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This paper suggests that societies exhibiting a large degree of educational polarization among its populace are systematically more likely to slip into civil conflict and civil war. Intuitively, political preferences and beliefs of highly educated citizens are likely to differ fundamentally from those of uneducated citizens. We propose an index of educational polarization and test its predictive power in explaining the likelihood of civil conflict and civil war, analyzing 146 countries (equivalent to over 93 percent of the world population) from 1950 to 2014. Our results produce strong evidence for a positive, statistically powerful, and economically sizeable relationship. In our benchmark estimation, a one standard deviation increase in educational polarization is associated with a 4.6 and 3.8 percentage point rise in the chances of civil conflict and civil war, respectively. These results are robust to the inclusion of the conventional control variables, country-fixed effects, and country-specific time trends.

After introducing a measure for educational polarization (EduPol ), this paper presents a theoretical framework to understand whether and how EduPol may affect the contest for power in society. The model suggests that societies with high degrees of EduPol (i.e., substantial shares with either no or university-level education) are systematically more prone to civil unrest. We test this prediction on four measures of civil unrest: Political instability, domestic terrorism, civil conflict, and civil war. Our empirical estimations produce evidence consistent with this hypothesis as all four phenomena are positively associated with EduPol at the beginning of the respective period, exhibiting meaningful magnitudes. These results prevail when accounting for (i) potentially confounding factors, (ii) country- and time-fixed effects, (iii) economic inequality, (iv) ethnic and religious polarization and fractionalization, and (v) numerous alternative estimations and outcome variables.

Purpose: Unemployment has been a subject for numerous studies and recent debates in South Africa and beyond. This paper explores the relationship between education level and unemployment among the youth in four municipalities in O.R Tambo District (ORTDM), Eastern Cape, South Africa. The theory of human capital provided the theoretical underpinning of the connection between education level and unemployment, and also the theory was used to interpret the findings. It is assumed that by conducting this investigation, an important contribution is made to theoretical developments in the education and jobs sectors literature and policy in South Africa. Research methods: The study participants were selected using the systematic random sampling since the study employed a quantitative research paradigm. The cross-sectional survey design was implemented. The data consisted of 120 self-completed survey questionnaires from the studied employable young people. The crosstabulation, correlation, chi-suqare data analyses methods were used while the multiple regression model developed was used to test the relationships. Findings: From the analyses, relationships were established such that educational level was found to positively relate to unemployment and was also found to have the highest effect on unemployment. Furthermore, result show negative correlation between economic status and education qualification, while it was positively correlated to unemployment. Lastly, a weak linear relationship exists between level of education and economic status. Implications for research and practice: The findings provide an opportunity for education policy makers to collaborate with the government(s) to develop strategies that favour employment. The results mean that a recurring production of education and training into the labour market is not accompanied by a reduction in unemployment. Future studies may investigate other issues responsible for increasing unemployment in the country despite economic improvement as well as the moderating ...

In recent years, Europe has experienced a large influx of refugees. While natives' attitudes toward refugees are decisive for the political feasibility of asylum policies, little is known about how these attitudes are shaped by information about refugees' characteristics. We conducted a survey experiment with a representative sample of more than 4,000 adults in Germany in which we randomly provide information about refugees' education level. Information provision strongly increases respondents' beliefs that refugees are well educated. The information also increases labor market competition concerns, decreases fiscal burden concerns, and positively affects general attitudes toward refugees. We perform several robustness analyses in additional experiments with more than 5,000 university students. In sum, we show that correcting misperceptions about refugees' education level has profound effects on natives' attitudes.

Adolescents' pregnancy negatively impacts their health and their babies, also gives socio-economics impacts and risksof premature birth,low birth weight (LBW)andbleeding that can increase maternal and infant mortality.This study aims todetermine the relationship of education level with the pregnancy atthe age ofadolescence.This research using observational analyticdesign withcross-sectionalto recognize the relationship between education level ties and pregnancy atthe age ofadolescence.The subjectof this research ispregnant women in the North Coast Region of Indramayuwho meetthe inclusion criteriaand arewilling to sign the consent form after being given an explanation.The samples of 200 pregnant women were taken using consecutive sampling.The results obtained p-value = 0.045 smaller than the alpha value (<0. 05) it can be concluded thatthere is arelationship between the level of education of mothers with pregnancy in adolescence.Analysis we found the value of OR of 3.336 (95% CI1.098 to 10.140) means, less educated mother 3.336 times risk higher toget married andpregnant atthe age ofadolescence.It is expected that health center, government worker and the Office ofReligiousAffairs(KUA) able to work together to provide better education foradolescents andprospective brides in order not to getpregnantatanearlyage.

In the implementation of government financial management, audit process is carried out by the inspectorate with the purpose to produce a quality audit. One of the indicators is the inspection report is submitted on time, however in the last 3 years the reports submitted by the Inspectorate of West Java Province have been late. The purpose of study was to determine the influence of ethics, education level, and professional skepticism on audit quality in the Inspectorate of West Java Province. This study conducted with a total 70 auditors with descriptive and verificative research method. Data collection using questionnaires and was analized by multiple linear regression. This study used multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that ethics, education level, and professional skepticism has an influence on quality audits both partially and simultaneously.

This visualization shows the relationship between completed fertility and education across five decades of cohorts in the United States using data from the General Social Survey. Across these cohorts, the educational gradient of fewer children for those with more education is stronger for women than for men. The gradient has become less steep across cohorts as the gap between people with medium and high levels of education has narrowed. Those without high school degrees have the highest fertility rates at all times, but this group represents a decreasing share of the population as educational levels rise over time. Thus, the educational gradient in completed fertility persists but has become less important for overall fertility patterns.