In contemporary world, with the change of economic, social, political and cultural conditions, the expectations to the support or creation of welfare states are also changing. For the preservation or reinforcement of welfare states, elimination of the arising contradictions is necessary as well as positive, effective answers to the challenges raised to welfare states both in theoretic, ideological-value and practical sense. The aim of this article is to reveal and group the essential contradictions and challenges to welfare states and their public governance. This article is of a phenomenological, analytical-overview type. In chapter 1, the authors provide the notions of contradiction, challenge, welfare state, governance and public governance; chapter 2 analyses contradictions and challenges to public governance of welfare states in international, state and local levels; in chapter 3, the authors analyse the challenges to welfare states in the context of the changes of the 21st century.
In contemporary world, with the change of economic, social, political and cultural conditions, the expectations to the support or creation of welfare states are also changing. For the preservation or reinforcement of welfare states, elimination of the arising contradictions is necessary as well as positive, effective answers to the challenges raised to welfare states both in theoretic, ideological-value and practical sense. The aim of this article is to reveal and group the essential contradictions and challenges to welfare states and their public governance. This article is of a phenomenological, analytical-overview type. In chapter 1, the authors provide the notions of contradiction, challenge, welfare state, governance and public governance; chapter 2 analyses contradictions and challenges to public governance of welfare states in international, state and local levels; in chapter 3, the authors analyse the challenges to welfare states in the context of the changes of the 21st century.
زمینه و هدف: آموزش علاوه بر این‌که یکی از مصادیق مهم حقوق بشر است، ابزاری مهم برای تحقق سایر مصادیق حقوق بشر نیز به شمار می‌رود. تضمین و اجرای حق آموزش مقدمه تضمین و اجرای سایر مصادیق حقوق بشر می‌باشد. حق بر آموزش ابتدعاً در قامت یک اصل کلی و منعطف که فاقد تعهدات حقوقی مشخص و الزام‌آور بود، در قالب اعلامیه جهانی حقوق بشر پذیرفته شد. به علت تفاوت‌های بنیادینی که در نظام‌های حقوقی ـ سیاسی دولت‌ها وجود داشت، توسعه و تقویت حق مزبور به نظام‌های حقوقی منطقه‌ای و داخلی سپرده شد. مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه با روش تحلیلی ـ توصیفی، ابتدا مفهوم شهروندی و اهمیت آموزش بحث و بررسی خواهد شد. پس از مشخص‌شدن وضعیت متغیر مزبور، اهداف فرآیند آموزشی و مفهوم «حق بر آموزش» برای تبیین دقیق‌تر چارچوب کلی مسأله اصلی پژوهش حاضر و سپس آموزش دموکراسی، تسامح و تساهل به عنوان معیار اصلی برای ترویج شهروندی دموکراتیک مورد بحث و بررسی قرار خواهد گرفت. ملاحظات اخلاقی: در تمام مراحل نگارش پژوهش حاضر، ضمن رعایت اصالت متون، صداقت و امانتداری رعایت شده است. یافته‌ها: در چارچوب حق بر توانمندسازی، آموزش سازکاری است که با استفاده از آن، افراد می‌توانند ابزارهای لازم را برای مشارکت کامل در جوامع به دست آورند. آموزش نقش بسیار مهمی را در توانمندسازی اقشار آسیب‌پذیر، ترویج حقوق بشر و دموکراسی، فراهم کردن زمینه‌های لازم برای توسعه پایدار و. ایفا می‌کند، در نتیجه آموزش به عنوان یکی از بهترین سرمایه‌گذاری‌های مادی و معنوی محسوب میشود که یک دولت می‌تواند در راستای توسعه، پیشرفت و رفاه شهروندان خود، انجام دهد. نتیجه‌گیری: تحولات حق بر آموزش و اجرا و تضمین آن در چارچوب دکترین شهروندی دموکراتیک و در نتیجه، ارتباط آن با توسعه و تقویت مفهوم حکومت قانون و عناصر تشکیل‌دهنده آن، در فرآیند تربیت شهروندان پایبند به دموکراسی و ایجاد یک نظام حقوقی ـ سیاسی که اصلی‌ترین و کارآمدترین ضمانت اجرای آن فشار واقعی افکار عمومی و مطالبه‌گری عموم مردم خواهد بود، نقش اساسی ایفا کند. ; Background and Aim: Education is not only one of the important examples of human rights but also an important tool for the realization of other examples of human rights. The guarantee and enforcement of this right is a prelude to the guarantee and enforcement of other instances of human rights. The right to education was initially recognized as a general and flexible principle that had no clear and binding legal obligations under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Due to the fundamental differences that existed in the legal-political systems of governments, the development and strengthening of this right was entrusted to regional and domestic legal systems. Materials and Methods: In this study with analytical-descriptive method, first the concept of citizenship and the importance of education will be discussed. After determining the status of this variable, the objectives of the educational process and the concept of "right to education" will be considered to explain more precisely the general framework of the main issue of the present study. In the third step, the teaching of democracy, tolerance and tolerance as the main criteria for promoting democratic citizenship will be discussed. Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed. Findings: Within the framework of the right to empowerment, education is a mechanism by which individuals can acquire the tools necessary for full participation in society. Education plays a very important role in empowering the vulnerable, promoting human rights and democracy, providing the necessary conditions for sustainable development, and so on. As a result, education is considered as one of the best materials and spiritual investments that a government can make for the development, progress and welfare of its citizens. Conclusion: Developments in the right to education and implementation and its guarantee within the framework of the doctrine of democratic citizenship and, consequently, its relationship with the development and strengthening of the concept of rule of law and its constituent elements can in the process of educating citizens committed to democracy and creating a legal-political system. The main and most effective guarantee of its implementation will be the real pressure of public opinion and public demand, to play a key role. Please cite this article as: Rostami S, Soleymanzadeh T. A Rethinking of the Concept of Right to Education in the Light of Democratic Citizenship. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 173-186.
Intentional and Unintentional Injuries;Healthy ApproachReferences Haddon WJr, Suchman E, Klein D. Accident Research: Methods and Approaches. Harper & Row Publishers, Chicago, IL, USA. 1964.Global Burden of Diseases, World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/topics/global_burden_of_disease/en/ Date of access, Sept. 2012.Iranian Census Center. http://www.amar.org.ir/, Date of Access August 2012.Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, www: lmo.ir/ Date of access, Sept. 2012.Hargarten, J.W.R.a.S.W. (2002). Principles of the Disease of Injury. Rosen's Emergency Medicine. J.A. Marx. St. Louis, Missouri, Mosby Inc. 1:821-828.Jones BH, Canham-Chervak M, Sleet DA .An evidence-based public health approach to injury priorities and prevention recommendations for the U.S Military. Am J Prev Med. 2010 Jan; 38(1 Suppl):S1-10.Khorasani-Zavareh D. System versus traditional approach in road traffic injury prevention: a call for action. 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Background and Aim: About one-third of Iranian children mortality is caused by injuries from which 36% occur due to road traffic injuries. Using child restraint embedded in vehicles can reduce road traffic fatalities by 71% for neonates and 54% for children. Based on its effectiveness in reduction of fatality and prevention of injury severity, child restraint usage mandatory law is a priority. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess opportunities and threats to mandatory law of child restraint usage in Iran. Materials and Methods: Initially, a mixed methods research is carried out by a phenomenological qualitative study, a discussion session by traffic injuries' stakeholders was performed to assess & discuss the opportunities and threats to mandatory law of child restraint usage in Iran, by brain storming method to find the themes in the related topic. A structured questionnaire is later prepared and completed by the stakeholders in the area of road traffic injuries. Assigned scores of 0-100 were considered for each response and analysis of results was performed according to target themes & the total score of the filled questionnaires.Results: Overall, 28 stakeholders participated in the study. According to the stakeholders, traffic police department obtained the highest score of 90 (from 0-100) as an organization to establish the mandatory law of child restraint usage, and acquired the score of 100 for future enforcement and monitoring. As threats and obstacle to the mandatory law of child restraint usage, lack of television and media campaigns and child restraint law and legislation, obtained the highest scores of 85 & 70 respectively. And family sensitivity to their children's health, officials' support and national facilities for broadcasting, and community awareness to use child restraints had the highest scores among existing opportunities and facilities in the country, by scores of 83, 69 and 68 respectively.Conclusion: Due to sensitivity of the family about their children's health & safety, and officials' support to safety establishment through media campaigns, implementation and applicability of child restraint usage laws and legislations, and subsequent enforcement and monitoring seem practical. ReferencesIsna.ir/fa, 13th May 2012.National Center for Statistics and Analysis. 2003, www.nhtsa.dot.gov.Global status report on road safety: time for action. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009. (www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status date of access 12 September 2012.Jacobs G, AaronThomas A, Astrop A. Estimating global road fatalities. London: Transport Research Laboratory, (TRL Report 445), First Published 2000, ISSN 0968-4107. Nantulya VM, Reich MR. The neglected epidemic: road traffic injuries in developing countries. BMJ 2002; 324:1139.Ameratunga S, Hijar M, Norton R. Road traffic injuries: confronting disparities to address a global health problem. Lancet 2004; 367:1533-1540.Kopits E, Cropper M. Traffic fatalities and economic growth. Policy Research Working Paper No. 3035. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2003. Available at: http://www.ntl.bts.gov/Lib/24000/24400/24490/25935_wps3 035.pdf. Data of access June 2012.Montazeri A. Road-traffic-related mortality in Iran: A descriptive study. Public Health 2004; 118: 110- 3.Soori H, Masoudinegad M R. Azari R M. Analysis of opportunities and legal obstacle in control of road traffic injury in Iran. Final report. Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention research center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 2008.Kahane, C. 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Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine 2007; 161:270-275.NHTSA. Preliminary Data Indicate That Booster Seat Laws Increase Child Safety Seat Use.Traffic Safety Facts. Traffic Tech, 331. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2007.Robertson L. Automobile seat belt use in selected countries, states and provinces with and without laws requiring belt use. Accid Anal and Prev 1978; 10:5-10.Stulginskas J V, Pless B. Effects of a seat belt law on child restraint use. Am J Dis Child 1983; 137:582-585. Wagenaar A C, Webster D W. Preventing Injuries to Children Through Compulsory Automobile Safety Seat Use, Pediatrics 1986; 78 (4) : 662-672.Decina LE, Lococo KH, Ashburn W, William B, Rose H J. Identifying Strategies to Improve the Effectiveness of Booster Seat Laws, Draft Final Report, May 2008, www.nhtsa.dot.gov.Connell P M M. An evaluation of the Virginia 2002, Child passenger safety law: determining if the law reduced motor vehicle crash injuries and fatality. Virginia Common wealth University Richmond April, 2009.Seat-belts and child restraints: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners London, FIA Foundation for the Automobile and Society, 2009.Istre G R, Stowe M, McCoy M A, Moore B, Culica D, Womack K N, Anderson R J. Anna B. Preventing unintentional injuries in Indigenous children and youth in Canada .Paediatr Child Health 2012; 17(7):393.
Problems in the sphere of national security of Lithuania draw attention to the fact that the management and use of information as a traditional working method of law enforcement institutions is changeable because of the increased involvement of security services and their attention towards current threats to security. Observation over the running and fast changing integration processes in the European Union in the sphere of law reforms, provision of security and significant social processes, as well as their study acquire not just a theoretical but also a more practical importance. It requires a close attention within a scientific community, namely, the representatives of legal sciences. The work presents the current issues and latest trends of development in the sphere of law regulation of the public security stipulated by the adoption of the Law of Criminal Intelligence of the Republic of Lithuania, which have not received yet a comprehensive and detailed reflection in scientific debates. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the implementation of this legal instrument in the sphere of secret activity of Lithuania's security at the present stage within the globalisation process. The author applied general scientific methods of studying objective reality and means and techniques peculiar to legal sciences. As a result, the significance and urgency of this legal instrument as a guarantee for protection of democratic values and human rights and freedoms have been emphasised.
Problems in the sphere of national security of Lithuania draw attention to the fact that the management and use of information as a traditional working method of law enforcement institutions is changeable because of the increased involvement of security services and their attention towards current threats to security. Observation over the running and fast changing integration processes in the European Union in the sphere of law reforms, provision of security and significant social processes, as well as their study acquire not just a theoretical but also a more practical importance. It requires a close attention within a scientific community, namely, the representatives of legal sciences. The work presents the current issues and latest trends of development in the sphere of law regulation of the public security stipulated by the adoption of the Law of Criminal Intelligence of the Republic of Lithuania, which have not received yet a comprehensive and detailed reflection in scientific debates. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the implementation of this legal instrument in the sphere of secret activity of Lithuania's security at the present stage within the globalisation process. The author applied general scientific methods of studying objective reality and means and techniques peculiar to legal sciences. As a result, the significance and urgency of this legal instrument as a guarantee for protection of democratic values and human rights and freedoms have been emphasised.
Problems in the sphere of national security of Lithuania draw attention to the fact that the management and use of information as a traditional working method of law enforcement institutions is changeable because of the increased involvement of security services and their attention towards current threats to security. Observation over the running and fast changing integration processes in the European Union in the sphere of law reforms, provision of security and significant social processes, as well as their study acquire not just a theoretical but also a more practical importance. It requires a close attention within a scientific community, namely, the representatives of legal sciences. The work presents the current issues and latest trends of development in the sphere of law regulation of the public security stipulated by the adoption of the Law of Criminal Intelligence of the Republic of Lithuania, which have not received yet a comprehensive and detailed reflection in scientific debates. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the implementation of this legal instrument in the sphere of secret activity of Lithuania's security at the present stage within the globalisation process. The author applied general scientific methods of studying objective reality and means and techniques peculiar to legal sciences. As a result, the significance and urgency of this legal instrument as a guarantee for protection of democratic values and human rights and freedoms have been emphasised.
Problems in the sphere of national security of Lithuania draw attention to the fact that the management and use of information as a traditional working method of law enforcement institutions is changeable because of the increased involvement of security services and their attention towards current threats to security. Observation over the running and fast changing integration processes in the European Union in the sphere of law reforms, provision of security and significant social processes, as well as their study acquire not just a theoretical but also a more practical importance. It requires a close attention within a scientific community, namely, the representatives of legal sciences. The work presents the current issues and latest trends of development in the sphere of law regulation of the public security stipulated by the adoption of the Law of Criminal Intelligence of the Republic of Lithuania, which have not received yet a comprehensive and detailed reflection in scientific debates. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the implementation of this legal instrument in the sphere of secret activity of Lithuania's security at the present stage within the globalisation process. The author applied general scientific methods of studying objective reality and means and techniques peculiar to legal sciences. As a result, the significance and urgency of this legal instrument as a guarantee for protection of democratic values and human rights and freedoms have been emphasised.
The authors of the book have come to the conclusion that it is necessary to effectively use modern management mechanisms and development strategies of economic entities in order to increase the efficiency of their activities. Basic research focuses on assessing the organizational-legal forms of management, corporate governance, study of logistics processes, operation of stock exchange, study of organizational culture. The research results have been implemented in the different models of cluster structures, management tools in financial supervision, use of electronic commerce, environmental solutions, economic forecasting methods, models of government, development strategies of economic entities in various sectors of the economy. The results of the study can be used in decision-making at the level of international business, ministries and departments that regulate the processes development of economic systems, ensuring stability and efficiency. The results can also be used by students and young scientists in modern concepts of the development of economic entities in the context of institutional transformations of the global environment.
The authors of the book have come to the conclusion that it is necessary to effectively use modern management mechanisms and development strategies of economic entities in order to increase the efficiency of their activities. Basic research focuses on assessing the organizational-legal forms of management, corporate governance, study of logistics processes, operation of stock exchange, study of organizational culture. The research results have been implemented in the different models of cluster structures, management tools in financial supervision, use of electronic commerce, environmental solutions, economic forecasting methods, models of government, development strategies of economic entities in various sectors of the economy. The results of the study can be used in decision-making at the level of international business, ministries and departments that regulate the processes development of economic systems, ensuring stability and efficiency. The results can also be used by students and young scientists in modern concepts of the development of economic entities in the context of institutional transformations of the global environment.
It is difficult to estimate the set of reserves that can ultimately be extracted in the world. Here we mean reserves that have the potential to produce energy and can be extracted at economical prices and without unsolvable extraction problems. However, the world's fossil resources are really limited, and if depletion of fossil resources is the norm, the world has considerable time to reduce its heavy dependence on fossil fuels and move to other alternative sources of energy supply. The main problem is that on the other hand, it takes decades to replace the supply of other types of energy. On the other hand, the time must come now to meet the needs and take appropriate action. One of the great advantages of wind energy and solar cells, especially for landlocked countries like Iran, is that they do not need water to generate electricity. Due to the reduction of water resources in recent years and the water conditions of many provinces in the state of water stress and more provinces benefit from the benefits of sunlight, changing the pattern of energy consumption to more use of new energy sources, especially solar energy should be Be on the agenda. There has been talk for years about the depletion of energy resources in the world. Interestingly, even in 1914, this issue was discussed and one of the American newspapers wrote that the world's oil reserves had been depleted for a maximum of ten years. Later in 1939, the US Department of the Interior announced that there were only 13 years left to run out of oil reserves. Over the past decade, advances in technology have led to more oil being extracted from oil fields, while high oil prices have made it more cost-effective for companies to search for harder-to-reach reserves. While there is still enough oil in known areas, forecasts show that the depletion of global reserves has led to more oil being discovered. Until recently, the environment was considered a fantasy topic and beyond the basic human needs. And the result has been a vital and universal issue from the ...
سابقه و هدف: تصمیم‌گیری چه در زندگی شخصی و اجتماعی، چه در زندگی سازمانی بسیار حائز اهمیت است. نظام ارزشی و باورها و تفکرات تصمیم‌گیران از مهم‌ترین عوامل تأثیرگذار بر فرایند تصمیم‌گیری محسوب میشود. از آنجایی که نظام ارزشی در دین اسلام، جامعیت بسیاری دارد، در این پژوهش، به بررسی فرایند تصمیم‌گیری مدیران حوزه‌ی سلامت بر پایه‌ی ارزش‌ها و مبانی اخلاقی از دیدگاه اسلام پرداخته شده است. روش کار: این پژوهش ازنوع تحلیل محتوا است و در ذیل تحقیقات غیرآزمایشی یا توصیفی دسته‌بندی میشود. در مطالعه‌ی حاضر، اسناد و منابع اسلامی، از جمله قرآن کریم، نهج‌البلاغه، غررالحکم و دررالکلم، الکافی، الحیاه و همچنین کتب و مقالات مرتبط با این موضوع بررسی شد. در این پژوهش همه‌ی موارد اخلاقی رعایت شده است. علاوه‌براین، نویسندگان مقاله هیچ‌گونه تضاد منافعی گزارش نکرده‌اند. یافته‌ها: در این پژوهش، سه مرحله‌ی کلی برای فرایند تصمیم‌گیری مدیران حوزه‌ی سلامت بر اساس آموزه‌های قرآن کریم استنباط شد که عبارت است از مراحل اتخاذ تصمیم، اجرای تصمیم و اتکال به خداوند متعال. برای تبیین دقیق‌تر هر یک از مراحل ذکرشده، مجموعه‌یی از شاخصه‌های مشخص و تفسیرپذیر که حاصل کاوش در سه منبع اصلی مطالعات اسلامی یعنی قرآن کریم، سنت پیغمبر اسلام (ص) و سیره‌ی ائمه معصومین است، استخراج؛ و هر یک تفسیر شد. نتیجه‌گیری: هر مدیری در حوزه‌ی سلامت، یا هر فرد عادی مسلمان، در فرایند تصمیم‌گیری خویش، می‌تواند علاوه بر استفاده از علم تصمیم‌گیری، شاخصه‌های اسلامی استخراج شده در این پژوهش را برای مراحل سه‌گانه‌ی تصمیم‌گیری به کار گیرد و در نهایت نیز با اتکال به خداوند متعال، با روحیهیی قوی، فرایند تصمیم‌گیری خود را به پایان برساند. بدین طریق علاوه بر کسب توفیق در تصمیم‌گیری، رضایت خالق متعال را نیز در تک تک مراحل تصمیم‌گیری، همراه خود احساس نماید. استناد مقاله به این صورت است: Mousavi Kashi Z, Pourmohammadi Roudsari R, Jafari H, Sayad A, Movafagh A. Healthcare Managers' Decision-Making Adopting Islamic Approach: Theoretical Basis of Attitude and Approach of Islam in Decision-Making Process. J Res Relig Health. 2018; 4(3): 103- 117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v4i3.18898 ; Background and Objective: Decision making is of great importance in not only personal and social life but also organizational life. One of the most key factors influencing the decision making process is the value system as well as the beliefs and thoughts of decision-makers. Since the value system in Islam is fully comprehensiveness, in this research, the health managers' decision-making process on the basis of the values and ethical principles from the Islamic point of view is examined. Method: 'Content analysis' is used in this study which falls into the category of non-experimental or descriptive research. The Islamic references and sources such as "Holy Quran", "Nah al-balagha", "Ghorar al-hekam & Dorar al-kalem", "Al-kafi", "Al-hayat" and also a number of related books and papers were investigated in this study. All ethical issues were observed in this research and the researchers declared no conflict of interests. Results: In this research, three general steps were taken for the health managers' decision-making process based on the teachings of the Holy Quran, which included "decision-making", "decision implementation" and "reliance on God". In order to accurately explain the steps above, a number of distinct and interpretable indices, derived from three main sources of Islamic studies, namely the "Holy Qur'an", "the Prophet's Sunnah", and "the life-method of infallible Imams", were extracted, explained and interpreted. Conclusion: Any health manager or any ordinary Muslim can use the Islamic factors extracted in this research beside the science of decision-making for the triple stages of decision-making in his decision-making process and finally can complete his decision-making process relying on Almighty Allah, with an indomitable spirit. This way, in addition to succeeding in decision making, he will feel the consent of the Almighty Creator in every single stage of decision-making. Please cite this article as: Mousavi Kashi Z, Pourmohammadi Roudsari R, Jafari H, Sayad A, Movafagh A. Healthcare Managers' Decision-Making Adopting Islamic Approach: Theoretical Basis of Attitude and Approach of Islam in Decision-Making Process. J Res Relig Health. 2018; 4(3): 103- 117.DOI: https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v4i3.18898 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v4i3.18898
زمینه و هدف: کمبود مواد غذایی، تغییرات اقلیمی و دیگر عوامل سبب شده تا تولید گیاهان تغییر شکل‌یافته ژنتیکی (محصولات تراریخته) از دهه 90 میلادی مورد توجه قرار گیرد. تولید این گیاهان همان‌گونه که موجب امیدواری در رفع گرسنگی بود، به دلیل تأثیر احتمالی بر محیط زیست موج نگرانی را نیز برانگیخت. هدف از این تحقیق، بررسی تعهدات زیست‌محیطی دولت‌ها در حوزه محصولات تراریخته در پرتو اصول حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست، اتحادیه اروپا و ایران است. مواد و روش‌ها: نوشتار حاضر به شیوه توصیفی ـ تحلیلی ابتدا اصول پیش‌گفته حاکم در حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست را بررسی می‌کند تا دریابد تعهدات زیست‌محیطی دولت‌ها درباره محصولات تراریخته از نظر اصول حقوق بین‌الملل چگونه است و سپس رویکرد اختصاصی اتحادیه اروپا را بررسی و تطبیق داده و بالاخره گذرا این وضعیت را در ایران مرور می‌کند. یافته‌ها: اتحادیه اروپا برخلاف ایالات متحده دیدگاهی احتیاط‌آمیز توأم با سخت‌گیری در حمایت از مصرف‌کننده و محیط زیست پیش گرفته که ریشه در اصول کلی حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست دارد. اصولی مانند توسعه پایدار، اقدام احتیاطی، ارزیابی و اطلاع‌رسانی که به جمع رعایت مصالح دولت‌ها در دستیابی به توسعه و پیشرفت و حفظ محیط زیست می‌انجامد، در حالی که در ایران از سویی قوانین حمایتی از محیط زیست به صورت کارآمد تصویب نشده است و یا این‌که در برخی موارد محیط زیست و حمایت از آن مغفول مانده است. ملاحظات اخلاقی: در تمام مراحل نگارش پژوهش حاضر، ضمن رعایت اصالت متون، صداقت و امانتداری، رعایت شده است. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این جستار نشان می‌دهد که دولت‌ها در خصوص محصولات تراریخته متعهد به رعایت اصول کلی یا عرفی توسعه پایدار، اقدام احتیاطی، ارزیابی و اطلاع‌رسانی بوده و رعایت اصول مزبور بهترین راهکار جهت صیانت از حقوق مصرف‌کننده و حمایت از محیط زیست است. ; Background and Aim: Food scarcity, climate change and other factors have led to the production of genetically modified crops (transgenic crops) since the 1990s. The production of these plants, as they had hoped to eliminate hunger, also raised concerns about the potential impact on the environment. The purpose of this study is to examine the Governments' Environmental Obligations on Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) in the light of the International Environmetal Law, European Union and Iran. Materials and Methods: The present paper is descriptive-analytical paper and firstly examines the aforementioned principles of international environmental law in order to understand what is the environmental commitment and obligation of governments in the process of cultivation and supply for transgenic products from the perspective of international law. Then, it examines and applies the EU-specific approach and finally reviews this situation in Iran. Findings: The European Union, unlike United States, has taken a cautious approach to consumer and environmental protection. This approach is rooted in the general principles of international environmental law. Principles such as sustainable development, precautionary principle and the principle of notification that bring together the interests of governments in achieving development, improvement and environmental protection, while in Iran,It has not been enacted environmental laws effectively on the GMO or in some cases the environment and its protection have been neglected. Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed. Conclusion: The results show that governments are committed to adhering to the general or customary principles of sustainable development, precautionary principle and the principle of notification in the process of cultivating and supplying for Genetically Modified Organism (GMO), and adhering to these principles is the best way to safeguard consumer rights. Cite this article as: Pouresmaeili A, keykhosravi M, Vaezi Kakhki MR. The Studying of Governments' Environmental Obligations on Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) in the light of the International Environmetal Law, European Union and Iran. Bioethics Journal 2020; 10(35): e16.
One of the most common causes of emergency department (ED) visits in Pasteur Hospital, Bam, Iran, is a foreign body from palm tree fronds entering different parts of body. This town is located in southeast Iran and has many palm tree orchards. Most of its residents are farmers or orchardists and many children play in these orchards. When palm harvest season approaches (about the end of summer), a considerable number of patients are presented to emergency department of this town with complaint of foreign bodies. These foreign bodies called "date thorns" among the locals (figure1) are wooden and can easily penetrate various body parts due to their needle-like, pointy shape. Some patients manipulate the foreign bodies before going to the ED and cause it to move deeper. Another group, delay going to the hospital and only reach ED a few days after the initiation of inflammation, redness, and evidence of infection. History and physical examination aid in finding the place of the foreign body, but sometimes they are not perceptible and diagnostic imaging is needed. Radiolucent objects such as wood cannot be detected in graphy but are visible in sonograms (1, 2). Removal of these bodies is usually performed under sterile conditions, using local anesthesia or regional nerve blockade, by making an incision and searching the region, finding and removing the foreign body, and finally suturing and bandaging. The procedure gets more difficult in children and patients who do not cooperate and occasionally, procedural sedation and analgesia is required, which leads to side effects such as nausea, vomiting, lethargy, agitation, and respiratory depression. Depending on the site of injury, patients are usually unable to use the affected organ for a few days after the procedure and need daily washing and bandage, and sometimes taking antibiotics. If tendon, joint, nerve, or vascular injuries are present, it gets more complicated and need for operation and hospitalization will be added to the afore-mentioned requirements (3-5). This can lead to temporary or permanent disability of the organs during the busiest workdays, in addition to severe pain especially in cases of the foreign body piercing a joint. The presence of these patients in the ED leads to overcrowding and sometimes decreases the time spent on patients in poor condition. This becomes troublesome on occasion as staff and equipment are limited, particularly when sonographic or radiologic guidance is needed for removal of the foreign body (6, 7). In the time between March and October 2014, 240 patients have been presented to the ED with complaint of foreign body, which makes up 10% of total ED visits as 2400 patients visit the ED each month (77.36% male). The patients' age range was 3 to 70 years. In 190 (79.16%) cases, the foreign body was successfully removed in the ED and the other 50 (20.83%) needed surgery. The foreign body was in the lower extremities in 107 (56.31%) cases, upper extremities in 77 (40.52%) and other body parts in 6 (3.15%). These findings emphasize the importance of prioritizing prevention over treatment. It seems that by taking a few simple measures we can vastly decrease the financial and health burdens of this problem:1- Avoiding walking barefoot on the grounds beneath palm trees that are full of the dry thorns mentioned. This is especially important in case of children.2- Education for use and providing personal safety tools such as helmets, long impenetrable gloves, glasses, and proper shoes while working and harvesting dates.3- Having classes for the farmers and orchardists, held by health centers of the regions affected by this problem.4- Educating the patients on the importance of rapid referral to ED and not manipulating the foreign body to avoid further complications.5- Train the medical staff of the ED to increase their skills in removing radiolucent objects using sonographic guidance.6- Educate the families to take more care of the children especially in harvest season.7- Mechanization of the harvest process to decrease using hands with the aid of respective organizations ; یکی از مراجعات شایع به بخش اورژانس بیمارستان پاستور، بم، ایران، ورود جسم خارجی ناشی از لیف درخت خرما به قسمتهای مختلف بدن می باشد. این شهر در جنوب شرقی ایران واقع شده است و نخلستانهای زیادی دارد. بسیاری از ساکنین شهر بم و اطراف آن کشاورز و باغدار بوده و تعداد زیادی از کودکان هم در این باغها مشغول بازی هستند. با نزدیک شدن به فصل برداشت خرما (اواخر تابستان) بخش اورژانس این شهر محل ارجاع تعداد قابل توجهی از بیماران با شکایت جسم خارجی است. این اجسام خارجی که در اصطلاح محلی سیخ خرما نامیده می شود از جنس چوب بوده و به دلیل شکل سوزنی و انتهای تیزی که دارند به راحتی وارد قسمت های مختلف بدن میشود. برخی از بیماران قبل از مراجعه به اورژانس، اقدام به دستکاری کرده و باعث فرورفتن عمیق تر این اجسام می شوند.در ادامه این نوشتار به ارزیابی شیوه مدیریت این بیماران خواهیم پرداخت.
