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Wolf Oschlies ; Zsfassung in engl. Sprache ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- 4 Z 68.247-1984,29/30

In Kombination mit erneuerbaren Energien (EEG) werden Elektrofahrzeuge (EVs) als wichtiger Bestandteil einer Transformation hin zu nachhaltigen Energiesystemen angesehen. Obwohl EVs heute nur einen geringen Anteil an der Fahrzeugdurchdringung in Deutschland darstellen, ist es das Ziel der Bundesregierung, dass im Jahr 2030 sechs Millionen EVs auf deutschen Straßen fahren sollen. Die Realisierung dessen hätte aufgrund des daraus resultierenden zusätzlichen Strombedarfs erhebliche Auswirkungen auf das Stromsystem. Wie hoch diese sind, hängt maßgeblich von der Ladestrategie der Fahrzeuge ab und ist der Forschungsgegenstand dieser Arbeit. Die übergeordnete ökonomische Fragestellung lautet: Welche Auswirkungen haben unterschiedliche EV-Ladestrategien auf Strommengen und -preise in einem Stromsystem mit einem hohen Anteil an erneuerbaren Energien? Zur Beantwortung dessen wird zunächst der zeitabhängige Strombedarf von EVs bewertet. Im Anschluss, werden die EV-Ladestrategien unkontrolliertes Laden (UNC), kostengesteuertes Laden (DSM) und bidirektionales Laden (V2G) in einem europäischen Strommarktmodell umgesetzt und die Auswirkungen quantifiziert. Dadurch wurden folgende Erkenntnisse erlangt: EVs tragen zu einer besseren Integration der EEG bei, da alle drei Ladestrategien deren Abregelung reduzieren. Der zusätzliche Spitzenlastbedarf aufgrund von UNC wird je Millionen EVs im schlimmsten Fall auf 560 MW geschätzt. Entsprechend des Fahrverhaltens variiert die Stromnachfrage stark zwischen Werktagen und Wochenendtagen. An Werktagen sind die Spitzenwerte fast dreimal so hoch wie an Wochenendtagen. Wird durch UNC die Stromnachfrage erhöht, bedarf es des vermehrten Einsatzes von Spitzenlastkraftwerken, was zu steigenden Preisspitzen führt. Im Gegensatz dazu verschieben die beiden flexiblen Ladestrategien DSM und V2G die EV-Stromnachfrage in Zeiten mit geringer residualer Netzlast bzw. bei V2G deutlich zugunsten von Kraftwerken mit den niedrigsten Grenzkosten. Dies führt bei DSM zu einer Anhebung der Preise in Schwachlastzeiten. Bei V2G wird die Preisstruktur erheblich geglättet, indem Spitzenlastpreise reduziert und Schwachlastpreise deutlich erhöht werden. An Wochenenden ist dieser Effekt bei V2G noch stärker als an Werktagen, da ein großer Teil der EVs als stationärer Speicher genutzt werden kann. Neben ökonomischer Effizienz hat dies teilweise unerwünschte ökologische Nebenwirkungen. So werden im Fall von V2G bei niedrigen CO2-Preisen emissionsintensive Technologien wie Braunkohlekraftwerke begünstigt. Nichtsdestotrotz führen systemische Effekte, nämlich die Reduzierung von EEG-Abschaltungen, die Substitution von Spitzenlastkraftwerken und ein erhöhter Stromaustausch mit den Nachbarländern zu einer Gesamtreduktion der CO2-Emissionen. Bei hohen CO2-Preisen sind die Effekte durch V2G hinsichtlich der CO2-Emissionen und der ökonomischen Effizienz durchweg positiv. Begrenzt werden diese Vorteile von V2G durch wirtschaftliche Sättigungseffekte, welche bereits ab zwei Millionen Fahrzeugen deutlich werden. ; In combination with renewable energy sources (RES), electric vehicles (EVs) are seen as an important element of a transformation towards sustainable energy systems. Although EVs currently represent only a small fraction of vehicle penetration in Germany, it is the goal of the German government to have six million EVs on German roads by 2030. The achievement of this would have a significant impact on the electricity system due to the resulting additional energy demand. How large these impacts are is the subject of this work. The overarching economic research question is: What effects do different EV charging strategies have on quantities and prices in a power system with a high share of RES? To answer this question, the time-dependent electricity demand of EVs is initially evaluated. Subsequently, the EV charging strategies uncontrolled charging (UNC), demand side management (DSM), in the sense of cost effective charging and bidirectional charging, i.e. vehicle-to-grid (V2G) are implemented in a European electricity market model and the impacts quantified. To summarize the findings: EVs contribute to the integration of RES, since all three charging strategies reduce curtailment. In the worst case scenario, the additional peak load demand due to UNC is estimated at 560 MW per million EVs. The demand for electricity varies greatly between working days and weekend days, depending on the driving patterns. On working days, the peak demand is almost three times as high as on weekend days. Overall, UNC leads to the increased use of peak load power plants, which leads to rising price peaks. In contrast, the two flexible charging strategies DSM and V2G shift the EVs' electricity demand in times of low residual grid load or, in the case of V2G, significantly in favour of the power plants with the lowest marginal costs. With DSM, this results in an increase in prices during off-peak periods. With V2G, the price structure is considerably smoothed by reducing peak load prices and significantly increasing off-peak prices. On weekend days this effect is even stronger with V2G than on working days, since a large part of the EVs can be used as stationary storage. In addition to economic effciency, this has partly undesirable ecological side effects. In the case of V2G, emission-intensive technologies such as lignite-fired power plants are promoted at low CO2 prices. Nevertheless, systemic effects, namely the reduction of RES curtailment, the substitution of peak load power plants, and an increased electricity exchange with neighboring countries, lead to an overall reduction of the CO2 emissions. These benefits of V2G are limited due to economic saturation effects, which are already noticeable starting at two million vehicles.

Perilla frutescens L. gehört in die Familie der Lippenblütler, stammt ursprünglich aus Asien, wo sie seit Jahrhunderten traditionell als Heil- und Gewürzpflanze genutzt wird. Inzwischen wird sie auch in der Europäischen Union kommerziell genutzt und hier u.a. als Nahrungsergänzungsmittel, als Zusatz in Kosmetika und als homöopathisches Arzneimittel eingesetzt. Der Rohstoff wird aus Asien importiert. Die Gattung Perilla umfasst zahlreiche Arten, die sich in Gehalt, Zusammensetzung und antioxidativen Eigenschaften von Carotinoiden und Polyphenolen signifikant unterscheiden. Einige Arten enthalten das toxisch wirkende Perillaketon als Bestandteil des etherischen Öls. In den ABTS- und LPO Testsystemen zeigten Extrakte der untersuchten Genotypen insgesamt sehr gute antioxidative Eigenschaften und signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Genotypen. Im Blutplasma von Diabetikern und gesunden Probanden wurde nach einer zwei-wöchigen Supplementierung mit einem Perilla-Präparat eine signifikant höhere Luteinkonzentration gemessen. Die Konzentration von Malondialdehyd verringerte sich in Gesunden tendenziell, in Diabetikern signifikant. Generell zeigten alle untersuchten Genotypen sehr gute Anbau- und Ertragseigenschaften und eignen sich für den kommerziellen Anbau im Freiland. ; Perilla frutescens belongs to the Lamiaceae and is a medical and aromatic plant originating from Asia, where it is used traditionally since millennia. Meanwhile it is also commercially used in the European Union as a dietary supplement, additive in cosmetics and as a homeopathic remedy. The raw material is imported from Asia. The genus Perilla encompasses a variety of species that significantly differ in content, composition and antioxidative capacity of carotenoids and polyphenols. Some of the species contain the toxic perillaketone as a component of the essential oil. Generally the extracts of the analysed genotypes showed very high antioxidative capacities in the ABTS- and the LPO-test systems with significant differences between the tested genotypes. After a two-week supplementation with a Perilla preparation, the concentration of lutein was significantly higher in blood-plasma of either diabetic and healthy volunteers. The concentration of malondialdehyde decreased in healthy volunteers by trend and significantly in diabetic test persons. Generally all of the analysed genotypes indicated very good cultivation characteristics and are suitable for a commercial cultivation in the open field.

Der vorliegende Beitrag reflektiert jene Widersprüche, Spannungen und Ambivalenzen, die den gegenwärtig dominanten Diskurs zum Thema Arbeit und Bildung charakterisieren. Dabei wird die Frage aufgegriffen, welche Menschenbilder für die Handlungen der AkteurInnen im arbeitsmarktpolitischen Bildungsbereich schlagend werden und welche Konsequenzen sich daraus für Individuen innerhalb und außerhalb des Arbeitsmarktes ergeben. Der Verein zb zentrum für beratung vertritt hier eine personzentrierte Grundhaltung, die durch Prozessorientierung, Ergebnisoffenheit und Freiwilligkeit charakterisiert ist. Denn, wie die Autorin ausführt, die Tatsache der Arbeitslosigkeit an sich konstituiert keine ausreichende Problembeschreibung, um verpflichtende Inhalte für alle zu rechtfertigen – auch nicht im Bereich Persönlichkeitsbildung. Dafür sei es notwendig, den Prozess nicht von seinem vordefinierten, erwünschten Ende her zu gestalten, im vorgeblichen Wissen um das "richtige" Ergebnis, sondern zu akzeptieren, dass die Teilnehmerin selbst die Expertin für ihre Perspektivengestaltung ist. Den Abschluss bildet das Plädoyer, Ambivalenzen anzuerkennen, statt sie zu negieren oder auslöschen zu wollen, und Bedingungen für Vertrauen den Vorrang vor Kontrolle zu geben. (DIPF/Orig.) ; This article reflects the contradictions, tensions and ambiguities that characterize the currently dominant discourse on the topics of work and education. It takes up the question of what conception of a human being forms the basis for the actions taken in educational policy for the labour market and what consequences emerge for individuals on the labour market and on those who remain outside. The association zb zentrum für beratung takes a person­centred approach that is characterized by process orientation, open­endedness and voluntary participation. As the author explains, the fact of unemployment in itself does not describe the problem sufficiently enough to justify mandatory content for everyone – and this is also true in the area of personal development. What is required is not organizing the process starting with its predefined, desired end and ostensible knowledge of the "right" result but rather accepting that the participant herself is the expert in creating her own perspectives. It concludes by pleading for recognizing ambiguities instead of wishing to deny or obliterate them and for prioritizing trust over control. (DIPF/Orig.)

This 45th Activity Report of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR or the Commission), which was presented to the Heads of State and Government of the African Union (AU) in accordance with Article 54 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (the African Charter or the Charter), covers the period from 10 May to 13 November 2018. It highlights, among others: the statutory and other institutional meetings of the Commission; the status of State reporting; Resolutions adopted by the Commission; the human rights complaints before the Commission; the various interventions of the Commission on human rights issues including Urgent Appeal Letters, Press Releases and Letters of Appreciation; the human rights situation on the continent; financial, staffing and operational matters of the Commission; implementation of the Recommendations of the Executive Council and Recommendations to the different stakeholders.

Executive Council Thirty-Fourth Ordinary Session 7 – 8 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; This 45th Activity Report of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR or the Commission), which is presented to the Heads of State and Government of the African Union (AU) in accordance with Article 54 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (the African Charter or the Charter), covers the period from 10 May to 13 November 2018. It highlights, among others: the statutory and other institutional meetings of the Commission; the status of State reporting; Resolutions adopted by the Commission; the human rights complaints before the Commission; the various interventions of the Commission on human rights issues including Urgent Appeal Letters, Press Releases and Letters of Appreciation; the human rights situation on the continent; financial, staffing and operational matters of the Commission; implementation of the Recommendations of the Executive Council and Recommendations to the different stakeholders.

An at-a-glance illustrated guide to global and regional trends in human insecurity, the miniAtlas provides a succinct introduction to today's most pressing security challenges. It maps political violence, the links between poverty and conflict, assaults on human rights including the use of child soldiers and the causes of war and peace.

This research shed lights on the strategic impact of the regulatory factors on the administrative decision in the period from 2006 to 2016 - an applied study on Jordan Phosphate Company. The study focused mainly on observations and questionnaire. The questionnaire included personal data and statements dealing with organizational factors and administrative decision. The most important results are: The regulations and instructions helped to develop the administrative decision of Jordan Phosphate Company, and the process of administrative authorization within the Jordan Phosphate Company helped to achieve efficiency and good performance. In the light of the results, a number of recommendations were made, including: the need to take into account the internal and external factors so as not to adversely affect the process of administrative decision-making, the use of experts in the field of administrative decision-making to solve problems in the Jordanian Phosphate Company and raise the efficiency of performance, besides the attention to remove the obstacles that limit the participation of employees in Jordan Phosphate in administrative decision-making.

Executive Council Thirty-Fourth Ordinary Session 7 – 8 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights (the Court) was established in terms of Article 1 of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights (hereinafter referred to as "the Protocol"), adopted on 9 June 1998, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, by the then Organization of African Unity (OAU). The Protocol entered into force on 25 January 2004. The Court became operational in 2006 and is composed of eleven (11) Judges elected by the Executive Council and appointed by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the African Union. The Seat of the Court is in Arusha, the United Republic of Tanzania. Article 31 of the Protocol mandates the Court to "…submit to each regular session of the Assembly, a report on its work. The report shall specify, in particular, the cases in which a State has not complied with the Court's judgment.

Seit Pflanzenschutz heutiger Prägung betrieben wird, werden auch die Nebenwirkungen auf verschiedene Nutzarthropoden untersucht. Im kommenden Pflanzenschutz-Gesetz fordert der Gesetzgeber verstärkt Untersuchungen der ökotoxikologischen Nebenwirkungen von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf den Naturhaushalt. Im Vorsorgeprinzip soll damit verhindert werden, daß der Naturhaushalt mehr als unvermeidbar belastet wird. Die Erfassung des Anteils, den der chemische Pflanzenschutz an den unbestreitbar eingetretenen Änderungen an der Fauna zu vertreten hat, wird jedoch außerordentlich erschwert durch die Überlagerung mit anderen Faktoren, die sich zusammenfassen lassen in die Begriffe Intensivierung der Bewirtschaftung, Verarmung des Nutzpflanzenangebotes sowie naturbedingte Populationsschwankungen in der Fauna nach Standort und Jahrgang. Die seit Jahren laufenden Labor- und Halbfreilandprüfungen zur Untersuchung der Nebenwirkungen von Wirkstoffen auf Nutzarthropoden sowie Überlegungen für Modell-Ökosysteme werden kritisch diskutiert. ; Since plant protection is carried on in today's definition are also exammed the side effects on different useful arthropodes. In the coming plant protection act the legislator requires more investigations of the eco-toxicological side effects of pesticides on nature balance. Provision should prevent that nature balance is incurred more than evitable. Seizing of the part, which the chemical plant protection has to answer for the indisputably overcome changes in the fauna, is extraordinarily comphcated because of overlap with other factors which can be summarized in the terms intensivation of cultivation, impoverishment of useful plants offer as well as natural population fluctuations in the fauna depending on location and year. Running laboratory and semi-open-air examinations to investigate side effects of active substances on useful arthropodes as well as reflecuons on model-eco-systems are critically discussed.

Distressed-debt investors, often referred to as Vulture funds, pose one of the biggest threats when restructuring state bonds.Their business practice which goes hand in hand with the so called "debt litigation" have huge financial impacts on countries during an economic crisis, especially on some of the poorest states in the world. But at the end of the day, the real victims in this are the people, as, they are the ones whose basic human rights are being violated. Civil courts usually find that their hands are tied. And even the international public law fails to provide a legal basis that has the power to prevent the Vulture Funds from pursuing said "debt litigation". The Human Rights Council Advisory Committee has now devoted part of their work to finding a solution to this issue. Their latest strategic approach: the claim for new legislation on a national level, that is meant to limit the profit vulture funds gain by "debt litigation". However, this does not seem to be a solution to the problem in the long run, as vulture funds are mainly benefitting from the sheer fact that proper "State insolvency proceedings" are non-existent now and have yet to be established. Tackling this very root of the problem would not only help contain the "debt litigation", but more importantly it would make debt restructuring inevitable for "hold out-creditors". On top of that, a standardized mechanism, given that it is being supervised by an independent committee, would also be an instrument to increase legal certainty.

Territorial reform is the most radical and contested reorganisation of local government. A sound evaluation of the outcome of such reforms is hence an important step to ensure the legitimation of any decision on the subject. However, in our view the discourse on the subject appears to be one sided, focusing primarily on overall fiscal effects scrutinised by economists. The contribution of this paper is hence threefold: Firstly, we provide an overview off territorial reforms in Europe, with a special focus on Eastern Germany as a promising case for cross-country comparisons. Secondly, we provide an overview of the analytical classifications of these reforms and context factors to be considered in their evaluation. And thirdly, we analyse the literature on qualitative performance effects of these reforms. The results show that territorial reforms have a significant positive impact on functional performance, while the effects on participation and integration are indeed ambivalent. In doing so, we provide substantial arguments for a broader, more inclusive discussion on the success of territorial reforms.

High moisture content, relative humidity, temperature and environment rich in oxygen (O2) are the main factors for tree nuts to get infected by fungi and so aflatoxins (AFLs) contaminated. During storage and commercialization dry Brazil nuts packs need to maintain their safety and quality. Modified atmospheres in storage (macro-environment) and packaging (micro-environment) have been used to prolong food shelf life by reducing O2 concentration with inhibitory gases or, more recently, by adding O2 absorber pads. This work reports the application of O2 atmosphere reducing methods on stored shelled Brazil nut packs aiming fungi and AFL degradation as well as hygienic conditions improvements. The methods applied were: (a) ozone - O3, (b) carbon dioxide - CO2 and (c) O2 absorber pads with and without vacuum. Nuts were submitted to microbiological tests (fungi, aflatoxigenic strains, yeast and bacteria), moisture content and AFLs analysis. From all O2 reducing atmosphere evaluated, the best performance was obtained with O3. A reduction on fungi growth (1.8 x 104 cfu.g-1 to 2.6 x 10 cfu.g-1) and yeast destruction after the first month of storage were registered. Also O3 was the only nut treatment that was able to degrade AFLs. None of the spiked (AFLs: 15 ppb) nut samples O3 treated had AFLs detected up to the LOQ of the method (0.36 μg.kg-1 for AFB1+AFB2+AFG1+AFG2) i.e., much lower than the allowed by the European Union regulation (MRL: 4 and 2 ppb for total and AFB1, respectively), thus producing safer nuts. All other treatments stabilized and/or inhibited microorganisms growth. Add CO2 and O2 pads played an important role on nut quality. Further study will be carried out in order to adjust O3 concentration and application conditions for longer period of storage.

Am Beispiel eines multilateralen Comenius-Projektes wird in diesem Aufsatz dargelegt, welche interkulturellen politischen Kompetenzen Schüler durch die Zusammenarbeit mit Schülern aus anderen europäischen Ländern im Rahmen eines Theaterprojektes erwerben können. In Anlehnung an Dewey's Konzept des ›learning by doing‹ wird hierzu das Prinzip ›Learning european by doing European‹ zugrunde gelegt und als Lernen im Wechselspiel von Aktion und eflexion beschrieben. Zugleich wird davon ausgegangen, dass die Arbeits- und Entscheidungsprozesse eines solchen europäischen Projektes sich mit den Verfahren der ›großen Politik‹ vergleichen lassen und die Devise »Eigentlich sind wir hier schon das Vereinte Europa« in diesen Projekten praktiziert wird. Außerdem wird für viele Schüler von heute, die Tag für Tag lernen, in multikulturellen Kontexten zu agieren, in Anlehnung an den Begriff der ›digital natives‹ die Bezeichnung ›intercultural natives‹ eingeführt. Denn die ›Intercultural natives‹ erwerben implizit und intuitiv ihre Kompetenzen und trainieren und erweitern diese in Maßnahmen der interkulturellen politischen Bildung. Da diese Trainingsmöglichkeiten allen Schülern Europas, die daran interessiert sind, zur Verfügung stehen sollten, und weil die EU ein eigenes Interesse an europakompetenten Bürgern hat, können diese Maßnahmen nicht im Status eines speziellen EU-Programms belassen werden, sondern sollten auf Dauer zu einer Regelaufgabe der schulischen und außerschulischen Bildungseinrichtungen werden, die auch strukturell abgesichert gefördert wird. (DIPF/Orig.) ; Using a multilateral Comenius project as an example, this paper illustrates how pupils can develop intercultural political competences in the context of a drama project involving peers from other European countries. The project emulates Dewey's learning-by-doing principle. Essentially, the pupils "learn European by doing European" and alternate between action- and reflection- oriented activities. The underlying premise is that the activities and decision- making processes in a European project such as this one are comparable to those in higher- level politics, and that they bring to life the idea that the project participants "form a united Europe". The paper also discusses the use of "intercultural native", a term inspired by the existing concept of the "digital native", to refer to the many young people who experience every day what it means to live in a multicultural context. These intercultural natives acquire their skills and abilities intuitively and implicitly and can enhance them further when they take part in intercultural political activities. Since projects of this kind should be open to all interested pupils across Europe, and since the European Union has a vested interest in being a home to citizens who were raised as genuine Europeans, they should not be given the status of a special EU programme. Rather, they should become a long-term standard element in formal and non-formal educational institutions, along with the requisite support structures. (DIPF/Orig.)

Untersuchungsgegenstand der Arbeit ist eine neorealistische Hypothese, wonach ein Staat in der Regel auf die Vorteile einer potentiellen Kooperation verzichtet, sollte sein Kooperationspartner einen größeren Vorteil – einen relativen Gewinn – aus der Zusammenarbeit erzielen als er selbst. Zeitweilig war dies ein dominierendes Thema in der politikwissenschaftlichen Theoriediskussion zwischen Vertretern des Neorealismus und Neoliberalismus, doch hat die Debatte um die Relevanz relativer Gewinne kein allgemein akzeptiertes Ergebnis erbracht. Unter Verwendung eines spieltheoretischen Instrumentariums werden daher die verbreitetsten theoretischen Darstellungen verglichen, um Hypothesen für die anschließende empirische Überprüfung am Beispiel der amerikanisch-chinesischen Beziehungen zu gewinnen. ; The study investigates a neorealistic assumption whereby states normally abstain from gains of potential cooperations, if the other side achieved an even greater gain from that cooperation. The debate on inhibiting effects of such relative gains dominated temporarily theoretical discussions among neorealistic and neoliberal scholars, but did not yield a widely accepted result. By means of game theoretic methods common descriptions of relative gains issues are being compared to obtain a hypothesis for the empirical examination of sino-american relations.