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Dahlia Lenairte's Family and the State in Soviet Lithuania: Gender, Law and Society (2021) offers an account of the changing role and position of women in the family and in society under the Communist reign in Lithuania. Beginning with the first Soviet occupation before the Second World War, Lenairte details the massive changes from Catholicism to Communism with respect to gender policy, family, divorce, childcare, maternity leave, and finally housing, up until the 1980s. Importantly, she shows that, contrary to common belief about Communist policy, gender equality was in fact never achieved in Soviet Lithuania.
Dahlia Lenairtes bog Familie og stat i Sovjet Litauen: Køn, lov og samfund (2021) er en gennemgang af kvinders ændrede roller og position i samfundet og familien under det kommunistisk styre i Litauen. Med et afsæt fra den første sovjetiske besættelse før 2. Verdenskrig viser Lenairte de enorme ændringer der skete fra katolicisme til kommunisme med hensyn til ligestilling, familie, skilsmisse, børnepasning og barselsorlov, og endelig boligsituationen op til begyndelsen af 1980'erne. I modsætning til den almindelige forståelse af kommunistisk ligestillingspolitik bliver det tydeligt, at kvinder aldrig opnåede at blive ligestillet med mænd.

Martin Kragh, Deputy Director of the Stockholm Centre for Eastern European Studies (SCEEUS) and Senior Research Fellow at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs, reviews Ingerid M. Opdahl's book, The Russian State and Russian Energy Companies, 1992–2018 (Routledge, 2020).

There are two functions of the state liability principle. The first is to secure individual rights (including economic rights) from a wrongful act conducted by a government, and the second is to compensate for damage caused by the infringement of individual right. Economic right is inherently allowing an individual to pursue economic interest both domestically or globally. In order to accommodate this right, a government is obliged to provide trade rules and mechanisms for every individual to conduct their global economic activities by participating in the WTO. The objective of the WTO significantly corresponds to the individual's right in order to obtain trade benefits. Hence, when a government infringes trade rules and mechanisms underlined in WTO Law, it will directly restrict individuals from gaining trade benefits under the WTO or, moreover, it will restrain individuals from enjoying their inviolable economic rights. When the right is violated, and the damage occurs, it thus leads to the obligation for the government to compensate the damage according to the state liability principle. This article discusses the nexus between the state liability principle and WTO Law, in order to encourage national courts to exercise the function of state liability by referring to the infringement of economic rights caused by the violation of WTO Law.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the efficiency and effectiveness of local government expenditure on education sector in districts and cities level of East Java, during the periods 2007-2014. Furthermore, this study will evaluate the impacts of local government expenditure, household expenditure for education, and regional product domestic bruto or (PDRB) on the educational outcomes, namely education index. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is selected as the methodology for analyzing the efficiency of local government expenditure on educational outcome. The model assumes constant return to scale (CRS) and variable return to scale (VRS). Measurement of the effectiveness of government spending is done by using panel data regression. Data for supporting the analyses is panel data from 38 districts and cities in East Java for the periods of 2007 – 2014. The results show that government expenditure in educational sector is relatively inefficient. Government Expenditure for Education (PPP) has no significant impact on educational index, while Household expenditure for education (PPRT) and GRDP per Capita positive has significant impact on the Education Index (IP). This imply that government expenditure for educational sector is not effective improving educational index.

Political Culture in the Baltic States: Between National and European Integration är en gedigen studie av demokratins ställning i de baltiska staterna och den kritiska roll som etniska skiljelinjer kan ha i demokratiseringprocesser. Den har mycket att erbjuda både områdesspecialister och läsare med ett mer allmänt intresse för demokrati och politisk kultur.
Political Culture in the Baltic States: Between National and European Integration is a thorough study of the situation of democracy in the Baltic states, and the critical role of ethnic cleavages in processes of democratization. It has much to offer to area specialists as well as to readers more generally interested in democracy and political culture.

Abstract: Political Culture in the Baltic States. Between National and European IntegrationEglė Kesylytė-Alliks (researcher at Institute of International Relations and Political Science, Vilnius University) reviews Political Culture in the Baltic States. Between National and European Integration written by Kjetil Duvold, Sten Berglund and Joakim Ekman.

Abstract: Religion, Expression, and Patriotism in Russia: Essays on Post-Soviet Society and the StateYuliya Yurchuk (postdoctoral researcher, Historical and Contemporary Studies, Södertörn University) reviews Religion, Expression, and Patriotism in Russia: Essays on Post-Soviet Society and the State, edited by Sanna Turoma, Kaarina Aitamurto and Slobodanka Vladiv-Glover.

The Cultural Is Political. Intersections of Russian Art and State Politics, edited by Irina Anisimova and Ingunn Lunde, is an edited volume dealing with various political ideologies and the ambiguous nature of cultural practices in contemporary Russia. The volume is a good introduction to a range of topics in the field of Russian studies.
The Cultural Is Political. Intersections of Russian Art and State Politics redigeret av Irina Anisimova og Ingunn Lunde er en artikelsamling, der fokuserer på diverse politiske ideologier og de tvetydige kulturelle former og praksisser i nutidens Rusland. Artikelsamlingen er en god introduktion til russiskstudieområdet.

Cash waqf is one of the instruments of Islamic Economics that is being assessed his progress. This research aims to know the role of BadanWakaf Indonesia (BWI) as government of waqf institution and Tabung Wakaf Indonesia (TWI) as private waqf institution, in empowerment of (cash waqf) education, and by results of research to draw up a model empowerment of cash waqf in the field of education.The research method used was qualitative methods.Qualitative descriptive analysis is used to explain how the empowerment model cash waqf are integrated in the BWI and the TWI for the education quality empowerment. The results showed that the integration of BWI and TWI is carried out by the Division of tasks and functions, namely BWI focus more on socializing on the cash waqafand nadzirtraining, while the TWI more on empowering education for maukuf 'alaih peace both in the quantity as well as quality.

Cash waqf is one of the instruments of Islamic Economics that is being assessed his progress. This research aims to know the role of BadanWakaf Indonesia (BWI) as government of waqf institution and Tabung Wakaf Indonesia (TWI) as private waqf institution, in empowerment of (cash waqf) education, and by results of research to draw up a model empowerment of cash waqf in the field of education.The research method used was qualitative methods.Qualitative descriptive analysis is used to explain how the empowerment model cash waqf are integrated in the BWI and the TWI for the education quality empowerment. The results showed that the integration of BWI and TWI is carried out by the Division of tasks and functions, namely BWI focus more on socializing on the cash waqafand nadzirtraining, while the TWI more on empowering education for maukuf 'alaih peace both in the quantity as well as quality.

United States and the Soviet Union is a country on the part of allies who emerged as the winner during World War II. However, after reaching the Allied victory in the situation soon changed, man has become an opponent. United States and the Soviet Union are competing to expand the influence and power. To compete the United States strive continuously strengthen itself both in the economic and military by establishing a defense pact and aid agencies in the field of economy. During the Cold War the two are not fighting directly in one of the countries of the former Soviet Union and the United States. However, if understood, teradinya the Korean War and the Vietnam War is a result of tensions between the two countries and is a direct warfare conducted by the United States and the Soviet Union. Cold War ended in conflict with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as the winner of the country. ; United States and the Soviet Union is a country on the part of allies who emerged as the winner during World War II. However, after reaching the Allied victory in the situation soon changed, man has become an opponent. United States and the Soviet Union are competing to expand the influence and power. To compete the United States strive continuously strengthen itself both in the economic and military by establishing a defense pact and aid agencies in the field of economy. During the Cold War the two are not fighting directly in one of the countries of the former Soviet Union and the United States. However, if understood, teradinya the Korean War and the Vietnam War is a result of tensions between the two countries and is a direct warfare conducted by the United States and the Soviet Union. Cold War ended in conflict with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as the winner of the country.

This study aims to describe political participation and the factors influencing the political participation of novice voters in the Padang Mayor Election in 2018. This research was conducted to describe the political participation of novice voters in the Padang Mayor Election. Therefore, to describe the political participation of novice voter researchers spread a quetionnaire to 138 respondents. According to Ramlan, 1992; Ramli, (2010) Political participation can be interpreted as the participation of ordinary citizens in determining all decisions concering or affecting his life.This type of research is descriptive with research locations in the Kelurahan Pasar Ambacang. The population in this study amounted to 1.377 novice voters and a sample of 138 respondents with a sampling technique using simple random sampling. Data was collected using questionnaire, interviews and documentation, intruments and analyzed using triangulation. The results of the study of political participation in voting as much as 100%, political discussion 54,58%, of campaign activities 16,67%, form and join 0,24% interest groups and individual communication with political and administrative officials 5,31%. Novice voters at the time of voting use their voting right well. Factors influencing the political participation of novice voters are the curiosity of policies promised by the vision and mission of the candidate pair of mayors and the political awareness of the novice voter of the obligations as Indonesian citizens. It can be concluded from the results of the study of political participation of novice voters 35,36% included in the less category.Keywords: Political Participation, Novice Voters, The Election Of The Mayor