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This article analyzes multi-shift schooling and its effect on the quality of education in the city of Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia. Highlighted are the features, advantages and shortcomings of multi-shift schooling, achievements of middle-school pupils, satisfaction of parents and pupils with the quality and accessibility of education. Also evaluated are opinions on multi-shift schooling. After the downfall of socialism and a transition towards a free market, multiple migratory flows from provinces to the country's capital city have led to a specific increase of the population, and as a result of government policy to admit all 6-year old children into schools, as well as an increased strain on account of transitioning from a 10-year education system to a new 12-year one, schools have encountered a lack of funds, as well as a shortage of teachers and equipment. In an attempt to solve these issues, some schools have increased the amount of pupils attending one class to 45 or more, while also instituting a third shift, which has become common practice among many of Ulaanbaatar's middle-schools. Within the framework of a 2016 research project, the Mongolian State University's department of sociology and social work has conducted research and evaluated the multi-shift schooling system, while utilizing various research methods (survey, interview, observation, content analysis). Under the guise of a study called "Multiple shifts in Ulaanbaatar's secondary schools and the quality of education", conducted in 2016-2017, scientific approaches were used such as structural functionalism, phenomenology and exchange theory in order to analyze qualitative and quantitative data. A multi-shift schooling system, especially one with three shifts, creates some serious problems. Based on our research, the main parties concerned (teachers, parents and pupils) for the most part see it as detrimental to the quality of education, and as a liability when it comes to pupils' opportunity to enroll into the highest tier universities, given that those who go to schools working three shifts receive 20% less learning hours compared to schools working two shifts. Three shifts were introduced mainly in schools attended by children from vulnerable social groups. Such a practice creates social discrimination and violates children's rights to an equal and quality education. 17.9% of respondents who took part in our study receive an income of less than 185,000 tugriks a month (which is less than 80 USD), while 5.4% have no income at all. A three shift system of schooling has a negative effect on health and safety in the school environment, with an increase in the disease rate among children and the number of absences.

The article considers a new environmental education system that includes new connections and new relationships between participants of educational process – teachers, government, business and parents. Discusses the problems of continuous, primary, further education, the relationship between the applicant and the University. ; В статье рассматриваются новые связи и новые отношения между участниками образовательного процесса: педагогами, государством, бизнесом и родителями. Обсуждаются проблемы непрерывного, дошкольного, дополнительного образования, связи между абитуриентом и университетом.

The modern global civilization is at the stage of the formation of the information society. The scientific and technological revolution, accentuation of the services production sphere, and growing importance of information resources determine the special significance of education as a driving force of social progress. This work is devoted to the analysis of the role of education in achieving the goals of sustainable development, in socio-economic development, its features during the period of information transformation of society, and key principles that contribute to solving the challenges of our time.

The article deals with the problem of civil education in Gessen's social phylosophy. Opportunities and the meaning of the civil education concept of S.I. Gessen are reviewed with the purpose of individual's forming and development in the modern philosophy of education. The importance of world view are considered as the main value of civil education.

Govoriti o odgoju i obrazovanju znači promatrati ih u kontekstu društva a njihove promjene u kontekstu društvenih promjena. Pod društvenim kontekstom podrazumijevamo obilježja društva kao što su: socijalna struktura društva (sistema), brzina društvenih promjena, raspolaganja društvenom moći, sustav vrijednosti, modernizacija škole, globalni društveni kontekst itd. i njihov utjecaj na obrazovne promjene. Odnos društva i obrazovanja nije politički problem, iako se tako prezentira kao pitanje obrazovnih reformi, nego je u biti sociokulturni problem kao problem razvoja društva. To znači da se ciljevi promjena u obrazovanju definiraju u kontekstu ciljeva društva. Za promjene u obrazovanju važno je utvrditi društvena očekivanja utjecaja obrazovanja na društvo kao i na mlade. U predmodernim društvima glavni cilj odgoja i obrazovanja bio je uklapanje mlade populacije u društvo i prilagođavanje društvu. Dakle, kulturna reprodukcija samoga društva. Kao društva s niskim i sporim stupnjem promjena imala su i niske (skromne) zahtjeve za promjenama (reformiranjem obrazovanja). Moderno društvo, pogotovo ono na današnjem stupnju razvoja, proživljava brze promjene i zahtijeva obrazovanja koje će više ubrzati društvene promjene, poglavito one koje omogućavaju brži razvoj u društvu i društva u cjelini te osposobiti generacije za aktivnu ulogu u društvu. Ako društvo shvaćamo kao stalnu promjenu socijalnih odnosa i struktura, onda su i obrazovne promjene (reforme) permanentno društvena potreba. U prilogu se govori o nekim obilježjima i promjenama društva te utjecaju na obilježja obrazovanja, ali i na kulturne promjene. ; Education may not be analyzed without studying the social context; similarly, educational reform may not be examined without a better understanding of the context of social changes. Social context is defined as a set of social characteristics, such as: key social changes and the speed thereof; value systems within a society; impact of society as a system on education as one of its subsystems. The relationship between society and education is not a political one, even though it is often portrayed as such, especially when the emphasis is placed on the issue of educational reform. It is rather a socio-cultural problem, connected to the issues surrounding social development. Therefore, the goals of educational reform must be defined within the wider context of social goals. In order to conduct changes in education, it is important to define what the society expects from education. In premodern societies, the main goal of upbringing and education was to socialize young people into the wider society. In other words: social reproduction. Being of a low and slow level of change, they had a low-level demand for educational reforms as well. Modern societies, and especially highly developed contemporary ones, undergo fast changes and demand education that will accelerate social changes and enable a more rapid development within certain areas of the society, as well as the society as a whole. If society is understood as a place of constant change in social relations and structures, then educational changes (reforms) ought to be considered a permanent and crucial aspect thereof. We will further discuss several social characteristics and changes, as well as the impact of those changes on both education and culture.

Изучаются трансформации в технологиях патриотического воспитания российского студенчества в постсоветский период. Целью исследования был поиск путей эффективного взаимодействия государства и студенчества в области развития гражданской культуры. Основанием для подготовки статьи явились анализ законодательства, социологической литературы о патриотическом воспитании, теоретической базой – междисциплинарный подход к изучению молодежи, данные общероссийских социологических опросов и результаты анализа грантовых конкурсов по поддержке социальных инициатив молодежи, проводимых в 2017-2018 гг. Федеральным агентством по делам молодежи (Росмолодежь). Обращается внимание на парадоксальную ситуацию в социальном институте высшего образования – разрыв между функциями трансляции профессионального знания и воспроизводства культуры, воспитания профессионала и гражданина. Ее причиной выступили социетальные трансформации постсоветского времени и модернизационные изменения в высшем образовании начала XXI в. Разрабатывается идея о позитивной социальной инициативе студентов как основе современного патриотического воспитания. Исследуется новая форма взаимодействия государства и студенчества – грантовая поддержка социально значимых инициатив. Показаны высокий уровень патриотизма российского студенчества, положительная динамика понимания студентами патриотизма как позитивной социальной активности. Обосновывается необходимость и возможность разработки единого подхода к осуществлению гражданского и патриотического воспитания студентов в российских вузах. ; The authors of this paper study transformations in the technologies of patriotic education of Russian students in the post-Soviet period. Their research aims to find ways for effective interaction between the state and students in the development of civic culture, which required the analysis of legislation and sociological literature on patriotic education. The theoretical basis is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of youth, data from all-Russian sociological surveys and the results of the analysis of grant competitions to support social initiatives of young people held in 2017-2018 by the Federal Agency for Youth Affairs (Rosmolodezh). The authors draw attention to the paradoxical situation in the social institute of higher education – the gap between the functions of the translation of professional knowledge and the reproduction of culture, the education of a professional and a citizen. It was caused by societal transformations of the post-Soviet period and modernization changes in higher education at the beginning of the 21st century. The idea of a positive social initiative of students as the basis of modern patriotic education is being developed. A new form of interaction between the state and students gains more attention – grant support for socially significant initiatives. The authors show the high level of patriotism of the Russian students and the positive dynamics of their understanding of patriotism as a positive social activity. The necessity and possibility of developing a unified approach to the implementation of civil and patriotic education of students in Russian universities is substantiated.

The state sets itself the task to preserve and strengthen the health of the nation, to grow a decent family with well-developed professional competencies. Education of a person with disabilities is a huge problem for the family, even though Russian legislation guarantees the right to education for all citizens without any discrimination. The article deals with the issues of inclusive education in higher education in physical education classes ; Государство ставит перед собой задачу сохранить и укрепить здоровье нации, вырастить достойную смену с хорошо развитыми профессиональными компетенциями. Образование человека с ограниченными возможностями здоровья – огромная проблема для семьи, даже несмотря на то, что российское законодательство гарантирует право на образование всем гражданам без какой-либо дискриминации. В статье рассматриваются вопросы инклюзивного образования в вузе на занятиях по физическому воспитанию.

Герой прозы Довлатова находится в постоянном онтологическом «зависании в парадоксе» между частями множества оппозиций личностного свойства. В настоящей работе рассматривается его промежуточное положение между статусами эрудированного и мыслящего человека и человека малообразованного. Материалом исследования послужили проявления сознательного приема, состоящего в введении автором в его тексты, вне зависимости от периодов и жанров творчества, вольных или невольных погрешностей против фактов действительности с целью повышения интеллектуального и духовного статуса героя в восприятии читателя. В исследовании применялись структурно-описательный, описательно-функциональный и интерпретационный методы. Задачей работы были группировка и классификация многочисленных примеров недостоверных и ошибочных сообщений из текстов С. Довлатова, еще не ставших предметом внимания в довлатоведении. В ходе работы были сделаны выводы о сознательном формировании автором завышенного представления о герое его прозы как о личности глубоко мыслящего и широко образованного человека, которое далеко не всегда соответствует действительности.
The character of Dovlatov's prose is in constant ontological "hanging in a paradox" between parts of a multitude of personal oppositions. This paper considers his intermediate position between the status of an erudite and thinking person and a poorly educated person. The material of the study was the manifestation of a conscious method, which consists in the introduction by the author into his texts, regardless of the periods and genres of creativity, voluntary or involuntary errors against the facts of reality in order to increase the intellectual and spiritual status of the character in the perception of the reader. The study used structural-descriptive, descriptive-functional and interpretive methods. The task of the work was to group and classify numerous examples of unreliable and erroneous messages from the texts of S. Dovlatov, which have not yet become the subject of attention in Dovlatov studies. In the course of the work, the conclusions were drawn about the conscious formation by the author of an overestimated idea of the character in his prose as a person of a deeply thinking and broadly educated person, which does not always correspond to reality.

This article examines the issues of lifelong learning, the development of lifelong learning. The need for continuing education. And it explains that continuing education is characterized by several features.

The article covers the problems of formation and modernization of national and supranational educational systems management which define models of the state educational policy influencing the marketing behavior of higher education institutions at the national and world markets. Basing on the results of the analysis of secondary information sources the author revealed legislative factors and conditions which should be taken into account by the higher education institutions when formulating strategy of development in the conditions of integration of the educational services market. The characteristic of two main historically developed models of state management of higher education - European and Atlantic - is given. It is proved that the administrative model of management of higher education actually ceased to exist, distinctions between Atlantic and European models are gradually obliterated. The tendency to decentralize the management of higher education institutes is noted. The characteristic feature of time is that the main powers and control of the results of management decisions are passed to higher education institutions. At the same time the quality control of education by regional, national and international scientific and methodical associations becomes tougher. Besides, the orientation to profit growth gains value. It is emphasized that agencies on quality control and monitoring of efficiency of higher education institutions act as new regulating subjects of the services market of higher education institutions - the special intermediary organizations ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы формирования и модернизации управления национальными и наднациональными образовательными системами, которые определяют модели государственной образовательной политики, влияющей на маркетинговое поведение вузов на национальном и мировом рынках. На основе результатов анализа вторичных источников информации автором выявлены законодательные факторы и условия, которые вузам стоит принимать во внимание при разработке стратегии развития в условиях интеграции рынка образовательных услуг. Дается характеристика двум основным исторически сложившимся моделям государственного управления высшим образованием - европейской и атлантической. Доказывается, что административная модель управления высшим образованием фактически перестала существовать, различия между атлантической и европейской моделями постепенно стираются. Отмечается тенденция к децентрализации управления институтами высшего образования. Характерной чертой времени является то, что основные полномочия и контроль результатов управленческих решений передаются вузам. Одновременно ужесточается контроль качества образования региональными, национальными и международными научно-методическими объединениями. Кроме того, приобретает значение ориентация на рост прибыли. Подчеркивается, что в качестве новых регулирующих субъектов рынка услуг вузов - специальных посреднических организаций - выступают агентства по контролю качества и мониторингу эффективности вузов

Introduction. According to the concept of lifelong learning, vocational education system should cover all age categories of working population, including people of the so-called "silver age" (people of the third age). However, in reality, the proportion of citizens over 45 years involved in continuing vocational training is very small, as the current system does not meet their specific needs. Meanwhile, for many representatives of this social community, the continuation of education, the renewal of knowledge, the acquisition of new qualifications or specialties are now becoming a chance to promote an individual's employability over a lifetime in a rapidly changing labour market and an unstable "life market". The aim of the article is to identify the opportunities and barriers to the inclusion of "silver age" people in the practice of vocational education, taking into account the positions of all key actors - the senior generation of Russians, the state, employers and educational organisations. Methodology and research methods. The work was based on the methodological framework of three theories: continuous education, third age, social community. The empirical material was collected through the following methods: the analysis of educational and demographic statistics (2015-2018); the analysis of the content of recruitment agencies' websites and media publications devoted to the problems of the "silver" labour market; the secondary analysis of sociological data; the survey of Sverdlovsk region residents aged over 45 years old in February - March 2019. Results and scientific novelty. The structure and a number of qualitative characteristics of Russians of the elder generation are clarified. The authors give the definition of the concept of social community of "silver age" people ("third age" people), including the group of pre-pensioners. A new interpretation of this category of citizens allowed the authors to reevaluate the old options and to identify the new options for vocational training for "silver age" people. The problems and trends revealed in the course of the survey in this professional training niche of a particular Russian region were focused on the all-Russian situation. Critical differences between the requests for "silver" vocational education from older people, state, educational organisations and employers are identified. The contradictions and necessity of purposeful formation of educational needs and strategies of people of the "third age" are demonstrated. The state and prospects of development of various types and forms of "silver" professional education are described; the conditions of its transformation into a resource of active ageing are formulated. Practical significance. The urgency and relevance of adjusting the content and specific tasks of educational policy of the state aimed at the older generation of citizens have been scientifically proved. It is planned to create and improve training programmes for older people, implemented by various educational structures. Such programmes and research findings can serve as a basis for developing human resources strategies for older people both in government and commercial organisations. © 2019 Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University. All rights reserved. ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR: 19–011–00096 ; Acknowledgements. The article was prepared with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project № 19–011–00096 "Education as a Resource for the Preservation and Development of People of the Third Age".

The aim of the article is to analyze the system of Higher Education in the USA. It reviews the kinds of educational institutions and types of education which they provide. The system of Higher education in the United States of America is made up of two levels or stages. The first level is undergraduate education and when students complete it they usually become Bachelors of Art or Bachelors of Science. The second level is called postgraduate education which is completed with acquiring Master or Ph.D. degrees. There are several types of higher educational institutions such as colleges, universities, 2-year community colleges, conservatories, art schools, military academies and others. To be admitted in each level of higher education students have to take some certain standardized tests and prove their ability to manage the educational program. The article describes the system of funding of the USA higher education. The educational institutions can be categorized into public, private and for-profit schools. Private and for-profit colleges and universities are the most expensive schools. Students pay for tuition, room and board with their own money. There is a system of educational loans, scholarships and grants which you can take or receive if you do not have enough of your own finance. Americans are willing to pay for the education of their children as well as their own. It has to do with their belief that education will enable them to achieve success and financial stability. Many Americans follow the lifelong learning for professional growth, new knowledge and skills. ; Целью статьи является попытка проанализировать систему высшего образования в США. Рассматриваются типы учебных заведений и виды образования, которое они предлагают. Система высшего образования Соединенных Штатов Америки состоит из двух уровней или ступеней. Первый уровень это базовое (неполное высшее) образование, после получения которого, присуждаются степени Бакалавра Искусств или Бакалавра Наук. Вторая ступень - полное высшее образование, после которого присуждается степень магистра или доктора. Существует несколько типов высших учебных заведений, таких как колледжи, университеты, общественные двухлетние колледжи, консерватории, художественные училища, военные академии и т.д. Для поступления на каждую ступень высшего образования необходимо сдать определенные единые экзамены и доказать свою способность осваивать образовательную программу. В статье описывается система финансирования образования. Учебные заведения США различаются в зависимости от источников финансирования и стоимости обучения. Они делятся на государственные, негосударственные и коммерческие. Самыми дорогими являются негосударственные, частные учебные заведения. Студенты оплачивают обучение, проживание и питание самостоятельно. Существует система льготного целевого кредитования и система стипендий и грантов, которые можно получить при недостаточности собственных средств. Американцы готовы вкладывать деньги в образование детей и свое собственное. Это связано с их уверенностью в том, что образование позволит им достичь успеха и материального благополучия. Многие американцы продолжают учиться на протяжении всей жизни. Они повышают свою квалификацию или осваивают новые умения и навыки.

В статье рассматривается модель воспитания правовой культуры студентов как важный инструмент их подготовки к успешной профессиональной деятельности. Актуальность исследуемой проблемы обусловлена социальным заказом общества на подготовку специалиста новой формации, обладающего высоким уровнем общей и правовой культуры, нравственной и правовой устойчивостью, оперативно решающего насущные задачи, обладающего аналитическим, саногенным мышлением, креативностью и экстраполирующего правомерную поведенческую стратегию. В качестве методов исследования выступили понятийно-терминологический анализ, синтез, аналогия, систематизация, интерпретация, классификация, теоретическое моделирование, интервьюирование. При раскрытии исследуемого феномена были использованы нормативно-правовые акты, посвященные основным правам и свободам личности, а также научно-педагогическая, психологическая и юридическая литература. Полученные данные постулируют, что определение дефиниции «правовая культура» коррелирует с концептуальными идеями исследователей, представляющих различные методологические школы, что свидетельствует о поливариативности изучаемой категории. По мнению авторов статьи, модель воспитания правовой культуры студентов включает целевой и методологический подходы, методологические принципы, педагогические условия, содержательный, процессуальный, критериально-оценочный и результативный блоки.
The article considers the model of education of legal culture of students as an important tool for preparing them for successful professional activities. The relevance of the problem under study is due to the social order of society for the training of a specialist of a new formation, who has a high level of general and legal culture, moral and legal stability, promptly solving urgent problems, possessing analytical, sanogenic thinking, creativity and extrapolating lawful behavioral strategy. The research methods were: conceptual and terminological analysis, synthesis, analogy, systematization, interpretation, classification, theoretical modeling, interviewing. When disclosing the phenomenon under study, we used normative-legal acts devoted to the basic rights and freedoms of the individual, as well as scientific, pedagogical, psychological and legal literature. The obtained data postulate that the definition of legal culture correlates with the conceptual ideas of researchers representing different methodological schools, which indicates the polyvariability of the studied category. According to the authors of the article, the model of education of legal culture of students includes target and methodological approaches, methodological principles, pedagogical conditions, content, procedural, criterion-evaluation and result blocks.

В статье обосновывается идея о ведущей роли образования на эволюцию всех сфер социума: экономической, социальной, политической и духовной. Особый акцент сделан на раскрытии сущности современной инновационной парадигмы образования начала ХХІ века. Затем формулируются основные принципы содержания философии образования на современном этапе развития общества. ; In the article it is grounded the idea of the leading role of education on the evolution of all spheres of society: economic, social, political and spiritual. Particular emphasis is made on discovering the essence of modern innovative educational paradigm of the beginning of the XXIst century. Then the basic principles of the content of the philosophy of education at the present stage of development of society are formulated.