Suchergebnisse

Fundamental changes in the social and state system after the revolutionary events of 1917 initiated a series of large-scale changes in social relations and legal institutions, which could not but affect the penal system inherited by Soviet Russia from the Russian Empire. In the first months after the establishment of Soviet power, continuity with the pre-revolutionary order of organizing places of detention was maintained, subsequently, as Soviet legislation developed and the penitentiary system was reformed, the Soviet penal system began to acquire its own characteristic features. The article analyzes the conditions and processes of formation and formation of the penitentiary system of the Soviet state with the involvement of archival materials, legal acts and scientific works, examines their organizational structure, the composition of the governing bodies and their interdepartmental struggle, as well as the types of places of detention, conditions of detention, rights and duties of prisoners. The relevance of the study of the Soviet system of execution of punishments lies in the consideration of the contradictions of its development in the light, on the one hand, of the features of the historically revolutionary character inherent in these events, and on the other hand, the identified need to inherit some of the institutions of this system that existed under previous governments. In the current conditions of the ongoing reorganization of the correctional system after the collapse of the USSR, taking into account such experience can also be relevant and useful for further reforms.

This article presents a synthesis of the experience of foreign government and corporate procurement management. Set out key aspects of the organization of procurement for government and corporate needs, disclosed issues of centralization and decentralization of procurement, as well as given clarifi cation of the concept of "procurement management system" and structured the main elements that make up this system. The purpose / goal. The purpose of the work is to study the nature and characteristics of the functioning of government and corporate experience in procurement management, identifying problems and prospects of its development. Methodology. To perform this work were used legal, comparative and statistical analysis methods. Results. As part of the presentation of the present article the author has examined the nature, objectives and stages of public and corporate procurement management. ; В данной статье представлено обобщение зарубежного опыта управления государственными и корпоративными закупками. Изложены ключевые аспекты организации закупочной деятельности для государственных и корпоративных нужд, раскрыты вопросы централизации и децентрализации управления закупками, а также дано уточнение понятия «система управления закупками» и структурированы основные элементы, образующие данную систему. Цель / задачи. Цель работы заключается в исследовании сущности и особенностей функционирования опыта управления государственными и корпоративными закупками, выявлении проблем и перспектив его развития. Методология. Для выполнения данной работы были использованы правовой, сравнительный и статистический методы анализа.Результаты. В рамках изложения представленной статьи автором были рассмотрены сущность, цели и этапы управления государственными и корпоративными закупками.

автором данной статьи рассмотрена проблема формирования налоговой грамотности и культуры населения Российской Федерации. Выявлены причины несоблюдения налогоплательщиком налоговой дисциплины. Проведен статистический анализ налоговых правонарушений. Рассмотрены основные причины уклонения от уплаты налогов юридическими лицами. Проанализированы методы повышения налоговой грамотности. Приведен перечень мероприятий по достижению высокого уровня информационно-разъяснительного обслуживания налогоплательщиков. Предложены способы совершенствования обслуживания налогоплательщиков как партнеров государства. ; the author describes the problem of formation of tax literacy and culture of the population of the Russian Federation ; identifies the causes of non-compliance with the taxpayer's tax discipline. The statistical analysis of tax offences has been made. The article describes the main causes of tax evasion by legal entities ; analyzes methods to improve tax literacy ; provides the list of activities to achieve a high level of outreach service for the taxpayers and suggests the ways of improving service for the taxpayers as partners of the state.

В статье осуществляется анализ сущности современной политики как политики «военизированного гуманизма», под которой понимается изнанка экспансии демократии, допускающей применение как угроз, так и самой силы, как использование санкций международных институтов, так и отказ от них, что, в свою очередь, позволяет нам предположить, что современный демократический мир осуществляется в формате «гуманитарной интервенции». «Военизированный гуманизм» как результат политики военных угроз, призванных мирно производить глобальные перемены, выступает также причиной размывания различий между войной и военной угрозой. Проблема толерантности, т. е. антиномичность толерантного разума, рассматривается в статье как следствие и в то же время условие возможности осуществления политики «военизированного гуманизма». = The author of this article analyses the essence of the modern politics as a policy of «military humanism», that is, the wrong side of the expansion of democracy, it allows using both the different threats and the force, employing both the sanction of international institutions and the rejection of them. So it is possibly for us to suppose that the modern democratic world is in the format of «humanitarian intervention». «Military humanism» is a result of the policy of military threats, which produce global changes peacefully; it is also the reason for eliminating the distinctions between the war and the military threat. The article examines the problem of tolerance, i. e. the antinomy of the tolerant reason as a result and at the same time a condition of possibility of the implementation of the policy of «military humanism».

В статье рассматривается китайская саморефлексия посредством обращения к образам птиц и животных как источник патриотизма и "мягкой силы" Китая. ; The article is part of a research project aimed at describing the political and socio-cultural context of modern China through the prism of linguistic phenomena. The scope of the study includes the linguistic images of birds and animals embodied in objects or descriptions of objects belonging to the chinoiserie style.

Introduction: the article considers some issues of protection of "ethnic" and "cultural" rights of indigenous numerically small peoples of the Russian Federation. It consists of several paragraphs: cultural rights of the indigenous peoples; "cultural" and "ethnic" rights in the Russian Federation; the issue of preserving "ethno-cultural diversity"; the issue of preserving "traditional medicine"; customs of indigenous numerically small peoples as a source of law. Purpose: the authors analyze and compare different approaches to defining the legal nature of the cultural heritage of Russia's indigenous numerically-small peoples as well as measures to protect this heritage, and also give a general description of legal regulation of these peoples' rights protection. Methods: the methodological framework of the research is based on a set of methods of scientific cognition, among which the dialectic method is the major one. The authors use general scientific methods (dialectics, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concretization) and methods specific to legal science (formal-legal, technical-legal, comparative legal). Results: 1) the international law only mentions "ethnic" and "cultural" rights as well as "traditional knowledge" of indigenous peoples, not giving any legal definitions to these terms; 2) the constitutional law of the Russian Federation also does not contain a legal definition of the above terms; 3) protection of "ethnic" and "cultural" rights is a subject of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent units, but is actually implemented only at the level of the constituent units; 4) in the Russian Federation there is no well-regulated system of support for "ethnic and cultural diversity" since such a system may impede the prosess of a unified nation formation; 5) existing regulations do not address the issues relating to the support for "traditional medicine" as a manifestation of "ethnic" and "cultural" rights of indigenous numerically small peoples; 6) the rulemaking process in Russia does not take into consideration traditional forms of habitat and customs of these peoples. Conclusions: analysis of the current legislation of the Russian Federation on cultural rights of indigenous numerically small peoples, as well as of scientific literature on the study of ethnic and cultural diversity of the peoples of the Russian Federation has been conducted.

The article gives a detailed examination of the formation and development of forensic expertise in the Republic of Kazakhstan; it also establishes its periodization basing on the most significant events. The author lists the main scientists and practitioners of the Kazakh SSR and independent Kazakhstan, who contributed to the formation of the Kazakhstan forensic examination. An analysis of changes in the contemporary legislation governing the forensic expert activity of independent Kazakhstan is also provided. ; Подробно рассмотрено развитие судебной экспертизы в Республике Казахстан, проведена периодизация ее становления на основе наиболее существенных событий. Автором перечислены основные ученые и эксперты-практики КазССР и независимого Казахстана, внесшие вклад в становление казахстанской судебной экспертизы. Проанализированы изменения современного законодательства, регламентирующего судебно-экспертную деятельность независимого Казахстана.

Актуальность темы исследования предопределена всё более растущим интересом государственных и общественных деятелей, учёных к проблемам консолидации общества, воспитания качеств гражданственности и патриотизма у современной молодёжи. Целью статьи является анализ основных подходов к пониманию и реализации идей отечества и патриотизма представителями первой советской политической элиты, так как это повлияло не только на характер событий пореволюционной и последующей за ней эпох, но и продолжает оказывать явное и неявное влияние на современное общественное сознание. В качестве наиболее влиятельных представителей советского руководства конца 1910-х – пер. пол. 1920-х гг. можно считать В.И. Ленина, Л.Д. Троцкого, А.В. Луначарского. В результате работы делается вывод о том, что у первой советской политической элиты не было общего и однозначного отношения к отечеству, понимания необходимости его защиты и укрепления, как не было и общего отношения к патриотизму. Так для В.И. Ленина истинным отечеством было социалистическое Отечество, отечество, где к власти пришёл народ. И именно это Отечество необходимо было любить, беречь и защищать до последней капли крови, именно оно было достойно патриотических чувств и поступков. По мнению Л.Д. Троцкого и А.В. Луначарского, являвшихся наиболее яркими представителями идей «перманентной революции», Россия, пусть даже и социалистическая, была лишь пучком хвороста в костре общеевропейской или мировой революции. А потому места патриотизму нет и быть не может ни в государственной политике, ни в общественном сознании. ; The relevance of the research is the growing interest of state and public figures, scholars to the problems of consolidation of society, the upbringing of citizenship and patriotism in modern youth. The aim of the article is to analyze the basic approaches to understanding the ideas of the fatherland and patriotism by representatives of the first Soviet political elite. This affected the character of the events of the revolutionary and subsequent epochs, and continues to influence contemporary social consciousness. The most influential representatives of the Soviet leadership of the late 1910–1920's. can be considered V.I. Lenin, L.D. Trotsky, A.V. Lunacharsky. As a result, it is concluded that the first Soviet political elite did not have a common and unambiguous attitude to the fatherland and patriotism. For Lenin, the real fatherland was the socialist Fatherland, where the people came to power. This Fatherland needed to be loved, protected and protected to the last drop of blood, it was worthy of patriotic feelings and actions. According to Trotsky and Lunacharskii, who were representatives of the theory of "permanent revolution," socialist Russia is only a bunch of brushwood in the fire of a pan-European or world revolution. That is why patriotism does not exist and there can be no place either in state policy or in public consciousness.

Problem and relevance. In recent years, new categories of service recipients have appeared in the system of social services – including persons suffering from alcohol and drug addiction, persons released from prison, persons without a fixed abode. The organization of effective work with these categories of citizens requires the introduction of new approaches and services, implying their differentiation according to the degree of need for social services and other types of social support, depending on the presence and number of risk factors for maladjustment and social isolation. The introduction of a single universal mechanism in the system of social services, taking into account, among other things, the specifics of these categories of citizens, will improve the quality of social services, ensure the optimization of budget expenditures and rational use of available resources, as well as solve the problem of effective resocialization and decriminalization of able-bodied citizens, the use of their labor potential. The purpose of this study was to adapt the mechanism for determining the individual need for social services and social support, taking into account the characteristics of various categories of able-bodied citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation. Methodology. To conduct the study, the methods of theoretical scientific knowledge were used (analysis of legislative, methodological documents and scientific information, comparison, comparison, generalization, grouping), empirical methods (observation, conversations with specialists, studying the practical experience of organizations in assessing the needs for social services), sociological (survey of representatives of target groups). Results of study. Based on the study of modern international approaches to work with the indicated categories of citizens, the experience of Belarusian state and non-state organizations, their features as recipients of services and factors affecting the need for social services are revealed. With this in ...

At the Diet in 1744 and 1746, the Polish authorities tried to obtain a permit to enlarge the army, reduced at the request of Russia in 1717. For the first time since then, these intentions were viewed favourably in St. Petersburg. These actions were caused by the efforts of the government-appointed by Tsar Elizabeth Petrovna to create a bloc of states directed against the rapidly developing Prussia. To this end, Russia was ready to change its policy. However, as a result of a survey conducted on the possibilities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its development prospects, St. Petersburg decided not to rely on Polish forces in the fight against Prussia and returned to the previous policy. ; At the Diet in 1744 and 1746, the Polish authorities tried to obtain a permit to enlarge the army, reduced at the request of Russia in 1717. For the first time since then, these intentions were viewed favourably in St. Petersburg. These actions were caused by the efforts of the government-appointed by Tsar Elizabeth Petrovna to create a bloc of states directed against the rapidly developing Prussia. To this end, Russia was ready to change its policy. However, as a result of a survey conducted on the possibilities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its development prospects, St. Petersburg decided not to rely on Polish forces in the fight against Prussia and returned to the previous policy.

The paper analyzes the European absolute monarchy as a socio-political phenomenon. The trends in the development of European countries and the main directions of transformation of political structures are discussed, defining features of absolute monarchy are determined. The author examines various factors that influenced the formation and development of the absolute monarchy in Europe. It is shown that the absolute monarchy was a phenomenon of the transitional epoch, which was characterized by a combination of old and new principles of administration. Historiographical problems and main approaches to the interpretation of the absolute monarchy are described. Particular attention is paid to the transformation of the nature of social ties between the state and the society as a whole, as well as between the state and particular social groups. ; В статье рассматривается европейская абсолютная монархия как социально-политический феномен. Анализируются тенденции развития европейских государств и основные направления трансформации политических структур, выделяются определяющие черты абсолютной монархии. Автор анализирует разнообразные факторы, которые оказали влияние на становление и развитие абсолютной монархии в европейских странах. Показывается, что абсолютная монархия была явлением переходной эпохи, для которой было характерно сочетание старых и новых принципов управления. Освещаются историографические проблемы и основные подходы в трактовке абсолютной монархии. Особое внимание уделяется проблемам трансформации характера социальных связей как между государством и обществом в целом, так и между государством и отдельными социальными группами.

The paper examines the relationship of legal normativity and the Russian mentality, its peculiarity and specificity of symptoms. It is emphasized that mentality as a sociocultural phenomenon and a factor of political behavior is determined by the quality and condition of the social environment in which it is inscribed. The authors focus on the fact that the idea of the Russian state is prevailed by specialness, exclusiveness, uniqueness of the Russian way with total passivity and non-involvement of the people in the state affairs, lack of initiative in the creation of civil society. It is noted that the practice of implementation of legal normativity should be combined with observing the law not only by citizens, but also by officials, otherwise the humiliating and helpless feeling of complete lawlessness will dominate at the level of mentality. ; В статье рассматривается взаимосвязь правовой нормативности и российской ментальности, ее особенность и специфика проявления. Подчеркивается, что ментальность как социокультурный феномен и фактор политического поведения определяется качеством и состоянием социальной среды, в которую она вписана. Акцентируется внимание на том, что в идее российской государственности превалирует особость, исключительность, уникальность русского пути при общей пассивности и не включенности народа в государственное дело, безынициативности в вопросах создания гражданского общества. Отмечается, что практика реализации правовой нормативности должна сочетаться с соблюдением закона не только гражданами, но и должностными лицами, иначе в уровне менталитета будет доминировать унизительное и беспомощное ощущение полного бесправия.

The problem of utilization of waste treatment facilities every year becomes more acute for many urban, rural settlements in Russia. Over the years near their territories, numerous sludge–infested sludge plots, tailing dumps, dumps, and quarries were formed. Their presence significantly affects the living conditions of the population, environmental safety in the regions. The purpose of this paper is a comparative description of the method for disinfecting sewage fecal waste and a device for utilization of sludge from sewage treatment plants. Precipitation formed in the process of wastewater treatment in the form of excess silt, although they are of value due to the content of a number of organic components, but do not have a permanent composition. This, in turn, requires certain compliance with the processing conditions for use as fertilizers in obtaining agricultural products. In sediments, heavy metals are often found. Getting into the soil, they can adversely affect plants, animals and humans, the natural environment in general. Meanwhile, the introduction of various composts into the soil or production on their basis is one of the ways to solve the problem of getting rid of the huge amount of waste that accumulates in populated areas. The soil is enriched with nutrient macro- and microelements and organic substances. Utilization of precipitation in the form of fertilizers in agriculture will reduce the costs of mineral fertilizers to 600–1000 rubles/ha. To regulate the introduction of sewage sludge into the soil, taking into account the requirements of environmental safety, it is necessary to introduce a system of legislative acts.

This volume of the edition presents exceptional documents from the early period of European constitutionalism with the constitution of May 3rd, 1971 from the closing phase of the Polish Aristocratic Republic, and the Grodno constitution of 1793. It incorporates the constitutional texts of the Napoleonic epoch, such as those concerning the duchy of Warsaw of 1807 and of the period in which Poland ceased to exist as a sovereign state (the so-called Constitution of 1815, the 1825 amendment, and the "organic statute" of 1832). Among the most interesting and hitherto almost unknown constitutional p