy resources, preservation of leading positions in the world market of peaceful nuclear energy, etc. The authors conclude that the energy strategy of Russia is important part of foreign policy strategy of the country, and it is focused on practical cooperation with all countries and is aimed at protecting interests of the state.

In this article the results of study of interrelation of characteristics of social frustration and subjective emotional well-being of cadets are stated, the main frustrators are revealed; the most significant of them are defined. Features of interrelation of indicators of social frustration and subjective well-being at different grade levels in military higher education institution are opened. Growth and decrease in interrelations at different stages of professional socialization is found. ; В данной статье изложены результаты изучения взаимосвязи характеристик социальной фрустрированности и субъективного эмоционального благополучия курсантов, выявлены основные фрустраторы, определены наиболее значимые из них. Раскрыты особенности взаимосвязи показателей социальной фрустрированности и субъективного благополучия на разных этапах обучения в военном вузе. Обнаружен рост и снижение взаимосвязей на разных этапах профессиональной социализации.

Исследованы теоретические аспекты механизма государственной поддержки аграрного сектора. Проанализированы основные проблемы господдержки производителей продукции животноводства. Предложено авторское определение государственной поддержки. Доказано, что комплекс социально-экономических, законодательно-правовых, организационных и социальных мер, осуществляемых государством, должен быть направлен на эффективное и устойчивое развитие производителей продукции и сельских территорий с целью обеспечения продовольственной безопасность страны. ; Investigated the theoretical aspects of the mechanism of state support of the agricultural sector. Analyzed the main problems of state support of livestock producers. Proposed by the author's definition of the state support. Been proven that the complex of socio-economic, legislative, legal, institutional and social measures implemented by the state, should be directed to the efficient and sustainable development of producers and rural areas to provide food security of the country. State support system should be implemented based on these principles: equal access t o state support for all business entities regardless of their organizational-legal form and size; targeted nature of reception and use of budgetary funds; targeting of state support; efficient use of funds. The main forms of implementation of the state support for livestock producers could be subsidies for the production, material and technical resources, subsidizing lending to the direct producers of livestock production, subsidies for capital expenditure, the budgetary allocation for science and other forms of direct and indirect state support.

Цель. В статье рассмотрены механизмы конструирования социокультурной реальности в процессе социализации молодежи на примере деятельности студенческого самоуправления. В качестве исследовательской базы представлена деятельность студенческого самоуправления в Марийском государственном университете (МарГУ). Организация студенческого самоуправления рассматривается с трех точек зрения: социокультурной, правовой, экономической.Метод или методология проведения работы. Для достижения поставленных целей применялся комплекс методов: метод теоретического моделирования, эмпирический метод, социологический опрос и анкетирование студентов.Результаты. Дан анализ программы развития деятельности студенческих объединений (ПРДСО), показаны положительные и отрицательные моменты реализации данной программы в стенах МарГУ. Сделан вывод о том, что условия развития современной цивилизации ставят перед институтами образования и воспитания новые задачи, направленные на гуманизацию социокультурного пространства.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены для развития социокультурного пространства вузов посредством деятельности студенческого самоуправления, организации воспитательной работы в вузе. ; Purpose. The article tells about the mechanisms of constructing social and cultural reality in the process of socialization of young people on the example of the student self-government. The research base is represented by the activities of the student self-government at the Mari State University (MarSU). Organization of student self-government is viewed from three perspectives: sociocultural, legal, economic.Methodology. To achieve this purpose, complex of methods was used: theoretical modeling method, empirical method, an opinion poll and survey of students.Results. The analysis of the Development Program of Activities of Student Associations shows econonic aspects of this program within the MarSU. It was concluded that the conditions for the development of modern civilization set for education and training institutions new tasks aimed at the humanization of social and cultural space.Practical implications. The research results can be applied to the development of universities sociocultural space through the activities of the student self-government, the organization of educational work at the university.

The article focuses on the features of University risk-management. The article shows the groups of the risks in higher education, which are based on the risk-management theory and international ISO%standards of risk-management and quality management. The author grounds the following risks for Universities: personnel risks, contingent risks, image-risks, procedural risks, management risks, innovative risks, industrial risks, financial risks, social risks, governmental risks and risks of organizations. They can be divided into three groups: inside, outside and edge risks. The author also describes three levels of managerial decision at University: the top management level, the level of a chair or a department, the level of a teacher or employee. The groups of risks were explained on every managerial level. The author comes to the conclusion that collective risk management is the most effective way to manage the risks and to improve higher education quality. ; В статье рассмотрены особенности использования положений риск-менеджмента в сфере управления качеством высшего образования. На основе общей теории риск-менеджмента, а также международных стандартов управления рисками и управления качеством серии ISO выделены и описаны группы внутренних, внешних и пограничных рисков вуза: кадровые, контингент-риски, имидж-риски, процессуальные, организационные, инновационные, технико-производственные, финансовые, социальные, риски государства, риски общества, риски предприятий и организаций. Описаны уровни принятия управленческих решений относительно улучшения качества образовательных услуг вуза - уровень ректората, уровень кафедры/факультета/отдела, уровень преподавателя/сотрудника. Кроме того, раскрыто проявление групп рисков на каждом уровне. В заключение статьи автором обоснован вывод о необходимости коллективной работы по управлению рисками в вузе для достижения высокого качества образования.

The article underlines the latest trends in real estate prices in Russia, which helps to record the increasing negative effect of real estate risks on various groups of economic agents. The consequences of negative dynamics in mean real estate market prices could be relaxed by real estate derivatives market construction, which has been unclaimed yet by the market participants due to favorable economic conditions. The article provides the ground for the necessity of real estate risk hedging for various groups of economic agents, viability of real estate derivatives utilization for the purposes of hedging and their application to further financial innovations.

The paper provides analysis of means of individualization (trademarks) as an institutional alternative to ensure quality of market goods and to enforce specific contractual performance of sellers and buyers. In general, the price mechanism as described in the perfect competition paradigm fails to ensure efficient market exchange of sophisticated goods and supplementary institutions such as a reputational mechanism are often required. Means of individualization as part of the reputational mechanism contribute to increasing efficiency of the market exchange by ensuring quality of market goods and, in broader context, by enforcing specific performance within the market contracts. The paper provides analysis of advantages and disadvantages of the means of individualization as compared with its institutional alternatives - "pure" market institutions, and centralized regulation of quality/contract performance.

This article about a legal status of children in the Soviet family as one of problems of children'sdaily occurrence. The family legislation in Russia has considerably changed after October revolutionof 1917. Marriage has stopped being church sacrament. Legitimate and illegitimate children have beenbalanced in the rights, the relations of children and parents are reconsidered. The concept "parentalpower" has disappeared from acts, the alienated "parental rights" have appeared. The state began tointerfere with family life actively, to give it economic support, to control process of education of thechild. In article situation of children in a family before and later the revolution is compared, the familypolicy of RSFSR in 1920th and 1930th is analyzed. This policy wasn't uniform: if in the 1920th thefamily was considered as the dying-off bourgeois remnant, then in the 1930th it becomes the majorsocial institute. There is a return to traditional values, abortions are forbidden. ; Статья посвящена вопросам правового положения детей в советской семье как однойиз проблем детской повседневности. После октябрьской революции 1917 года семейное за-конодательство в России претерпело значительные изменения. Брак перестал быть церков-ным таинством. Законнорожденные и незаконнорожденные дети были уравнены в правах,пересмотрены отношения детей и родителей. Из законодательных актов исчезло понятие«родительская власть», появились отчуждаемые «родительские права». Государство сталоактивно вмешиваться в жизнь семьи, оказывать ей экономическую поддержку, контроли-ровать процесс воспитания ребенка. В статье сравнивается положение детей в семье дореволюции и после, анализируется семейная политика РСФСР в 1920-е и 1930-е годы. Этаполитика не была однородной: если в 1920-е гг. семья считалась отмирающим буржуазнымпережитком, то в 1930-е гг. она становится важнейшим социальным институтом. Проис-ходит возврат к традиционным ценностям, запрещаются аборты

This article examines the analytical basis on both the supply and the demand side with the issue of interaction between citizens and e-government. At modeling of three dimensions of online of civic engagement (government information access, service transactions, and contributing to government policy-making processes) a variety of data was included in the study, i.e. political activity, civic engagement, perceived benefits and difficulties, information channels, and demographic characteristics. ; Исследуются аналитические основы как со стороны предложения, так и с позиции спроса в вопросе взаимодействия граждан и электронного правительства. При моделировании трех измерений гражданской активности в интернете (доступ к правительственной информации, оказание услуг, а также процесс содействия государственной политике) включены в исследование различные данные, в том числе политическая активность, гражданская активность, возникающие преимущества и трудности, информационные каналы и демографические характеристики.

Despite the fact that China has historically symbolized an "Oriental" pattern of power-property relations, with everything in the country belonging to a sovereign ruler, this has been changing over the last 35 years. Steadily and voluntarily the state is ceding control of property to different social groups. This process entails several problems: legal vacuum engenders rent-oriented behavior of bureaucracy, reforms often turn out to be half-way and cannot solve a problem. Nevertheless, the process seems to be irreversible and likely to foster political and social changes in China in the near future. ; Несмотря на то, что исторически Китай олицетворял собой «восточный» тип отношений между властью и собственностью, при котором всё в стране принадлежит верховному правителю, последние 35 лет это положение вещей стало меняться. Постепенно, шаг за шагом государство добровольно передаёт контроль над собственностью представителям различных групп. Этот процесс сопряжён со множеством проблем: правовой вакуум порождает рентоориентированное поведение части бюрократии, реформы зачастую выходят половинчатыми и не решают поставленной задачи. Тем не менее, процесс уже выглядит необратимым и, скорее всего, в ближайшее время приведёт к ускорению политических и социальных изменений в КНР.

In the article the general concepts of the choice in economy are stated, its features and priority directions of implementation in the agrarian and industrial complex of Belarus are reasoned. The conditions and factors providing possibilities of choosing the most optimal variants to increase the efficiency of functioning and competitive stability of the agrarian and industrial complex of the republic are substantiated. ; В статье изложены общие понятия выбора в экономике, аргументированы его особенности и приоритетные направления реализации в АПК Беларуси. Обоснованы условия и факторы, обеспечивающие возможности осуществления выбора наиболее оптимальных вариантов повышения эффективности функционирования и конкурентной устойчивости агропромышленного комплекса республики.

Реализации целей литературного образования максимально содействует осмысление аксиологии гуманизма — экзистенциальных, социальных, политических, нравственных, эстетических и др. ценностей. В процессе изучения курса литературы необходимо формировать представление о жизни как процессе, в ходе которого происходит реализация человечности, всех положительных качеств и добродетелей, всех ценностей. ; Realisation of aims of literary education helps as much as possible to understand axiology humanism-existential, social, political, moral, aesthetics and other values. While studying the course of literature one should form understanding life as process of realisation of humanity, all positive qualities and virtues, all values.