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Abstract: The article analyzes preconditions, characteristics, processes and outcomes of revolutions through the lens of political elite theory with the aim to study the revolutionary elites formation and development. The article states that the necessary preconditions of revolutions include a severe political crisis, the elite fragmentation and disunity and the predominance of labor force capable of launching an egalitarian revolution in preindustrial societies and an egalitarian revolution in industrial ones. The theory of revolutionary elite formation is illustrated using two revolutionary scenarios. The first scenario changes elite configuration, but leads neither to a complete transformation of elites and their behavioral models nor to the formation of revolutionary elite (England, France, Mexico). The second revolutionary scenario transforms the political elite nature and forms a new revolutionary elite (Russia, Germany, Italy). Findings suggest that revolutionary elite formation results from a combination of multiple sovereignty and an elaborate and guiding ideology. ; Аннотация: В статье рассматриваются предпосылки, черты, процессы и итоги революций в контексте политических элит и исследуется возникновение и развитие правящих элит, сформированных революцией, — революционных элит. Автор утверждает, что обязательными условиями революций являются сильный политический кризис, фрагментация элиты и преобладание рабочей силы, способной осуществить эгалитаристскую революцию в доиндустриальных обществах и антиэгалитаристскую революцию — в индустриальных. Примеры двух революционных сценариев иллюстрируют теорию возникновения революционных элит. Первый сценарий меняет конфигурацию элит, но не приводит к полной трансформации элит, их моделей поведения и возникновению революционной элиты (Англия, Франция, Мексика). Во втором сценарии революция меняет природу политической элиты и формирует новые революционные элиты (Россия, Германия, Италия). По мнению автора, революционные элиты появляются в условиях выраженного множественного суверенитета и наличия убедительной и разработанной идеологии.

Dem Verfasser geht es in seiner Analyse um den Einflußbereich der wichtigsten russischen Führungspersönlichkeiten innerhalb der einzelnen staatlichen Machtorgane, sowohl der Legislative als auch der Exekutive. Konkret erfaßt wurden auch die Umgebung des Präsidenten, die Gerichtsbarkeit und die Subjekte der Föderation. Die betreffenden Personen werden namentlich benannt und ihr Einfluß in den russischen Massenmedien sowie auf der Entscheidungsebene der zwischenstaatlichen Beziehungen in Prozentzahlen gemessen. (BIOst- Rgl)

This is a review of: Ochirova, V. M. Politicheskie elity polietnicheskikh regionov v usloviiakh transformatsii rossiiskogo obshchestva [Political elites of polyethnic regions in Russia's changing society]. Ulan-Ude, Buryat State University Publ., 2013. 512 p. ; Рецензия на издание: Очирова В. М. Политические элиты полиэтнических регионов в условиях трансформации российского общества. Улан-Удэ : Изд-во Бурят. гос. ун-та, 2013. 512 с.

Tensions between the ruling regime and al-Azhar, Egypt's leading Islamic establishment, have raised questions about the nature of the relationship between the religious and political authorities in the country.

In the shift from aristocratic society to democracy professional and social elites still are lacking definite cultural norms and attitudes. Rapid change of tastes and political influence blurs common attitudes and values, intuitive and rational methods of decision making, moral and artistic values. Architectural schools trying to accommodate to those changes lose their professional permanency. ; Элиты вне и внутри профессии в процессе перехода от аристократического общества ХIХ века к демократии ХХ века до сих пор не обрели устойчивых культурных ориентаций. Быстрая смена потребительских и властных сфер препятствует становлению устойчивых нормы и принципов. Судьба архитектуры зависит от того, как будут складываться элиты и насколько сама профессия сможет влиять на свой культурный статус.

The aim of this paper is to contribute to research on the role of elite networks in democracies. The specific research topic is an attempt to measure (for the first time) the influence of different elite networks on U.S. government administrations from 1901 to 2021. The strategy is based on the identification of U.S. government officials, who were also members of secret elite networks during their time in office. To this end, each government position received an influence value based on its importance. If an official in this position was also a member of an elite network, then the influence of the position is counted towards the influence of the network. The total influence of a network is divided by the total influence of all government positions in order to receive its relative influence score in a given administration. The results show that Freemasons had a strong influence on most U.S. governments until 1953, whereas the Anglo-American Network, with its most prominent arm, the Council on Foreign Relations, became the dominant force from Eisenhower onward. Only Nixon's first cabinet and Donald Trump constituted exceptions thereafter, relying less heavily on this network. The implication of this study is that it is impossible to understand American history or World history in the last 120 years without also analyzing the role and interests of elite networks, given their consistent and surprisingly high level of influence, as revealed by this study.

Представлены результаты исследований формирования административной элиты в современной Польше. Особое внимание уделяется взаимодействию между политиками и чиновниками. Показано, как административные элиты воспринимают свои задачи и обязанности. Эмпирическую основу анализа составляют 50 глубинных интервью, проведенных в 2013 г. с директорами и заместителями директоров департаментов в польских министерствах. = The results of the study aimed at learning the formation of administrative elite in modern Poland are submitted. Special attention is paid to the interaction between the politics and public officials. The objectives and duties of the administrative elite are shown from the viewpoint of the latter. The empiric basis of the analysis is 50 in-depth interviews carried out in 2013 with the directors and deputy directors of the departments in Polish ministries.

This article is devoted to the problem of the historical heritage of the confessional division of the German lands as a result of the completion of the Reformation in Germany, as well as the specifics of the formation of the national German political elite. The confrontation between the Lutherans and the Calvinists during the years of the Reformation created a solid foundation for the formation of the future strong neo-confessional political parties in Germany, a striking example of which is the party of the Centre. The analysis of the characteristic features of the party system of the Empire of the Hohenzollerns, the features of the models of German conservatism and German liberalism of the 19th century allows us to conclude about the impact of the bi-confessional factor on the process of formation of both the German totalitarianism and the effective democracy of Germany.