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ABSTRACT Access to public education for many specialists is the most potent policy toward achieving an equitable and fair society. To accomplish this challenging goal, there must exist an efficient and effective public system. Therefore, to support and expand the issue, we have developed a study that focuses on the impacts that socioeconomic conditions have on efficiency and efficacy at the basic education level in municipalities from the state of São Paulo, Brazil. In order to achieve our main goal, we performed a descriptive statistical analysis, a correlation analysis, and three multiple linear regressions. First, the descriptive study exhibited public education inequality between the municipalities. Following this, the correlation analysis pointed out a positive and significant correlation amongst socioeconomic conditions as well as a more efficient and effective model. Finally, three multiple linear regressions demonstrate a positive and significant impact concerning the economic status between the social condition and the efficiency, efficacy, and effectiveness in public schools run by municipal authorities. Therefore, this paper generates an advance toward local government performance studies, through the analysis of possible impacts concerning socioeconomic conditions in the 3Es at the basic education level.

One of the priorities for the European Union Anti-Corruption Initiative (EUACI) which is one of the biggest projects in Ukraine with financial support of the EU in the sphere of fight against corruption in the amount of 15.84 mil. Euro is to contribute institutional development of anti-corruption agencies. Some special state agencies on counteraction to corruption were established in 2015-2016. At the same time, establishment and initial activities of new institutions took place within strict political opposition with participation of interested oligarchs, heads of law enforcement agencies and judiciary. The National Anti-Corruption Agency did not provide any annual report on implementation of anti-corruption policy in 2018 which is required by Art. 20 of the Law of Ukraine 'On Prevention of Corruption'. This research uses alternative sources of information such as monitoring reports of non-governmental organizations, materials of journalist investigations, speeches of law experts, politicians and public officials, published reports of state agencies which perform functions related to prevention of corruption. The purpose of the article is to identify efficacy of a new system related to prevention of corruption since last 5 years particularly due to reforming of criminal justice agencies. Since the beginning of its work to June 2018 the National Anti-Corruption Agency checked only 331 declarations among 1 mil. which had been submitted by public officials. Among them the Anti-Corruption Agency detected incompliances in 45 declarations which means undeclared property. Officials who did not provide full information were represented by members of the parliament, six prosecutors, three low level public officials of central executive agencies. Such low indicators including other disadvantages in the work of the state agency prove the failure in the work of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau. Following the results of work done by the National Agency of Ukraine for Finding, Tracing and Management of Assets Derived from ...

The second part of the article deals with the activities of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine, Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecution Office of Ukraine, the State Bureau of Investigation and other anti-corruption institutions. Following the results of research conclusion has been drawn that to ensure the national security of Ukraine it is necessary to review the mechanisms for bringing public to the work of the National Agency on Corruption Prevention. At the same time, it is necessary to introduce legislative restrictions for the selection of personnel and work of the NACP due to the lack of professionalism and incompetence, their involvement to various commissions by interested politicians and foreign advisors who were not checked by the State Security Service of Ukraine. The author proposes to introduce individual liability for the members of the Commission, clear criteria for selection of members of the NACP and requirements which prove the decisions of the Commission in legislation. Taking into account the conducted analysis it is necessary to change the procedure of organizing a competition to hold positions in the agency and review whether management of the NACP complied with the held positions. Only people who have a perfect reputation and a significant public standing should select members of the NACP. All employees and public officials of the Agency should undergo a polygraph. As an alternative the NACP can join the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine which will guarantee independence from political influence. The main factor of the lack of progress in counteraction to corruption in Ukraine is political dependence of all anti-corruption bodies.

Context Overabundant native wildlife can pose serious challenges for managers. The most direct, immediate way to reduce density-dependent impacts is by culling, but lethal control often lacks public support. Fertility control offers a non-lethal management alternative. Aims We conducted two fertility-control projects on eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus), a common and widespread species in Australia. We aimed to evaluate three key components of an integrated fertility-control project, namely, delivery efficiency, contraceptive efficacy and population-level outcomes. Methods The two study sites on the urban fringe of Melbourne, Australia, were small reserves. Both had undergone an irruptive peak and subsequent crash, with negative impacts on animal health. Gresswell Forest (52 ha) is open forest habitat enclosed by a kangaroo-proof fence. Serendip Sanctuary (250 ha) is grassy woodland and retired pasture, with a boundary allowing kangaroo movement onto neighbouring properties. We captured kangaroos with a dart gun at night and treated all healthy adult females with subdermal levonorgestrel implants. Key results Delivery efficiency (catch-per-unit effort) was greater from a vehicle at Serendip Sanctuary than on foot at Gresswell Forest, with only a marginal decline over successive nights at both sites. Background fecundity was 91% at Serendip Sanctuary, but close to zero at Gresswell Forest. Treatment efficacy was high, being 86–100% infertility at Serendip Sanctuary and 96–100% at Gresswell Forest. At Serendip Sanctuary, the proportion of females treated never reached 75%, whereas only one female at Gresswell Forest remained untreated after 3 years. Population density at Serendip Sanctuary exceeded the target range 3 years after culling and fertility control. No culling occurred at Gresswell Forest, but fertility control apparently held population density at a moderate level, albeit much higher than the density target. Conclusions Future management at Serendip Sanctuary and Gresswell Forest will require a sustained fertility-control effort. Further culling may also be required to complement fertility control at Serendip Sanctuary, the larger, open site. Implications Contraceptive efficacy of levonorgestrel is high in kangaroos and implants can be delivered efficiently, but achieving control of a large, open population will be challenging.

A more effective and efficient use of resources is a common theme today in both the private and public sector. It is not clear to us, however, that the methods for creating efficacy and efficiency in the private sector are directly transferable (or even adaptable) to the public sector. In this commentary we discuss the general characteristics of the federal government that mitigate directly against creating more effective and efficient accounting and control systems. Our specific focus is the Department of Defense. We present fundamental differences among the military services that could impact proposed changes. We provide an example of a system that was implemented across the military services. Finally, we discuss some reasonable goals for increasing efficacy and efficiency and some factors critical to achieving success.