Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Balachakra-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 530 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 489 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 15 ha (3%) covered by rock outcrops and 28 ha (5%) by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 488 ha (92%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 7 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100 - 150 cm) 25 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100) whereas 41 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 20 per cent soils are very shallow and shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 25 percent soils are medium (51-100), 18 per cent soils are low (51- 100 mm/m) and 45 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content.  About 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 81 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 11 percent soils are low (337kg/ha), about 57 percent is medium (145- 337kg/ha) and 34 percent is low (4.5ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 75(14) 102(19) Guava - 75(14) Maize 75(14) 102(19) Sapota - 75(14) Bajra 75(14) 102(19) Pomegranate - 75(14) Groundnut - 157(30) Musambi - 75(14) Sunflower - 75(14) Lime - 75(14) Redgram - 95(18) Amla 75(14) 82(15) Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - 75(14) Jackfruit - 75(14) Chilli 75(14) 82(15) Jamun - - Tomato 75(14) 82(15) Custard apple - 157(30) Brinjal 75(14) 82(15) Tamarind - - Onion 75(14) 82(15) Mulberry - 75(14) Bhendi 75(14) 82(15) Marigold 75(14) 82(15) Drumstick - 75(14) Chrysanthemum 75(14) 82(15) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Balachakra-1 is located at North latitude 160 41' 8.752" and 160 39' 29.062" and East longitude 770 17' 8.217'' and 770 15' 52.036" covering an area of about 529.94 ha coming unde Balichakra village of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Balachakra-1 micro watersheds of Kilankeri subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Balachakra-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 4 (11.43%) were marginal, 19 (54.29%) were small, 5 (14.29 %) were semi medium and 4 (11.43 %) were medium farmers. 3 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 96 (61.15%) men and 61 (38.85 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.7, marginal farmers were were 3, small farmers were 4.7, semi medium farmers were 4.6 and medium farmers were 4.5.  Majority of the respondents (49.04%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 63.69 per cent illiterates, 34.38 per cent pre university education and 1.27 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.86 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 22.86 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 58.60 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.86 per cent possess TV, 17.14 per cent possess mixer grinder, 82.86 per cent possess mobile phones and 11.43 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 31.43 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 34.29 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.43 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.94, women available in the micro watershed was 1.94, hired labour (men) available was 11.38 and hired labour (women) available was 11.22. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 85.00 per cent (59.45 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 15.00 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 3.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 8.57 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundut, Green gram, Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 91.45 per cent.  Out of the sample households 20.00 percent possessed bank account and 20.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 20.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 57.14 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundut, Green gram and Paddy was Rs.26436.56, 46397.95, 29260.31 and 109143.52 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 1.30, 1: 1.34 and 1: 0.90 respectively.  Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 94894.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 57180.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 5 horticulture trees and 113 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 77.14 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 14.29 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 97.14 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (68.57%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 65.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 45.71 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 28.57 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (85.71%) and oilseeds (45.71%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (68.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (74.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (17.14%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.43%), high rate of interest on credit (54.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (57.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (60.00%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (71.43%), Less rainfall (22.86%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (17.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Arakera Khurd-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 516 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 495 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, An area of about 21 ha by others (water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 495 ha (96%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 30 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) whereas 13 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm). Shallow (25-50cm) and very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 15 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 53 per cent area very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 70 percent medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 25 percent soils are low (4.5 ppm) in an area of about 94 per cent and 2 percent soils are deficient (0.6ppm) is <1 percent in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 124(24) 77(15) Sapota - 11(2) Maize - 201(39) Pomegranate - 135(26) Bajra - 201(39) Musambi 124(24) 11 (2) Groundnut - 11(2) Lime 124(24) 11 (2) Sunflower 124(24) 11(2) Amla - 201(39) Redgram - 135(26) Cashew - - Bengal gram 124(24) 77(15) Jackfruit - 11(2) Cotton 124(24) 77(15) Jamun - 124(24) Chilli - 201(39) Custard apple 135(26) 66(13) Tomato - 201(39) Tamarind - 124(24) Drumstick - 135(26) Mulberry - 11(2) Mango - 124(24) Marigold - 201(39) Guava - 11(2) Chrysanthemum - 201(39) Brinjal 124(24) 77(15) Bhendi 124(24) 77(15) Onion 74(14) 77(15)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Arakera Khurd-1 is located at North latitude 160 47' 37.543" and 160 45' 50.539" and East longitude 770 17' 9.839" and 770 15' 38.213" covering an area of about 516.19 ha coming under Arekera. K, Pasapoola and Ramasamudra Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Arakera Khurd-1 micro watersheds of Gopalapur subwatershed, Yadagiri taluk, Yadagiri District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 17 (48.57 %) were marginal, 9 (25.71%) were small, 4 (11.43 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 102 (60.71%) men and 66 (39.29 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (51.19%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 61.31 per cent illiterates, 34.53 percent pre university education and 4.76 per cent attained graduation.  About, 91.43 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  In the study area, 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 17.14 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 91.43 per cent possess TV, 17.14 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 28.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households possess plough and 2.86 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.57 per cent possess local cow and 5.71 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 11.04 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.94.  Further, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 98.53 per cent (36.27 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 1.47 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 2.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 5.71 per cent of the households. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Groundnut, Cotton, Jowar and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.99 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.71 percent possessed bank account and 77.14 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 57.14 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 35.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 40 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 80.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Groundnut, Cotton, Jowar and Green gram was Rs.63824.64 , 36177.00, 49885.53, 32848.05 and 76463.18 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.8, 1:2 , 1:1.6 , 1:1.4, and 1:0.8 , respectively.  Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 130728.57 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 66300.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 2 horticulture trees and 29 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 6862.86 for land development and Rs. 11,114.29 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 17.14 per cent depends on own funds and 2.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 65.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 31.43 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 60 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (62.86 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 88.57 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  About, 2.6 per cent each of farmers practicing Field Bunding, Farm Pond and Bore Well Recharge Pit as soil and water conservation practice.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 74.29 per cent of the households and 25.71 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (97.14%) and oilseeds (31.43%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (91.43%) wild animal menace on farm field (91.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (42.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.43%), high rate of interest on credit (80.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (91.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (85.71%), inadequate extension services (5.71%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (82.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kunikeri-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 441 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 76 per cent is covered by soils, 4 per cent by mining/industrial, 16 per cent by rock outcrops and 3 per cent by habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  An area of about 47 per cent has loamy and 30 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 52 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 4 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 72 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 4 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 72 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 12 per cent are slightly acid (ph 6.0-6.5), 14 per cent are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 10 per cent are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 39 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH pH 7.8-8.4) and 0.75%) in 59 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in area of about 13 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 64 per cent in the microwatershed.  About 13 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 24 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 40 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 144 (33) 45 (10) Sapota 144 (33) 29 (7) Maize 91 (21) 99 (22) Pomegranate 144 (33) 31 (7) Bajra 144 (33) 112 (25) Musambi 144 (33) 31 (7) Groundnut 53 (12) 237 (54) Lime 144 (33) 31 (7) Sunflower 144 (33) 2 (<1) Amla 144 (33) 186 (42) Red gram 144 (33) 2 (<1) Cashew 53 (12) 120 (27) Bengalgram 2 (<1) 225 (51) Jackfruit 144 (33) 29 (7) Cotton 144 (33) 45 (10) Jamun 144 (33) 31 (7) Chilli 144 (33) 43 (10) Custard apple 144 (33) 186 (42) Tomato 144 (33) 43 (10) Tamarind 144 (33) 28 (6) Brinjal <1 (<1) 221 (50) Mulberry 144 (33) 106 (24) Onion <1 (<1) 221 (50) Marigold 144 (33) 45 (10) Bhendi <1 (<1) 221 (50) Chrysanthemum 144 (33) 45 (10) Drumstick 144 (33) 77 (17) Jasmine 144 (33) 43 (10) Mango 144 (33) <1 (<1) Crossandra 144 (33) 43 (10) Guava 53 (12) 120 (27)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Kunikeri-2 is located at North latitude 150 18' 9.483" and 150 16' 46.442" and East longitude 760 14' 59.98'' and 760 13' 26.382" covering an area of about 440.89 ha coming under Kunakeri and Hirebaganala villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Kunikeri-2 micro watersheds of Karkihalli subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 11 (32.35 %) were marginal, 10 (29.41%)were small, 6 (17.65 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.88 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 73 (56.15%) men and 57 (43.85 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (40.00%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 46.15 per cent illiterates, 52.31 per cent pre university education and 3.08 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.35 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 20.59 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 59.23 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 88.24 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 0.00 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.24 per cent possess TV, 2.94 per cent possess mixer grinder, 85.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 23.53 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 14.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent possess tractor and 2.94 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.94 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.33, women available in the micro watershed was 2.90, hired labour (men) available was 11.37 and hired labour (women) available was 10.4.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 90.79 per cent (42.23 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 9.21 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 2.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 5.88 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Cowpea and Sunflower and cropping intensity was recorded as 93.02 per cent.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Cowpea, Sunflower and 0 was Rs.28244.35 , 30308.95, 8072.04 and 41631.88 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.40, 1: 1.20, 1: 4.20 and 1: 2.30 respectively.  Further, 2.94 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 57382.35 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 44852.94 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 5 horticulture trees and 22 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 88.24 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 88.24 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (73.53%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 8.82 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.12 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 97.06 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (97.06%) and oilseeds (20.59%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (11.76%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (70.59%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (38.24%), high rate of interest on credit (20.59%), low price for the agricultural commodities (52.94%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (29.41%), inadequate extension services (5.88%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(23.53%) and Less rainfall (2.94%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ashanal-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 500 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 492 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 8 ha by others (water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 34 per cent area is very shallow to moderately shallow (150 cm).  About 47 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 51 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 13 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 28 per cent area is very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of entire soils of the microwatershed is dominantly 20 ppm) in 18 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 24 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 307(61) 44(9) Guava - 19(4) Maize 18(4) 333(67) Sapota - 19(4) Bajra 18(4) 348(70) Pomegranate - 1(62) Groundnut - 34(7) Musambi 163(33) 144(29) Sunflower 217(43) 90(18) Lime 163(33) 144(29) Redgram - 307(62) Amla 18(4) 348(70) Bengal gram 288(58) 61(12) Cashew - 18(4) Cotton 217(43) 133(27) Jackfruit - 19(4) Chilli - 350(70) Jamun - 289(58) Tomato 18(4) 207(42) Custard apple 308(62) 58(12) Brinjal 143(29) 223(45) Tamarind - 289(58) Onion 126(25) 76(15) Mulberry - 34(7) Bhendi 290(58) 76(15) Marigold - 350(70) Drumstick - 322(65) Chrysanthemum - 350(70) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Ashanal-2 is located at North latitude 160 48' 43.759" and 160 46' 53.865" and East longitude 770 13' 35.415'' and 770 11' 23.666" covering an area of about 500.27 ha coming unde Kurakumbala, Mundaragi and Ashinala Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Ashanal-2 micro watersheds of Ramasamudram subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Ashanal-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 8 (22.86%) were marginal, 19 (54.29%) were small and 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 101 (57.39%) men and 75 (42.61 %) were women. The average population of landless was 5.6, marginal farmers were 5.1, small farmers were 4.9 and semi medium farmers were 4.7.  Majority of the respondents (38.64%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 17.05 per cent illiterates, 80.11 per cent pre university education and 10.80 per cent attained graduation.  About, 80.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 11.43 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 38.07 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 62.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 31.43 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 74.29 per cent possess TV, 65.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 82.86 per cent possess mobile phones and 37.14 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess tractor, 5.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 17.14 per cent possess sprayer.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 11.29, women available in the micro watershed was 1.23, hired labour (men) available was 5.8 and hired labour (women) available was 10.49.  Further, 48.57 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (37.95 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Maize, Jowar and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.98 per cent.  Out of the sample households 94.29 percent possessed bank account and 62.86 per cent of them have savings in the account. 2  About 114.29 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 8.70 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 86.96 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Maize, Jowar and Groundnut was Rs.30863.58, 31656.82, 27180.93, 32084.50 and 46929.63 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.20, 1: 1.40, 1: 1.10, 1: 0.70 and 1:0.82 respectively.  Further, 11.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 119374.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 41860.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 32 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 71.43 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 314.29 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 14.29 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Majority of the farmers (40.00%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 68.57 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 51.43 per cent of the households and 48.57 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (80.00%), pulses (71.43%) and oilseeds (54.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (68.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (48.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (62.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (68.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (77.14%), high rate of interest on credit (74.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.14%), inadequate extension services (14.29%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (74.29%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nagalapur-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 381 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 345 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 37 ha (10%) covered by rock outcrops. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 345 ha (90%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 23 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100 - 150 cm), 6 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100) whereas 36 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 26 per cent soils are very shallow and shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 46 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content.  About 51 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 40 percent soils are low (4.5ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 171(45) Guava - 24(6) Maize - 171(45) Sapota - 24(6) Bajra 24(6) 146(38) Pomegranate - 24(6) Groundnut 24(6) 57(15) Musambi - 24(6) Sunflower - 24(6) Lime - 24(6) Redgram - 112(29) Amla 24(6) 58(15) Bengal gram - 35(9) Cashew - 24(6) Cotton - 2(<1) Jackfruit - 24(6) Chilli - 82(22) Jamun - - Tomato - 82(22) Custard apple 24(6) 58(15) Brinjal - 82(22) Tamarind - - Onion - 82(22) Mulberry - 24(6) Bhendi - 82(22) Marigold - 82(22) Drumstick - 24(6) Chrysanthemum - 82(22) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Nagalapur-3 is located at North latitude 160 42' 1.077" and 160 41' 6.695" and East longitude 770 17' 58.57" and 770 16' 3.19" covering an area of about 381.22 ha coming under Nagalapur, Balichakra and Yaleri Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Nagalapur-3 micro watersheds of Nagalapur subwatershed, Yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Nagalapur-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 8 (22.86%) were marginal, 10 (28.57%) were small, 11 (31.43 %) were semi medium, 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 94 (59.12%) men and 65 (40.88 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.4, marginal farmers were 4.12, small farmers were 5.1, semi medium farmers were 4.72 and medium farmers were 6.Majority of the respondents (38.36%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 59.12 per cent illiterates, 0.63 percent were functional literates, 35.84 per cent pre university education and 1.26 per cent attained graduation.  About, 80.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 65.41 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.57 per cent possess TV, 14.29 per cent possess mixer grinder, 62.86 per cent possess mobile phones and 11.43 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 31.43 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.9, women available in the micro watershed was 1.53, hired labour (men) available was 6.63 and hired labour (women) available was 5.97.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 77.57 per cent (43.94 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 22.43 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 6.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 17.14 per cent of the households. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Paddy, Cotton, Groundnut and Greengram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 5.71 percent possessed bank account.  About 5.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Paddy, Cotton, Groundnut and Greengram was Rs.25452.48, 54657.14, 36773.50, 73025.03 and 29118.75 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30, 1: 0.80, 1: 1.50, 1: 1.10 and 1:1.10 respectively.  Further, 37.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 22.86 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 96734.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 42734.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 2 horticulture trees and 142 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 71.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 17.14 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 82.86 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (22.86%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 22.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.29 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 45.71 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 37.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (71.43%) and oilseeds (8.57%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (45.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (51.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (68.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (5.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (60.00%), high rate of interest on credit (25.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (40.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.86%), inadequate extension services (0.00%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (62.86%), Less rainfall (37.14%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (22.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mokadampur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 729 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 591 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 79 ha by forest, 15 ha by rock outcrops and about 43 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 69 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 12 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 13 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 10 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 8 per cent area very low (0.75%) and 80 per cent is medium (0.50-0.75%) in organic carbon content.  About 16 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 38 per cent and deficient (>4.5 ppm) in 43 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 62(9) 347(47) Guava - 21(3) Maize 21(3) 449(62) Sapota - 21(3) Bajra 21(3) 388(53) Pomegranate - 212(29) Groundnut 12(2) 37(5) Musambi 53(7) 159(22) Sunflower 53(7) 159(22) Lime 53(7) 159(22) Redgram - 381(52) Amla 21(3) 81(11) Bengal gram 53(7) 138(19) Cashew - 12(2) Cotton 53(7) 156(21) Jackfruit - 21(3) Chilli 21(3) 219(30) Jamun - 53(7) Tomato 21(3) 28(4) Custard apple 65(9) 175(24) Brinjal 21(3) 28(4) Tamarind - 53(7) Onion 21(3) 28(4) Mulberry - 21(3) Bhendi 21(3) 219(30) Marigold 21(3) 219(30) Drumstick - 74(10) Chrysanthemum 21(3) 219(30) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Mokadampur-1 is located at North latitude 160 49' 1.466" and 160 46' 28.457" and East longitude 770 18' 34.68" and 770 16' 16.844" covering an area of about 728.28 ha coming under Pasapoola, Mugadhamapoora and Arakera.K villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Mokadampur-1 micro watersheds of Mokadampur subwatershed, Yadagiri taluk, Yadagiri District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 19 (54.29 %) were marginal, 11 (31.43%) were small, 2 (5.71 %) were Semi medium farmers .  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 99 (59.64%) men and 64 (38.55 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents 80 (48.19%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 54.22 per cent illiterates, 43.38 percent pre university education and 5.42 per cent attained graduation.  About, 88.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  In the study area, 60.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 31.43 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 91.43 per cent possess TV, 20.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 28.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess plough, 11.43 per cent possess bullock cart and 8.57 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow and 5.71 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men labour availability in the micro watershed was 1.87 and own women labour availability in the micro watershed was 1.29, while the hired labour (men) availability was 8.87.  Further, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (32.50 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  There were 1.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 2.86 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Cotton, Groundnt, Green gram, Jowar and Ridge gourd and cropping intensity was recorded as 101.23 per cent.  Out of the sample households 82.86 percent possessed bank account and 77.14 per cent of them have savings in the account. 2  About 60.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 4.76 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial and co-operative banks and 33.33 per cent from Grameena Bank bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 88.89 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Cotton, Groundnt, Green gram, Jowar and Ridge gourd was Rs.50084.32 , 46337.94, 39244.54, 73380.16 and 46501.51 with benefit cost ratio of 1: 1.8, 1:1.3, 1:1.9 , 1:1.6 and 1:1.2 respectively.  Further, 34.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 112200.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 80257.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 5 horticulture trees and 43 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7085.71 for land development.  Regarding marketing channels, 48.57 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 17.14 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Majority of the farmers (48.57 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (94.29%) and oilseeds (54.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (100 %) wild animal menace on farm field (100.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (100.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (94.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (100.00%), high rate of interest on credit (97.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (100.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (2.86%), inadequate extension services (2.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (74.29%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mundragi-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 598 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 453 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 25 ha by mining/industrial area, 74 ha by rock outcrops and about 46 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 5 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 71 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (0-75 cm).  About 52 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 24 per cent clayey soils.  About 53 per cent area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 3 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 69 per cent area very low (0.75).  About 26 per cent area is low (4.5 ppm) in the whole area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 23 per cent of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 3(<1) 40(7) Guava - 3(<1) Maize - 43(7) Sapota - 3(<1) Bajra - 43(7) Pomegranate - 28(5) Groundnut - 3 (<1) Musambi 22(4) 6(1) Sunflower - 28(5) Lime 22(4) 6(1) Redgram - 27(5) Amla 3 (<1) 40(7) Bengal gram 24(4) 15(3) Cashew - - Cotton 24(4) 15(3) Jackfruit - 3(<1) Chilli - 21(3) Jamun - 25(4) Tomato - 18(3) Custard apple 27(5) 15(3) Brinjal 3(<1) 40(7) Tamarind - 25(4) Onion 3(<1) 18(3) Mulberry - 3(<1) Bhendi 5(<1) 37(7) Marigold - 42(7) Drumstick - 27(5) Chrysanthemum - 42(7) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Mundragi-3 is located at North latitude 160 46' 39.624" and 160 45' 25.814" and East longitude 770 12' 9.516'' and 770 9' 33.277" covering an area of about 598.12 ha coming unde Mundaragi and Yadhagiri B villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Mundragi-3 micro watersheds of Belagiri subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 total respondents, 18 (50.00 %) were marginal, 10 (27.78%)were small, 2 (5.56 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.56 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 78 (57.35%) men and 58 (42.65 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (47.06%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 66.91 per cent illiterates, 29.41 per cent pre university education and 3.68 per cent attained graduation.  About, 61.11 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 36.11 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 37.50 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 91.67 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.78 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.89 per cent possess TV, 8.33 per cent possess mixer grinder, 86.11 per cent possess mobile phones and 2.78 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 22.22 per cent of the households possess plough and 5.56 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 16.67 per cent possess local cow and 2.78 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.97, women available in the micro watershed was 1.41, hired labour (men) available was 7.62 and hired labour (women) available was 6.79.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 56.78 per cent (26.96 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 43.22 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 11.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 30.56 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent. 2  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and Green gram was Rs.37056.78, 53774.67, 76635.07, 39040.33 and 108930.93 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.90, 1: 1.60, 1: 1.10, 1: 2.10 and 1:1.02 respectively.  Further, 33.33 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 16.67 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 114444.44 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 57250.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 8 horticulture trees and 78 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2555.56 for land development and Rs. 833.33 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 8.33 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 83.33 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 2.78 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 86.11 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (86.11%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80.56 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.22 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 77.78 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (83.33%) and oilseeds (2.78%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.89%) wild animal menace on farm field (8.33%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.78%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.33%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (77.78%), high rate of interest on credit (5.56%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.56%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (75.00%), inadequate extension services (8.33%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(80.56%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Katarki West-6 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 473 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils and 5 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and 1 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  Entire area of about 95 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area of about 95 per cent of the soils has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 56 per cent is nearly sloping (0-1%) and 39 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 63 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 32 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 39 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 56 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (320 ppm) in 37 per cent soils.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 83 per cent area and 13 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm).  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 63 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 33 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in about 95 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 429 (91) 21(5) Sapota - - Maize - 450 (95) Pomegranate - 450 (95) Bajra - 327 (69) Musambi 429 (91) 21 (5) Groundnut - - Lime 429 (91) 21 (5) Sunflower 429 (91) 21 (5) Amla - 450 (95) Red gram - 450 (95) Cashew - - Bengalgram 429 (91) 21 (5) Jackfruit - - Cotton 429 (91) 21 (5) Jamun - 450 (95) Chilli - - Custard apple 429 (91) 21 (5) Tomato - - Tamarind - 450 (95) Brinjal - 450 (95) Mulberry - 28 (6) Onion - - Marigold - 450 (95) Bhendi - 450 (95) Chrysanthemum - 450 (95) Drumstick - 450 (95) Jasmine - - Mango - - Crossandra - 424 (90) Guava - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 1identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Katarki West-6 is located at North latitude 150 16' 25.782" and 150 18' 28.116" and East longitude 750 59' 48.936" and 760 1' 42.863" covering an area of about 421.25 ha coming under Alawandi, Mynahalli and Kavalura villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Katarki West-6 micro watersheds of Katarki subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Katarki West-6 micro-watershed among households surveyed 15 (42.86%) were marginal, 8 (22.86%) were small, 4 (11.43 %) were semi medium, 2 (5.71 %) were medium and 1 (2.86 %) were large farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 78 (54.93%) men and 64 (45.07 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.4, marginal farmers were 3.9, small farmers were 4, medium farmers were 5 and large farmers were 6.  Majority of the respondents (41.55%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 38.73 per cent illiterates, 58.45 per cent pre university education and 2.82 per cent attained graduation.  About, 45.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 51.43 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 30.99 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 48.57 per cent possess TV, 74.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 31.43 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 5.71 per cent possess tractor, 2.86 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.4, women available in the micro watershed was 1.23, hired labour (men) available was 10.3 and hired labour (women) available was 10.57.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 94.98 per cent (56.42 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 5.02 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Sorghum, Bengal gram, Cotton and Sunflower and cropping intensity was recorded as 79.76 per cent.  Out of the sample households 37.14 percent possessed bank account and 37.14 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 37.14 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 15.38 per cent from cooperative/ Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Sorghum, Bengal gram, Cotton and Sunflower was Rs.22224.16, 23560.78, 28196.92, 35252.92 and 37589.57 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.80, 1: 2.10, 1: 1.90, 1: 1.70 and 1:1.30 respectively.  Further, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 64828.57 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 54057.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 7 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5114.29 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 68.57 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 94.29 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 5.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 100 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households and 8.57 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 82.86 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 60.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (100.00%) are adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (97.14%) wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (11.43%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (88.57%), high rate of interest on credit (77.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.86%), inadequate extension services (8.57%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (88.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sankanur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 580 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 414 ha (71%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 158 ha (27%) by rock outcrops and about 9 ha (1%) by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 71 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 41 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100- 150 cm), 7 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and about 23 per cent soils are very shallow and shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and about 30 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) and about 7 percent is medium (0.50- 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of about 47 percent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 60 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 11 per cent area in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 282(49) Guava - 43(7) Maize 43(7) 239(41) Sapota - 43(7) Bajra 43(7) 239(41) Pomegranate - 282(49) Groundnut 43(7) 278(48) Musambi - 282(49) Sunflower - 282(49) Lime - 282(49) Redgram - 282(49) Amla 43(7) - Bengal gram - 239(41) Cashew - 43(7) Cotton - 239(41) Jackfruit - 43(7) Chilli 43(7) 239(41) Jamun - - Tomato 43(7) - Custard apple 43(7) 239(41) Brinjal 43(7) - Tamarind - - Onion 43(7) - Mulberry - 43(7) Bhendi 43(7) 239(41) Marigold 43(7) 239(41) Drumstick - 43(7) Chrysanthemum 43(7) 239(41) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Sankanur is located at North latitude 160 57' 52.416" and 160 56' 28.557" and East longitude 770 6' 24.109'' and 770 4' 45.405" covering an area of about 578.35 ha coming under Sankanur and Yagapur villages of Chithapura taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Sankanur micro watersheds of Yaragal subwatershed, Chithapura taluk & Kalaburagi District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 9 (25.71 %) were marginal, 16 (45.71%)were small and 4 (11.43 %) were Semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 94 (55.62%) men and 75 (44.38 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (51.48%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 64.50 per cent illiterates, 0.59 percent were functional literates, 34.32 per cent pre university education and 1.18 per cent attained graduation.  About, 68.57 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 43.20 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 85.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 74.29 per cent possess TV, 25.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 11.43 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 5.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 17.14 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.87, women available in the micro watershed was 1.83, hired labour (men) available was 11.07 and hired labour (women) available was 9.43.  Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 65.82 per cent (35.85 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 34.18 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 10.00 live bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 28.57 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Green gram, Sorghum, Red gram and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 95.28 per cent.  Out of the sample households 8.57 percent possessed bank account and 8.57 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 8.57 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Green gram, Sorghum, Red gram and Groundnut was Rs.24925.98, 18670.46, 24119.79, 24925.98 and 64684.74 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.30, 1: 2.30, 1: 1.50, 1: 2.30 and 1:1.50 respectively.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 124251.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 50155.71 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 2 horticulture trees and 59 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7142.86 for land development and Rs. 2857.14 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 5.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 77.14 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 8.57 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (40.00%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 74.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 85.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.29 per cent of the household's possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (97.14%) and oilseeds (2.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (2.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (71.43%), high cost of fertilizers 3 and plant protection chemicals (60.00%), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (62.86%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (5.71%), inadequate extension services (2.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (62.86%), Less rainfall (5.71%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (5.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Laksmanpura-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 561 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 89 per cent is covered by soil, 150cm) soils.  About 38 per cent of the soils are loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 50 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 35 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 17 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 72 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 34 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 54 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 3 per cent is moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 14 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 33 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5 -7.3), 37 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) and 0.75%).  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 28 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 71 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 17 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 24 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in <1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 99(18) 350(62) Sapota 128(23) 233(42) Maize 84(15) 364(65) Pomegranate 128(23) 327(58) Bajra 146(26) 347(62) Guava 128(23) 233(42) Redgram 99(18) 331(59) Jackfruit 128(23) 233(42) Bengal gram - 94(17) Jamun 42(8) 157(28) Groundnut 14(2) 343(61) Musambi 128(23) 327(58) Sunflower 99(18) 331(59) Lime 128(23) 327(58) Cotton - 418(75) Cashew 115(20) 233(42) Chilli 113(20) 336(60) Custard apple 146(26) 347(62) Tomato 113(20) 242(43) Amla 146(26) 253(45) Brinjal 113(20) 242(43) Tamarind 42(8) 157(28) Onion 84(15) 270(48) Marigold 113(20) 336(60) Bhendi 113(20) 336(60) Chrysanthemum 113(20) 336 (60) Drumstick 128(23) 272(48) Jasmine 113(20) 242(43) Mulberry 100 (18) 261(47) Crossandra 113(20) 242(43) Mango 42(8) 157(28) - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Lakshmapura-1 is located at North latitude 150 23' 58.806" and 150 21' 48.269" and East longitude 760 2' 59.1'' and 760 1' 14.906" covering an area of about 547.08 ha coming under Lakmapura, Bhanapur and Tadakal Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Lakshmapura-1 micro watersheds of Bhanapur subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 15 (42.86 %) were marginal, 9 (25.71%)were small, 5 (14.29 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 64 (55.65%) men and 51 (44.35 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (24.35%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 37.39 per cent illiterates, 53.92 per cent pre university education and 7.83 per cent attained graduation.  About, 88.57 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 27.83 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 80.00 per cent possess TV, 65.71 per cent possess mobile phones and 17.14 per cent possess motor cycles.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.37, women available in the micro watershed was 1.00, hired labour (men) available was 6.53 and hired labour (women) available was 6.58.  Further, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 93.97 per cent (38.25 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 6.03 per cent area is irrigated land.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Groundnut, Bengal gram and Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 97.28 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.71 percent possessed bank account and 85.71 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 85.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 16.67 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 6.67 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. 2  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 85.71 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Groundnut, Bengal gram, Sorghum and 0 was Rs.37903.31, 50648.32, 27556.91 and 17388.76 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.60, 1: 2.70, 1: 3.00 and 1: 1.40 respectively.  Further, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 71825.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 58968.57 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 34 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 228.57 for land development.  Source of funds raised from asset selling for land development was 2.86 per cent and soft loan for land development was and improved crop production was 2.86 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 20.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 65.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80.00 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the household's possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (94.29%) and oilseeds (11.43%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (91.43%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (11.43%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (25.71%), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (11.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (14.29%), inadequate extension services (22.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (48.57%), Less rainfall (42.86%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (65.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Honnahunasi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 271 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soil and 2 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 63 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 35 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 46 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 4 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 94 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 7 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 91 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 16 per cent is moderately acid (pH 5.5 to 6.0), 25 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0 to 6.5), 50 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3) and 8 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%).  Available phosphorus is medium (57 kg/ha) in 93 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 97 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 4.5 ppm) in 64 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 45 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 42(16) 212(78) Sapota 56(21) 186(69) Maize - 254 (94) Pomegranate 56(21) 205(75) Bajra 51(19) 210(77) Guava 56(21) 186(69) Redgram 36(13) 220(81) Jackfruit 56(21) 186(69) Bengal gram 7(2) 12(4) Jamun 36(13) 175(64) Groundnut - 207(76) Musambi 63(23) 198(73) Sunflower 42 (16) 213(78) Lime 63(23) 198(73) Cotton 7(2) 249(91) Cashew 56(21) 186(69) Chilli 36(13) 219(81) Custard apple 63(23) 198(73) Tomato 36(13) 200(74) Amla 56(21) 193(71) Brinjal 36(13) 200(74) Tamarind 36(13) 175(64) Onion - 236(87) Marigold 36(13) 219(81) Bhendi 36(13) 219(81) Chrysanthemum 36(13) 219 (81) Drumstick 56(21) 193(71) Jasmine 36(13) 200(74) Mulberry 56(21) 186(69) Crossandra 36(13) 200(74) Mango 36(13) 168(62) - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Honnahunasi is located at North latitude 150 29' 58.129" and 150 28' 8.028" and East longitude 760 10' 37.08'' and 760 9' 40.547" covering an area of about 321.78 ha coming under Honnahunasi and Kudrimutti villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Honnahunasi micro watersheds of Kalakeri subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 11 (31.43 %) were marginal, 13 (37.14%)were small, 6 (17.14 %) were Semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 71 (50.00%) men and 71 (50.00 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (35.92%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 46.48 per cent illiterates, 51.41 per cent pre university education and 4.23 per cent attained graduation.  About, 85.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 22.54 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 37.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 57.14 per cent possess TV, 11.43 per cent possess mixer grinder, 85.71 per cent possess mobile phones and 40.00 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess plough, 20.00 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.71 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 7.65, women available in the micro watershed was 5.53, hired labour (men) available was 12.5 and hired labour (women) available was 12.74.  Further, 97.14 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 87.42 per cent (36.02 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 12.58 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 3.00 live bore wells and 3.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 8.57 per cent of the households. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Groundnut and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 93.68 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.71 percent possessed bank account and 85.71 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 85.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Groundnut and Paddy was Rs.31727.41 , 23110.78, 42640.09 and 70265.31 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 0.60, 1: 1.80 and 1: 1.80 respectively.  Further, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 50685.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 33114.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 6 horticulture trees and 53 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 142.86 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 8.57 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 80.00 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 88.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 54.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (85.71%), pulses (68.57%) and oilseeds (20.00%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (54.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (51.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (20.00%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (28.57%), high rate of interest on credit (22.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (14.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (14.29%), inadequate extension services (28.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (42.86%), Less rainfall (54.29%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (60.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bukanhatti-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 669 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soil, 1per cent by rock outcrops and 2 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 2 per cent sandy (loamy sand), 87 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 8 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 26 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 20 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 76 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 30 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 66 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 1 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 20 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 72 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 4 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in 40 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 12 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 57 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 40 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (>0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 504(76) Sapota 237(35) 266(41) Maize - 504(76) Pomegranate 237(35) 318(49) Bajra 196(29) 369(55) Musambi 237(35) 318(49) Groundnut 146(22) 359(54) Lime 237(35) 318(49) Sunflower - 504(75) Amla 297(44) 261(39) Redgram - 504(75) Cashew 237(35) 266(41) Bengal gram 33(5) 19(3) Jackfruit 237(35) 266(41) Cotton 33(5) 325(49) Jamun 102(15) 245(37) Chilli - 504(76) Custard apple 297(44) 280(42) Tomato - 452(68) Tamarind 102(15) 212(32) Brinjal - 485(73) Mulberry 237(35) 266(40) Onion - 452(68) Marigold - 504(76) Bhendi - 504(76) Chrysanthemum - 504(76) Drumstick 237(35) 299(45) Jasmine - 452(68) Mango 102(15) 212(32) Crossandra - 452(68) Guava 237(35) 266(41)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Bukanhatti-2 is located at North latitude 150 38' 4.537" and 150 36' 25.184" and East longitude 760 16' 25.39'' and 760 14' 27.176" covering an area of about 630.66 ha coming under Bukanhatti, Uchalkunti and Hire Bamanhal Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Bukanhatti-2 micro watersheds of Chik Bamanhal sub-watershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Bukanhatti-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 6 (17.14%) were marginal, 11 (31.43%) were small and 13 (37.14 %) were semi medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 106 (62.72%) men and 63 (37.28 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.8, marginal farmers were 5.2, small farmers were 4.5 and semi medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (42.60%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 42.60 per cent illiterates, 52.66 per cent pre university education and 5.92 per cent attained graduation.  About, 80.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.14 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 47.93 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 68.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 48.57 per cent possess TV, 5.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.43 per cent possess mobile phones and 48.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 17.14 per cent possess bullock cart and 28.57 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.43 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 3.03, women available in the micro watershed was 2.23, hired labour (men) available was 19.5 and hired labour (women) available was 19.50. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 84.68 per cent (43.85 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 15.32 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 1.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 2.86 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Groundnut, Bajra and cropping intensity was recorded as 84.66 per cent.  Out of the sample households 37.14 percent possessed bank account.  About 37.14 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Groundnut and Bajra was Rs.25342.58 , 40011.46 and 23825.22 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 1.10 and1: 0.92 respectively.  Further, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 31.43 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 36657.14 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 27800.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 23 horticulture trees and 40 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 100.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 100.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (88.57%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80.00 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 65.71 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 25.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (94.29%) and oilseeds (37.14%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field 3 (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (71.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.00%), high rate of interest on credit (74.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.14%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (57.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bhimanahalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 573 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 442 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 12 ha by quarry, an area of 43 ha by rock outcrops and about 77 ha cover by forest. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 77 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 20 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), whereas 29 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 29 per cent soils are very shallow to shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 58 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) and 2 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 14 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 63 percent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Maximum area of about 77 percent is high (>337kg/ha) and about 4.5 ppm) in an area of 76 per cent and about deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about <1 per cent in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 278(49) Guava - - Maize - 278(49) Sapota - - Bajra - 275(48) Pomegranate - 57(10) Groundnut - 163(29) Musambi - 57(10) Sunflower - 57(10) Lime - 57(10) Redgram - 111(19) Amla - 164(29) Bengal gram - 57(10) Cashew - - Cotton - 199(35) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 221(38) Jamun - - Tomato - 164(29) Custard apple - 221(38) Brinjal - 164(29) Tamarind - - Onion - 164(29) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 221(38) Marigold - 221(38) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 221(38) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Bhimanahalli-2 is located at North latitude 160 58' 39.868" and 160 56' 44.222" and East longitude 770 13' 58.007'' and 770 11' 56.808" covering an area of about 561.68 ha coming under Bhimanahalli and Handarki villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Bhimanahalli-2 micro watersheds of Motanahalli subwatershed, Chitapura taluk & Kalaburagi District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 total respondents, 8 (22.22 %) were marginal, 13 (36.11%)were small and 13 (36.11 %) were Semi medium  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 81 (59.12%) men and 56 (40.88 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (43.07%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 30.66 per cent illiterates, 63.51 per cent pre university education and 6.57 per cent attained graduation.  About, 72.22 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 16.67 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 48.91 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 94.44 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.56 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 83.33 per cent possess TV, 66.67 per cent possess mixer grinder, 108.33 per cent possess mobile phones and 33.33 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 22.22 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.56 per cent possess bullock cart and 8.33 per cent possess sprayer.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.56, women available in the micro watershed was 1.29, hired labour (men) available was 8 and hired labour (women) available was 13.24.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (59.06 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Maize and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.97 per cent.  Out of the sample households 97.22 percent possessed bank account and 63.89 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 44.44 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 20.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 68.00 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. 2  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 96.15 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations,  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Maize, Cotton, was Rs.31594.21 , 20566.68 and 20292.15 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30, 1: 3.50 and 1: 1.50 respectively.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 111534.72 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 65118.06 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 5 horticulture trees and 118 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 75.00 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1083.33 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 27.78 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 94.44 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 8.33 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 13.89 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (30.56%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 105.56 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 75.00 per cent of the households and 63.89 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 69.44 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.44 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 2.78 per cent of the household's possessed APL card and 2.78 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (10.00%) and oilseeds (52.78%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (100.00%) wild animal menace on farm field (94.44%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (91.67%), inadequacy of irrigation water (100.00%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (100.00%), high rate of interest on credit (100.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (100.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (101.00%), inadequate extension services (97.22%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (94.44%), ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bandehalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 1015 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 883 ha (87%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 58 ha (6%) by rock outcrops and about 73 ha (7%) by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 22 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 87 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 38 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), 26 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 10 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and about 14 per cent soils are very shallow and shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 26 per cent area of the microwatershed is medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 23 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%), about 68 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 17 per cent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 11 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is high (>20 ppm) in an area of about 2 per cent, about 45 per cent is medium (10-20 ppm) and about 40 per cent is low (1.0 ppm) in about 4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  An area of about 83 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 286(28) 305(37) Guava - 261(26) Maize 252(25) 410(40) Sapota - 261(26) Bajra 252(25) 410(40) Pomegranate - 395(39) Groundnut - 335(33) Musambi 35(3) 360(35) Sunflower 35(3) 360(35) Lime 35(3) 360(35) Redgram - 588(57) Amla 252(25) 118(12) Bengal gram 35(3) 99(10) Cashew - - Cotton 35(3) 359(35) Jackfruit - 261(26) Chilli 126(12) 342(34) Jamun - 35(3) Tomato 126(12) 208(20) Custard apple 35(3) 433(43) Brinjal 126(12) 208(20) Tamarind - 35(3) Onion 126(12) 208(20) Mulberry - 261(26) Bhendi 126(12) 342(34) Marigold 126(12) 342(34) Drumstick - 296(29) Chrysanthemum 126(12) 342(34) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Bandehalli-2 is located at North latitude 160 50' 6.06" and 160 46' 4.614" and East longitude 770 8' 20.378'' and 770 6' 35.654" covering an area of about 1014.53 ha coming under Bheemanagara, Chamanahalli. Yadhagiri. B and Horunacha villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Bandehalli-2 micro watersheds of Yadgiri subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Bandehalli-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 2 (5.71%) were marginal, 23 (65.71%) were small and 5 (14.29 %) were semi medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 86 (56.21%) men and 67 (43.79 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.2, marginal farmers were 4, small farmers were 4.7 and semi medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (33.33%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 40.52 per cent illiterates, 49.02 per cent pre university education and 7.84 per cent attained graduation.  About, 85.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 56.86 per cent of the household members.  In the study area and 94.29 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 80.00 per cent possess TV, 54.29 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 22.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.57 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.43, women available in the micro watershed was 1.48, hired labour (men) available was 14.5 and hired labour (women) available was 10.83.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (43.62 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Sorghum, Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent. 2  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Sorghum and Groundnut was Rs.24826.29, 23996.08, 17039.52 and 43988.83 and with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.80, 1: 1.40, 1: 1.90 and 1: 0.90 respectively.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 70237.14 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 48865.71 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 164 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1257.14 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 8.57 per cent depends on own funds and 22.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (34.29%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 91.43 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 94.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (65.71%) and oilseeds (2.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (2.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.86%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (80.00%), inadequate extension services (8.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (65.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Rf1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 560 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 68 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 32 ha by rock outcrop and others (Habitation and waterbodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 4 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 68 per cent is moderate suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 56 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 57 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 10 per cent area is nearly level (0-1% slope) soils.  Entire area of about 68 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded soils in the microwatershed.  About an area of 18 per cent in the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 49 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 48 percent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire area is low (4.5 ppm) in 67 per cent and 1 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 18 percent in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - - Guava - - Maize - - Sapota - - Bajra - - Pomegranate - - Groundnut - - Musambi - - Sunflower - - Lime - - Redgram - - Amla - - Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - - Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple - - Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - - Marigold - - Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 3 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yadgir Rf-1 is located at North latitude 160 54' 21.463" and 160 52' 22.77" and East longitude 770 13' 16.454'' and 770 11' 27.795" covering an area of about 568.15 ha coming under Motanahali and Katagi Shahapura villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Yadgir Rf-1 micro watersheds of Yadgir Rf sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 9 (25.71 %) were marginal, 11 (31.43%)were small, 8 (22.86 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 77 (53.85%) men and 66 (46.15 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (41.26%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 55.24 per cent illiterates, 42.66 per cent pre university education and 0.70 per cent attained graduation.  About, 94.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 23.78 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 25.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 65.71 per cent possess TV, 51.43 per cent possess mixer grinder, 80.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 14.29 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 22.86 per cent of the households possess plough, 11.43 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.57 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.24, women available in the micro watershed was 1.32, hired labour (men) available was 10.71 and hired labour (women) available was 10.82.  Further, 97.14 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 81.71 per cent (44.84 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 10.17 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 2.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 5.71 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundnut, Sorghum, Paddy and Maize and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent. 2  Out of the sample households 80.00 percent possessed bank account and 80.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 80.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundnut, Sorghum, Paddy and Maize was Rs.21371.22, 38509.53, 18409.89, 34945.64 and 163672.55 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.70, 1: 0.90, 1: 1.20, 1: 0.64 and 1:0.53 respectively.  Further, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 58714.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 38142.86 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 4 horticulture trees and 30 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2314.29 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 14.29 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 14.29 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 65.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 80.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (77.14%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 74.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 91.43 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 40.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (71.43%) and oilseeds (2.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (54.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (22.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (34.29%), high rate of interest on credit (8.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (17.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (22.86%), inadequate extension services (20.00%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (42.86%), Less rainfall (40.00%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (48.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project