Suchergebnisse

The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative will open new trade routes between China and the European Union (EU) and increase competition pressures on smaller EU member states. This article ranks where states like Estonia stand internationally in terms of innovativeness (and consequent competitiveness) by conducting an econometric study of patent development, education policy and research and development (R&D) expenditure policy. The authors claim that small member states such as Estonia should follow the example of countries such as Germany and adopt policies which focus more on increased public spending on R&D and innovation in public universities of science and technology, and raise support for high tech startups with a strong focus on international patenting. Member States must go further and subsidise R&D activities by focusing, inter alia, on filing of foreign patents such as triadic patents. ; The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative will open new trade routes between China and the European Union (EU) and increase competition pressures on smaller EU member states. This article ranks where states like Estonia stand internationally in terms of innovativeness (and consequent competitiveness) by conducting an econometric study of patent development, education policy and research and development (R&D) expenditure policy. The authors claim that small member states such as Estonia should follow the example of countries such as Germany and adopt policies which focus more on increased public spending on R&D and innovation in public universities of science and technology, and raise support for high tech startups with a strong focus on international patenting. Member States must go further and subsidise R&D activities by focusing, inter alia, on filing of foreign patents such as triadic patents.

Obrazovna inkluzija je tema koja je relevantna za pedagogijski i društveni kontekst, a posebice za suvremene odgojno-obrazovne reforme. Uključivanje ili inkluzija je zahtjev koji je koncepcijski nazvan odgoj i obrazovanje za sve. U širem smislu riječi, obrazovna inkluzija se odnosi na uključivanje djece i odraslih koji su zbog psihofizičkih, socijalnih, kulturnih, odgojno-obrazovnih mogućnosti, etničkih i drugih razlika podložni socijalnoj isključenosti, izloženi socijalnoj marginalizaciji, a time obespravljeni i ranjivi. U užem smislu riječi, inkluzija je zahtjev kojim senaglašava da je svako dijete ma pravo na obrazovanje u skladu s svojim mogućnostima. U okviru Deklaracije o ljudskim pravima iz 1948. godine se proklamira i postavlja uvjet za ostvarenje temeljnog prava čovjeka, a to je prava na besplatno osnovno obrazovanje za svu djecu. Zemlje Europe i svijeta naglašavaju važnost inkluzije u obrazovanju na svim razinama odgojno-obrazovnog sustava kroz nacionalne kurikulume i druge dokumente obrazovne politike. Obrazovna inkluzija je zahtjev koji proširuje i produbljuje odgojni model integracije djece s teškoćama u razvoju u redovno školovanje. ; Inclusive education is a relevant theme in the pedagogical and social context. It has a special meaning towards the new educational reforms. Inclusion is a demand that is conceptually known as education for all. In broader meaning, educational inclusion relates to the inclusion of the children and the adults who were socially excluded and exposed to social marginalization due to psychophysical, social, cultural, educational, ethnical and other differences by which they were deprived of their rights. In the narrow sense inclusion is a demand which emphasizes that every child is ready to train in accordance with the possibilities in the school as the education institution.The Declaration of Human Rights Act of 1948 defines the right on education as a fundamental human right of every child and every adult. Inclusive education with the meaning that everybody is involved in education is clearly defined and determined in The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action in 1994 that promotes the right of every child that regardless of his/her physical, intellectual, emotional, social, linguistic or other conditions should be involved inthe regular schools. Educational inclusion with previously mentioned meaning constitutes the demand that broadens and deepens the educational model to integrate children with disabilities into educational system. In consistence with above-mentioned, in this paper, the differences between the integrated education and the inclusive education will be shown. By identifying the significance of inclusion for social development in European countries and in the world, it is its importance and role in educational system that is emphasised.

The aim of the article is to present the development of the TILKA education model. This new L1 and L2 teaching model integrates language and literature teaching through research and activity, as well as the principles and methods of intercultural education and transactional analysis. Our main research question during the model development was how nonviolent communication can be included into the intercultural language teaching. The analysis of various discourses (science, tourism, politics, literature) with regard to intensity modification has shown that verbal aggressiveness can be related to the expression of intensity modification. Building the competence of nonviolent communication with the use of specific intensity modificators can be included into the language teaching model as one of the most important intercultural goals. ; Cilj članka je predstaviti razvoj odgojnog modela TILKA. Taj novi model nastave materinskog/prvog i stranog/drugog jezika s jedne strane obuhvaća poduku jezika i književnosti s pomoću istraživanja i aktivnosti, a s druge spaja smjernice i metode interkulturnog odgoja i transakcijske analize. Naše najvažnije istraživačko pitanje vezano je uz nenasilnu komunikaciju koja bi mogla postati sastavni dio interkulturne jezične nastave. Da bismo odgovorili na pitanje kako uključiti nenasilnu komunikaciju u okvir interkulturne jezične nastave, analizirali smo četiri različita diskursa (znanost, turizam, politika, književnost) iz perspektive modifikacije intenziteta. Analize su pokazale da je verbalna agresija povezana s modifikacijom intenziteta u jeziku. Kod nenasilne komunikacije modifikatori koji jačaju intenzitet prisutni su samo onda kad postoje realna potreba i mogućnost da se pojača argument. Inače se više upotrebljavaju modifikatori za slabljenje argumenta koji uspostavljaju neku racionalnu distancu prema sadržaju i primatelju poruke. Kompetencija nenasilne komunikacije sa specifičnom upotrebom modifikacije intenziteta može biti uključena u jezičnu nastavu kao jedan od najvažnijih interkulturnih ciljeva.

Problem je ovoga istraživanja nedovoljno učinkovit način obrazovanja vođa u poslovnim školama. Iako je potreba za vođama u svijetu sve veća, vjeruje se da je neadekvatno obrazovanje u poslovnim školama doprinijelo sustavnom nedostatku vodstva, što je dovelo do financijske i moralne globalne krize. Smatra se da poslovne škole u svojim obrazovnim programima premalo pažnje posvećuju etici i sustavu vrijednosti. Međutim, uz univerzalne principe vodstva, svako društvo i kultura moraju definirati svoje potrebe vodstva i "otkriti" svrhu, način djelovanja i upotrebu moći. Stoga je cilj ovoga istraživanja izraditi prijedlog učinkovitog kurikuluma za obrazovanje vođa u hrvatskim poslovnim školama. Šira je društvena svrha aktualizacija teme vodstva i obrazovanja za vodstvo kao nasušne potrebe hrvatskog društva na svim razinama. Za potrebe teorijskog dijela rada provedeno je sekundarno istraživanje znanstvene i stručne literature, stranih i domaćih autora. Objašnjeni su pojam, definicije i karakteristike vodstva te iznesen povijesni pregled raznih teorija i pristupa vodstvu. Naveden je kratki pregled istraživanja o učinku kulture i njezinom utjecaju na obrazovanje za vodstvo. Opisan je primjer dobre prakse u kreiranju i praćenju uspješnosti obrazovnih politika i strategija te neki obrazovni programi vodstva i njihov utjecaj na razvoj vođa. Na temelju spoznaja dobivenih iz provedenog sekundarnog istraživanja, kreiran je prijedlog kurikuluma za obrazovanje vođa koji nedostaje u Hrvatskoj. Predloženi višeslojni model temelji se na multidisciplinarnom znanju utemeljenom u tradiciji poslovnih škola i humanističkih znanosti, tako da potiče razvoj analitičkih, konceptualnih, međuljudskih i praktičnih vještina. Posebna je važnost dana praksi, coachingu i mentorskom pristupu kao alatima pomoću kojih se studentima omogućava iskustveno učenje. Inovativnim vježbama i praksom studente se priprema da budu transformacijski vođe koji će znati učinkovito komunicirati viziju i misiju svojim suradnicima i sljedbenicima. Posebno je naglašena globalna perspektiva i potreba za integracijom etike i sustava vrijednosti u svaki dio obrazovnog procesa. ; The focus of this study is on leadership education in business schools which is not effective enough. Although the global demand for leaders is growing, it is believed that the inadequate education in business schools contributed to the systemic failure in leadership that led to the current global financial and moral crisis. It is thought that business schools do not pay enough attention to ethics and the system of values. However, in addition to the universal principles of leadership every society and culture has to define their own leadership needs in order to 'discover' the purpose, mode of operation and use of power. Therefore, the aim of this research is to propose an effective curriculum for leadership education in Croatian business schools. A broader social objective is to promote the topic of leadership and education for leadership as the fundamental need of the Croatian society at all its levels. Secondary research of scientific and professional literature by Croatian and other authors was conducted for the theoretical part of the paper. The concept, definitions and characteristics of leadership are explained and a historical overview of various leadership theories and approaches is given. The paper gives a short overview of the research on culture and its impact on leadership education. An account of good practice is given concerning the establishment and monitoring of educational policies and strategies and some educational programmes for leadership and their influence on the development of leaders. A curriculum proposal is formulated for the education of Croatian leaders on the basis of insight gained from the secondary research. The proposed multilevel model is based on the multidisciplinary knowledge founded in the tradition of business schools and humanistic sciences so that it stimulates the development of analytical, conceptual, interpersonal and practical skills. Special importance is placed on practice, coaching and mentoring as the tools for students to learn from experience. By means of innovative assignments and practice students are prepared to become transformational leaders who will be able to effectively communicate the vision and mission to their co-workers and followers. Global perspective is emphasised as well as the need to integrate ethics and the system of values in every aspect of the educational process.

Koncept inkluzivnog obrazovanja sve odgojno-obrazovne ustanove stavlja pred nove zadaće u kojima se uloga učitelja i nastavnika mijenja u skladu sa zahtjevima obrazovnih politika. Stavovi uvjetuju ponašanje ljudi, a formiraju se na temelju različitih čimbenika. U kontekstu inkluzivnog odgoja i obrazovanja pozitivni stavovi učitelja i nastavnika prema implementaciji i provođenju inkluzije ključna je pretpostavka za uspješan proces inkluzije na razini školske prakse. Cilj ovoga rada je prikazati stavove nastavnika prema provođenju procesa inkluzije u osnovnim školama. Dobiveni rezultati istaknuli su značaj i ulogu nastavnika na razini predmetne nastave u procesu inkluzije. Identificirana su i područja u okvir kojih nastavnici mogu pridonijeti podizanju kvalitete procesa inkluzije u svim njenim dimenzijama. U okviru odgojno-obrazovnog sustava i pedagoškom smislu riječi, smanjenje razlika u svakodnevnoj praksi znači prihvaćanje razlika među učenicima kao poticaja u aktivnostima stjecanja potrebnih znanja za školovanje, život i rad, a ne kao prepreke. ; The concept of inclusive education puts all educational institutions in front of new tasks in which the role of teachers and other important educator's changes in line with the demands of education policies. Attitudes determine people's behavior and they are formed on the basis of different factors. In the context of inclusive education, the positive attitudes of teachers and other educators towards implementation and providing inclusive education is a key prerequisite for a successful inclusion process at the level of school practice. The aim of this paper is to present teachers' attitudes towards the inclusion process in elementary schools. The results of this research have highlighted the importance and role of teachers at the level of teaching in the inclusion process. The results also represent some other important areas in which teachers can contribute to raise the quality of the inclusion process in all its dimensions. Within the educational system and the pedagogical sense of meaning, reducing the differences in everyday practice means accepting differences among students as an incent in the process of teaching and learning, and not as an obstacle.

Govoriti o odgoju i obrazovanju znači promatrati ih u kontekstu društva a njihove promjene u kontekstu društvenih promjena. Pod društvenim kontekstom podrazumijevamo obilježja društva kao što su: socijalna struktura društva (sistema), brzina društvenih promjena, raspolaganja društvenom moći, sustav vrijednosti, modernizacija škole, globalni društveni kontekst itd. i njihov utjecaj na obrazovne promjene. Odnos društva i obrazovanja nije politički problem, iako se tako prezentira kao pitanje obrazovnih reformi, nego je u biti sociokulturni problem kao problem razvoja društva. To znači da se ciljevi promjena u obrazovanju definiraju u kontekstu ciljeva društva. Za promjene u obrazovanju važno je utvrditi društvena očekivanja utjecaja obrazovanja na društvo kao i na mlade. U predmodernim društvima glavni cilj odgoja i obrazovanja bio je uklapanje mlade populacije u društvo i prilagođavanje društvu. Dakle, kulturna reprodukcija samoga društva. Kao društva s niskim i sporim stupnjem promjena imala su i niske (skromne) zahtjeve za promjenama (reformiranjem obrazovanja). Moderno društvo, pogotovo ono na današnjem stupnju razvoja, proživljava brze promjene i zahtijeva obrazovanja koje će više ubrzati društvene promjene, poglavito one koje omogućavaju brži razvoj u društvu i društva u cjelini te osposobiti generacije za aktivnu ulogu u društvu. Ako društvo shvaćamo kao stalnu promjenu socijalnih odnosa i struktura, onda su i obrazovne promjene (reforme) permanentno društvena potreba. U prilogu se govori o nekim obilježjima i promjenama društva te utjecaju na obilježja obrazovanja, ali i na kulturne promjene. ; Education may not be analyzed without studying the social context; similarly, educational reform may not be examined without a better understanding of the context of social changes. Social context is defined as a set of social characteristics, such as: key social changes and the speed thereof; value systems within a society; impact of society as a system on education as one of its subsystems. The relationship between society and education is not a political one, even though it is often portrayed as such, especially when the emphasis is placed on the issue of educational reform. It is rather a socio-cultural problem, connected to the issues surrounding social development. Therefore, the goals of educational reform must be defined within the wider context of social goals. In order to conduct changes in education, it is important to define what the society expects from education. In premodern societies, the main goal of upbringing and education was to socialize young people into the wider society. In other words: social reproduction. Being of a low and slow level of change, they had a low-level demand for educational reforms as well. Modern societies, and especially highly developed contemporary ones, undergo fast changes and demand education that will accelerate social changes and enable a more rapid development within certain areas of the society, as well as the society as a whole. If society is understood as a place of constant change in social relations and structures, then educational changes (reforms) ought to be considered a permanent and crucial aspect thereof. We will further discuss several social characteristics and changes, as well as the impact of those changes on both education and culture.

Autori problematiziraju tri različite filozofijske ideje o čovjeku kojima odgovaraju tri različita odgojna modela. Prvi model je model radikalnog individualizma koji ne priznaje nikakvu vrijednost drugog bića (F. Nietzsche). Takvo biće nužno odgaja sebe samoga. Drugi model je model različitih figura prijatelja i neprijatelja (J. Derrida). Ovome modelu odgovara odgoj u funkciji javne ili politički posredovane stvarnosti. Konačno, treći model je model antropologije vrijednosti (P. Vuk-Pavlović). Autori pokazuju kako upravo u ovom potonjem modelu do izražajadolazi komplementarnost antropološkog i odgojnog područja. Njime se izbjegavaju napetosti između ideje individualizma i kolektivizma, osobnog i socijalnog, prijateljskog i neprijateljskog, a čovjeka se promatra kao primatelja i davatelja vrijednosti. ; The authors deal with three different philosophic ideas about the human being and three different models of education. The first model is the model of radical individualism which does not recognize any value of other human being (F. Nietzsche). That being educates himself/herself necessarily. The second model is a model of different figures of a friend and an enemy (J. Derrida). The education in the function of the publicly or politically mediated reality corresponds to this model. At last, the third model is the model of the anthropology of values (P. Vuk Pavlović). The authors show that in this last model we can see the mixture of the anthropological and educational area. With this model we can avoid the tensions between the idea of individualism and collectivism, personal and social, friendly and hostile, and a human being is observed as the receiver and the giver of values.

The study examines some recent developments in Hungarian higher education funding with some historical and international outlook. Its purpose is to present the causes of the anomalies that we are experiencing today (such anomalies include, for example, new institutional indebtedness and their central support, as well as instructor layoffs at some universities, and a sudden increase in tuition fees). The anomalies are surprising because, according to the government, the introduction of the Chancellor's system was successful in consolidating higher education. The paper states that the last ten years of Hungarian higher education were characterized by the transformation of the financing system, in addition to the reduction of state resources. In international comparison, the government support for domestic higher education compared to GDP is significantly below the average of developed countries. The government tried to deal with institutional management difficulties and indebtedness with the introduction of the Chancellor's system. (which drastically reduced autonomy), and by providing ad hoc, hand-guided cash grants. However, the financial condition of the institutions is permanently bad, which is obviously at the expense of quality, as the institutions are forced to dismiss older and more experienced trainers, and the conditions of education also deteriorate. Without widening public resources and widening economic freedom, the situation will continue to deteriorate. It is becoming increasingly evident that the idea of a government strategy to make Hungarian higher education institutions world-class is unrealistic. ; A tanulmány a hazai felsőoktatás-finanszírozás néhány újabb történését vizsgálja meg, némi történelmi és nemzetközi kitekintéssel. Célja bemutatni azt, hogy a napjainkban tapasztalható anomáliák – mint például az újabb intézményi eladósodások és azok központi kisegítése (miközben a kancellári rendszer bevezetésével állítólag sikeres volt a felsőoktatás konszolidációja), elbocsátások egyes tudományegyetemeken, hirtelen tandíjemelés – mire vezethetők vissza. Az írás megállapítja, hogy a hazai felsőoktatás elmúlt tíz évét az állami források beszűkülése mellett a finanszírozási rendszer átalakulása jellemezte. Nemzetközi összehasonlításban a hazai felsőoktatás kormányzati forrásai (az állami támogatások aránya a GDP-hez viszonyítva) jelentősen elmaradnak a fejlett országok átlagától. A mindezek nyomán kialakult intézményi gazdálkodási nehézségeket a kormány a kancellári rendszer bevezetésével – s ezzel együtt a gazdasági autonómia radikális és az akadémiai (oktatási és kutatási) autonómia vele járó nem jelentéktelen korlátozásával –, valamint eseti, kézzel vezérelt konszolidációs pénzosztogatással próbálta kezelni. Az intézmények kondicionális helyzete azonban tartósan rossz, ami nyilvánvalóan a minőség rovására megy, hiszen az intézmények az idősebb és tapasztaltabb oktatók elbocsátására kényszerülnek, és az oktatás feltételei is romlanak. Félő, hogy az állami források bővülése és a gazdálkodási szabadság kiszélesítése nélkül a helyzet tovább romlik. Egyre nyilvánvalóbban irreálissá válik a kormányzati stratégiának nevezett anyag azon célkitűzése, amely szerint minden magyar felsőoktatási intézmény világszínvonalú kell legyen azokban a diszciplínákban, amelyek a saját kiemelt területéhez tartoznak.

Dugo je vremena koncept suvereniteta smatran kamenom temeljcem domaćeg i međunarodnog prava te političke misli. Koncepcija suvereniteta blisko je povezana s koncepcijom države. Bilo je to »normalno« stanje države, u kojem ona ima vrhovnu ili konačnu vlast u unutarnjim političkim i pravnim pitanjima, a svojstvo neovisnosti prema drugim državama. Međunarodnu zajednicu činile su ravnopravne i neovisne države. Danas, na početku 21. stoljeća, koncept suvereniteta izložen je mnogim izazovima, od kojih je najznačajniji proces globalizacije koji je doveo do sve veće međupovezanosti ljudi širom svijeta vidljive na svim poljima: političkim, vojnim, ekonomskim, kulturnim i pravnim. U ovom radu usredotočit ćemo se na pitanje kako globalizacija utječe na državni suverenitet te da ti pregled argumenata korištenih u novijoj literaturi. ; The concept of sovereignty was for a long time considered as one of the cornerstones of national and international law, and of political thought. The concept of sovereignty was closely connected with the concept of the state. It was a »normal« situation of a country where it had supreme or final power in political and legal matters in its domestic affairs, while at the same time it was independent in relation to all other countries. The international community used to consist of equal and independent states. At the beginning of the 21st century, the concept of sovereignty is faced with many challenges, both in theory and in practice. What happens within a country's territory and to its inhabitants is now less a consequence of national politics than the result of international circumstances – the difference between internal and foreign affairs is becoming increasingly vague. Several processes are happening simultaneously: globalisation (the development of information and communication technology; increase in foreign investments, the development of multinational corporations, and strengthening of the international economic and trade organisations' role), the process of European integration, the development of international protection of human rights (the development of cogent rules of international law, humanitarian interventions, the role of transnational non- governmental organisations), and the phenomenon of »failed states«. All the above mentioned has created a need to redefine the concept of sovereignty.

Dugo je vremena koncept suvereniteta smatran kamenom temeljcem domaćeg i međunarodnog prava te političke misli. Koncepcija suvereniteta blisko je povezana s koncepcijom države. Bilo je to »normalno« stanje države, u kojem ona ima vrhovnu ili konačnu vlast u unutarnjim političkim i pravnim pitanjima, a svojstvo neovisnosti prema drugim državama. Međunarodnu zajednicu činile su ravnopravne i neovisne države. Danas, na početku 21. stoljeća, koncept suvereniteta izložen je mnogim izazovima, od kojih je najznačajniji proces globalizacije koji je doveo do sve veće međupovezanos- ti ljudi širom svijeta vidljive na svim poljima: političkim, vojnim, ekonomskim, kulturnim i pravnim. U ovom radu usredotočit ćemo se na pitanje kako globalizacija utječe na državni suverenitet te dati pregled argumenata korištenih u novijoj literaturi. ; The concept of sovereignty was for a long time considered as one of the corner- stones of national and international law, and of political thought. The concept of sovereignty was closely connected with the concept of the state. It was a »normal« situation of a country where it had supreme or final power in political and legal matters in its domestic affairs, while at the same time it was independent in relation to all other countries. The international community used to consist of equal and independent States. At the beginning of the 21st Century, the concept of sovereignty is faced with many challenges, both in theory and in practice. What happens within a country's territory and to its inhabitants is now less a consequence of national politics than the result of international circumstances - the difference between internal and foreign affairs is becoming increasingly vague. Several processes are happening simultaneously: globalisation (the development of information and communication technology; increase in foreign Investments, the development of multinational corporations, and strengthening of the international economic and trade organisations' role), the process of European integration, the development of international protection of human rights (the development of cogent rules of international law, humanitarian interventions, the role of transnational non/governmental organisations), and the phenomenon of »failed States«. All the above mentioned has created a need to redefine the concept of sovereignty.

A society's reality should be reflected in education, that is, educational methods need to keep up with the times. The purpose of this research is to examine the educational methods for the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in the education system of Korea. The sample of the research targeted the Korean education system from 1960 to the present in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. A literature review and a descriptive approach were applied to analyze the sample, and the findings indicate that the education system of Korea may be classified into three stages from 1960 to the present. The first stage was nationalism, driven by the government, from 1960 to 1994; the second stage was liberalism, which emphasized autonomy, from 1995 to 2015; and the third stage was creativity for the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, from 2016 to the present. These results indicate that the education stages of nationalism and liberalism still exist in Korea and that past education methods, such as mass education, have not been replaced. The Fourth Industrial Revolution requires fusion and collaboration in the education sector, and a personalized learning system, which values individual talents, experiences and aptitudes, will expectedly be a crucial factor in determining the educational methods of Korea in the Fourth Industrial Revolution, as this research suggests. ; Obrazovne potrebe trebaju odražavati stvarnost društva, a obrazovne metode ići ukorak s vremenom. Cilj je ovoga istraživanja ispitati obrazovne metode u vremenu četvrte industrijske revolucije u obrazovnom sustavu Koreje. Uzorkom istraživanja obuhvaćen je korejski obrazovni sustav od 1960. do danas, u kontekstu četvrte industrijske revolucije. Za analizu uzorka korišteni su pregled literature i deskriptivni pristup. Rezultati pokazuju da se u obrazovnom sustavu Koreje od 1960. do danas mogu razlikovati tri stadija: prvi je nacionalizam, potaknut od strane vlade, od 1960. do 1994. godine; drugi je liberalizam, koji je naglašavao autonomiju, od 1995. do 2015. i treći, kreativnost tijekom četvrte industrijske revolucije, od 2016. do danas. Rezultati ovoga istraživanja pokazuju da su obrazovni stadiji nacionalizma i liberalizma još uvijek prisutni u Koreji i da obrazovne metode prošlosti, poput masovnoga obrazovanja, nisu prevladane. Četvrta industrijska revolucija zahtijeva stapanje i suradnju unutar obrazovnoga sektora, a očekuje se da personalizirani sustav učenja, koji vrednuje pojedinačne talente, iskustva i sklonosti, bude obrazovna metoda budućnosti korejskoga obrazovanja. Stoga, ovo istraživanje pokazuje da će personalizirani sustav učenja biti odlučujući čimbenik u određivanju obrazovnih metoda Koreje u periodu četvrte industrijske revolucije.

U radu se raspravlja o operacionalizaciji obrazovnih politika o pravima djece. Prava djece primarno proizlaze iz temeljnih ljudskih prava koja promiču zadovoljavanje bioloških, socijalnih, psiholoških, intelektualnih i duhovnih potreba. Donošenjem Konvencije o pravima djeteta 1989. godine dolazi do promjene u poimanju prava djece te se ističe aktivna uloga djeteta kao nositelja vlastitih prava. Promiče se i filozofija inkluzije kako bi se svoj djeci pružile jednake mogućnosti te osigurao rast i razvoj u skladu s individualnim sposobnostima svakog djeteta. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati način na koji se djeca i djetinjstvo prikazuju u dokumentima o pravima djece, s naglaskom na aktivnu ulogu djeteta nasuprot zaštitničkom stavu prema djetetu te u kojoj mjeri i na koji način su u dokumentima o pravima djece zastupljene temeljne inkluzivne odrednice. Rezultati kvalitativne deskriptivne analize ključnih dokumenata ukazuju na to da iako se u literaturi promiče uloga djeteta kao aktivnog sudionika i nositelja vlastitih prava taj je koncept potrebno i dalje razvijati. ; The paper discusses the operationalization of education policies on children's rights. Children's rights primarily derive from fundamental human rights that foster the fulfillment of the biological, social, psychological, intellectual and spiritual needs of all. Adoption of the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child has brought a change in the understanding of the children's rights, whereupon the active role of the child as the holder of her/his own rights has become recognized as well as the philosophy of inclusion, which provides equal opportunities for all children and ensures the growth and development in accordance with the individual abilities of every child. The aim of this paper is to examine how children and childhood are presented in the documents on children's rights, with an emphasis on the active role of the child and protective attitude towards the child. The paper also seeks to examine in what way and to what extent the fundamental inclusive principles are represented in the documents on children's rights. The results of a qualitative descriptive analysis of documents indicate that although relevant literature promotes the role of the child as an active participant and a holder of her/his own rights, the aforementioned concept needs to be further developed.

Prije Prvog svjetskog rata u Crnoj Gori je bila dominantna Herbartova paradigma pedagogije. Međutim, tamošnje prosvjetne vlasti su bile u određenoj mjeri tolerantne prema nastavnicima koji se toga u praksi nisu u potpunosti pridržavali. Do njih su u to doba počeli dopirati raznovrsni novi pedagoški koncepti iz Europe i šire, što je još više dobilo na intenzitetu ulaskom Crne Gore u sustav Kraljevine Jugoslavije. Ipak, ideje reformskih pedagoških pokreta u Crnoj Gori između Dva svjetska rata nisu našle svoju primjenu, iako su stjecale sve veću afirmaciju u stručnoj javnosti. Tadašnja pedagoška znanstvena misao bila je nedovoljno razvijena, a obrazovna politika se nije razvijala samostalno i neovisno od ostatka zajedničke države, kao i kasnije u vrijeme SFR Jugoslavije i dominantne socijalističke pedagogije. Raspadom zajedničke države pojavio se brisani prostor koji je u Crnoj Gori omogućio obnavljanje i osvijestio potrebu za preispitivanje i otvorenost za dotada drugačije pedagoške koncepte, nove i stare nedovoljno istražene. Poslednjih par desetljeća postoje pokušaji provedbe određenih ideja i koncepata iz okvira reformske pedagogije, kao što su najčešće ideje Marie Montessori u predškolskim ustanovama. Praktično se najčešće reafirmacija pojedinih ideja reformske pedagogije predstavlja kao alternativa prethodnim paradigmama obrazovanja. Skoro da nema privatnih inicijativa i škola koje bi imale obilježja altenativnog pedagoškog koncepta. Ipak, kao alternativa "staroj školi" realiziraju se brojni projekti, odnosno programi stručnog usavršavanja nastavnika i druge aktivnosti koje imaju za cilj unaprjeđivanje nastave i učenja u školama, kao što su Aktivno učenje – primjena metoda aktivne nastave/učenja, Korak po korak, Čitanje i pisanje za kritičko mišljenje, itd. Navedene aktivnosti i pojedine ideje reformske pedagogije su sve više prisutne i u službenim dokumentima strategije obrazovne politike Crne Gore. Međutim, u tim dokumentima moguće je pronaći i ne razumijevanja i problematične interpretacije, što se odražava i na programe za provedbe ideja reformske pedagogije i suvremenih alternativnih pedagoških koncepata. ; Before the World War I the educational system in Montenegro was officially dominated by Herbart's paradigm of pedagogy. However, the educational authorities tolerated, to a certain extent, the practice of those teachers who did not apply it in strict terms. Namely, at that time, new and various pedagogical concepts created in Europe began to reach the Montenegrin teachers as well, which was intensified when Montenegro became part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Still, the ideas of the reform pedagogical movements in Montenegro between the two world wars were not applied despite their increasing popularity in the professional circles. The pedagogical expertise of that period was not advanced enough, and the educational policies were not developed independently from the rest of the state, as subsequently when Montenegro become member of the SFR of Yugoslavia and dominant socialist pedagogy. After the dissolution of the state, a clear new space for revisions and a re-start was created, raising the consciousness about the necessity of opening towards different pedagogical concepts, new but also the old ones that had not been sufficiently explored. In the last couple of decades, there have been certain attempts to implement some of the ideas and concepts of the reform pedagogy, such as those by Maria Montessori that have been used in the preschool institutions. Reaffirmation of some ideas of reform pedagogy is often presented as an alternative to the previous educational paradigms. Private initiatives and schools oriented towards alternative pedagogical concepts hardly exist. Also, as an alternative to the "old school", numerous new projects have been carried out, as well as programmes of the vocational training of teachers and other activities aiming at improvement of teaching and learning process, such as Active learning – applying of active teaching/learning method, Step by Step, Reading and writing for critical thinking, etc. All these activities and some of the ideas of reform pedagogy are increasingly more present in the official documents for education strategies in Montenegro. In those documents and strategies, however, there can be found miscomprehensions and problematic interpretations, which is potentialy reflected on the programs for implementation of the reform pedagogy and contemporary alternative pedagogical concepts.

Članak problematizira demokratski karakter Države Izrael i uspoređuje ga sa stvarnim stanjem stvari. Proturječnost određenja Izraela kao "židovske i demokratske" države već je u samom začetku stvaranja prouzročila određene karakteristike koje su teško usporedive sa zapadnim liberalnim demokracijama. Izrael se takvim pokušava prikazati usprkos očiglednom nepovoljnom položaju arapske manjine koja danas čini približno 20 posto stanovništva. Taj se položaj izraelskih Arapa odražava ne samo na status manjine u Izraelu već i na geopolitičku situaciju na prostoru Izraela i Zapadne Obale. Status Palestinaca može se iščitati iz svakodnevne političke prakse, ali i iz temeljnih dokumenata i zakonodavstva Države Izrael. Segregacija stanovništva prema vjerskom određenju čini nevidljivi zid unutar samog izraelskog društva. ; The article deals with the declared democratic character of the State of Israel and compares it with the real state of affairs. The contradiction present in the definition of Israel as "Jewish and democratic" has from its very beginning created certain characteristics of the State that are hardly comparable with western liberal democracy. Israel is striving to present itself as such despite the obvious adverse position of the Arab minority, comprising around 20 per cent of the population. This position of the Israeli Arabs reflects itself not only on the status of the minority, but also on the entire geopolitical situation in Israel and the West Bank as well. The status of the Palestinians in Israel can be deducted from the everyday political practice as well as from the fundamental documents and legislation of the State of Israel. The segregation of population according to religion makes for an invisible wall within the Israeli society.

Terorizam je pojava poznata stoljećima. Borba protiv terorizma stara je koliko i sam terorizam. U novije vrijeme ona dobiva i novu dimenziju, ali još uvijek nema uspješne rezultate. Razlog za to može se tražiti i u nemogućnosti postizanja konsenzusa oko defi niranja što je to terorizam i tko su teroristi. Sama se percepcija terorizma promijenila nakon napada na WTC, a time i organi-zacija borbe protiv terorizma. Ta borba danas, u nastojanjima da pobijedi terorističke organizacije, ostavlja dubok trag na institucije i procese u liberalno- -demokratskim državama. Pojedinac je na Zapadu žrtva terorističkih napada, ali istovremeno i žrtva sve veće kontrole i "oslobađanja od slobode" koju provode, u borbi protiv terorizma, legitimno izabrane političke vlasti. Danas postoji velika opasnost od toga da liberalno demokratske države, u interesu obrane od terorizma, počnu provoditi državni terorizam nad svojim slobodnim građanima, a sve u svrhu sigurnosti. ; Terrorism is a phenomenon that has been present for many centuries. The fight against terrorism is as old as terrorism itself. In the new era it takes on a new dimension but still with no successful results. The reason for that can be found in the impossibility of forming a consensus on what terrorism is and who terrorists are. The perception of terrorism has changed after the attack on the WTC and within the organisation of the fight against terrorism. That struggle today, in its efforts to win against terrorist organisations, leaves a deep mark on the institutions and processes in a liberal democratic society. A person in the West can be a victim of terrorist attacks but also a victim of control and deprivation of freedom, which is implemented by legitimate elected political governance, in the fight against terrorism. Today there is a significant danger that a liberal democratic state will become a state of terrorism and take terrorist actions on its citizens and all in the name of security.