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Previous research on educational aspirations and educational decision-making has mostly focused on high-income countries and thus on a relatively homogeneous socio-economic context. However, educational decision-making may be sensitive to contextual factors such as economic deprivation, a dysfunctional welfare state or poor access to credit markets – characteristics shared by most low- and middle-income countries. To better understand how economically disadvantaged individuals in developing countries make their educational choices, we conducted a survey based on a random sample with high school students in the rural department Morazán in El Salvador, a lower middle-income country in Latin America. Our results show that regardless of the social background, almost all students aspire to pursue tertiary education, probably due to the high tertiary degree premium in earnings and the high social benefits. However, the lack of possibilities to finance their studies generally prevents the realisation of these aspirations for lower social background students. While in high-income countries, cost factors are not very important in the decision-making process, the burden of costs explains around 45 percent of the social background effect in El Salvador. Other factors such as academic confidence, expected future economic benefits, parental status maintenance wish, individual risk aversion and time discounting preferences play only a minor role.

Here you find R code, which is used for the development and validation of measurement instruments (questionnaires, tests, items, scales) for the social sciences. The description of the analyses carried out with the codes can be found in the appendices A1 to A5 of the ZIS Publication Guide. Each code includes comments to guide users through the code. We provide the data set "example1" to run the code.



We provide:

Code for testing the dimensionality of scales comprises exploratory factor analysis, principal component analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis (tau-congeneric and tau-equivalent). For the description of the analyses, see appendices A1 to A2 of the ZIS Publication Guide.


Code used to estimate reliability comprises the estimation of split-half reliability, retest reliability, reliability coefficients for single-factor models (Cronbach's Alpha, McDonald's Omega/Raykov's Rho, AVE [Average Variance Extracted]), and bi-factor models (Omega-H, ECV [Explained Common Variance]). For the description of the analyses, see appendix A3 of the ZIS Publication Guide.

Code for measurement invariance testing within SEM. For the description of the analyses see appendix A5 of the ZIS Publication Guide.

Here you find Mplus code, which is used for the development and validation of measurement instruments (questionnaire, test, items, scale) for the social sciences. The description of the analyses carried out with the code can be found in the appendices A1 to A5 of the ZIS Publication Guide. Each code includes comments to guide users through the code. We provide the data set "example1" to run the code.



We provide:

Code for testing the dimensionality of scales comprises exploratory factor analysis, exploratory structural equation modeling (SEM), and confirmatory factor analysis (tau-congeneric and tau-equivalent). For the description of the analyses, see appendices A1 to A2 of the ZIS Publication Guide.


Code used to estimate reliability comprises the estimation of split-half reliability, retest reliability, reliability coefficients for single-factor models (Cronbach's Alpha, McDonald's Omega/Raykov's Rho, AVE [Average Variance Extracted]), and bi-factor models (Omega-H, ECV [Explained Common Variance]). For the description of the analyses, see appendix A3 of the ZIS Publication Guide.


Code for measurement invariance testing within SEM. For the description of the analyses see appendix A5 of the ZIS Publication Guide.

Here you find Stata code, which is used for the development and validation of measurement instruments (questionnaires, tests, items, scales) for the social sciences. The description of the analyses carried out with the code can be found in the appendices A1 to A5 of the ZIS Publication Guide. Each code includes comments to guide users through the code. We provide the data set "example1" to run the code.


We provide:

Code for testing the dimensionality of scales comprises exploratory factor analysis, principal component analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis (tau-congeneric and tau-equivalent). For the description of the analyses, see appendices A1 to A2 of the ZIS Publication Guide.

Code used to estimate reliability comprises the estimation of split-half reliability, retest reliability, reliability coefficients for single-factor models (Cronbach's Alpha, McDonald's Omega/Raykov's Rho, AVE [Average Variance Extracted]), and bi-factor models (Omega-H, ECV [Explained Common Variance]). For the description of the analyses, see appendix A3 of the ZIS Publication Guide.

Code for measurement invariance testing within SEM. For the description of the analyses see appendix A5 of the ZIS Publication Guide.

This dataset contains data of N = 221 participants, that took part in a repeated testing study of cognitive ability tests. Participants were aged 18-77 of various backgrounnds, although the majority were university students. All tests were administered in German. The cognitive ability tests used were the Short Form of the Berlin-Intelligence-Structure Test (BIS-S), a recently developed figural matrices test (HeiQ), and three working memory capacity tasks (Running Span Task, Operation Span Task, and the Symmetry Span Task). All tests were administered in person three times over three test sessions that lasted three hours each. Test sessions were about 10-12 weeks apart. For every test session, cognitive ability tests and their order were held constant. Additionally, psychological questionnaires of interest were administered. Similar to the cognitive ability tasks, the Big-Five-Inventory (BFI-2XS for session one and two and BFI-2 for session three), the Need-For-Cognition (Short Scale), the General Self-Efficacy (GSE) Scale, the Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire (MDMQ) Short Form, two subscales (worry and emotionality) of the Test Anxiety Inventory, and Test Familiarity were administered on all three test sessions. On test session two and three, participants were asked whether they used any test taking strategies (open reply format).
For data protective reasons, demographic variables cannot be shared.
The purpose of the study was to further previous research on the retest effect for cognitive ability tests in a) investigating individual differences and b) taking a facet approach for cognitive ability facets instead of investigating general intelligence.

MOSAiCH is a cross-sectional survey that focuses on the Swiss population's values and attitudes toward a wide range of social issues.
The thematic focus of the 2020 edition lies on "Environment IV", the current module of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) which is repeated for the 4th time. This international part is supplemented by selected socio-demographic questions, as well as a module composed of Switzerland specific questions and a COVID-19 supplement. The questions of this Swiss part are determined by means of a public call and either expand the ISSP module thematically or measure other dimensions that are of special interest to Switzerland.

MOSAiCH is a cross-sectional survey that focuses on the Swiss population's values and attitudes toward a wide range of social issues.
The thematic focus of the 2018 edition lies on "Religion IV", the current module of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) which is repeated for the 4th time. This international part is supplemented by selected socio-demographic questions, as well as a module composed of Switzerland specific questions. The questions of this Swiss part are determined by means of a public call and either expand the ISSP module thematically or measure other dimensions that are of special interest to Switzerland.

MOSAiCH is a cross-sectional survey that focuses on the Swiss population's values and attitudes toward a wide range of social issues.
The thematic focus of the 2018 edition lies on "Religion IV", the current module of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) which is repeated for the 4th time. This international part is supplemented by selected socio-demographic questions, as well as a module composed of Switzerland specific questions. The questions of this Swiss part are determined by means of a public call and either expand the ISSP module thematically or measure other dimensions that are of special interest to Switzerland.