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The article describes the types of hardware attacks targeting embedded systems,countermeasures, and methods of modelling security threats. In currently used electronic devices, thesoftware usually ensures very high level of security. On the other hand, hardware implementations, oftenleave vulnerabilities that attackers can use to extract information or disrupt the operation of the device.Being a user of embedded systems, critical for safety, you should be aware of what dangers they maybe exposed to from the hardware side and to know the analysis of the side channel and fault injection.Keywords: hardware attacks, side channel analysis, vulnerabilities of embedded systems, protectionof devices against hardware attacks.

Remote attestation, as a challenge-response protocol, enables a trusted entity, called verifier, to ask for an untrusted device, called prover, to provide assurance about its internal integrity. Due to its strong guarantees, remote attestation is becoming increasingly popular for critical embedded systems which can be used for medical, military or industrial control purposes. Previous proposals, which used checksums on static code regions to assure the load-time integrity, miss the runtime attacks that affect only dynamic memory regions. To address these attacks, this paper proposes a new scheme that attests the runtime integrity according to the control and data features of the program. The runtime check can be performed in real time with the help of a novel hardware security module (HSM) design which is connected to the prover's system bus. Proposed HSM detects runtime issues by checking compliance of the bits seen on the address and data bus with the static model loaded into its memory. Our attestation scheme is capable of reporting sophisticated runtime attacks such as code-reuse and non-control data attacks.

This paper describes two computer-aided design (CAD) tools for automatic synthesis of fuzzy logic-based inference systems. The tools share a common architecture for efficient hardware implementation of fuzzy modules, but are based on two different design strategies. One of them is focused on the generation of standard VHDL code, which can be later implemented on a reconfigurable device [field-programmable gate array (FPGA)] or as an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The other one uses the Matlab/Simulink environment and tools for development of digital signal processing (DSP) systems on Xilinx's FPGAs. Both tools are included in the last version of Xfuzzy, which is a specific environment for designing complex fuzzy systems, and they provide interfaces to commercial VHDL synthesis and verification tools, as well as to conventional FPGA development environments. As demonstrated by the included design example, the proposed development strategies speed up the stages of description, synthesis, and functional verification of embedded fuzzy inference systems. ; This work was partially funded by Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under the Project TEC2011-24319 and by Junta de Andalucía under the Project P08-TIC-03674 (both with support from FEDER), and by the European Community through the MOBY-DIC Project FP7-INFSO-ICT-248858 (www.mobydic-project.eu). P. Brox is supported under the post-doctoral program "Juan de la Cierva" from the Spanish Government. ; This work was partially funded by Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under the Project TEC2011-24319 and by Junta de Andalucía under the Project P08-TIC-03674 (both with support from FEDER), and by the European Community through the MOBY-DIC Project FP7-INFSO-ICT-248858 (www.mobydic-project.eu). P. Brox is supported under the post-doctoral program "Juan de la Cierva" from the Spanish Government. ; Peer Reviewed

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarm applications, algorithms, and control strategies have experienced steady growth and development over the past 15 years. Yet, to this day, most swarm development efforts have gone untested and thus unimplemented. Cost of aircraft systems, government imposed airspace restrictions, and the lack of adequate modeling and simulation tools are some of the major inhibitors to successful swarm implementation. This thesis examines how the OpenEaagles simulation framework can be extended to bridge this gap. This research aims to utilize Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) simulation to provide developers a functional capability to develop and test the behaviors of scalable and modular swarms of autonomous UAVs in simulation with high confidence that these behaviors will prop- agate to real/live ight tests. Demonstrations show the framework enhances and simplifies swarm development through encapsulation, possesses high modularity, pro- vides realistic aircraft modeling, and is capable of simultaneously accommodating four hardware-piloted swarming UAVs during HIL simulation or 64 swarming UAVs during pure simulation.

Die Einbindung von Embedded Systems ist heute in aller Munde. Doch wie komplex sich diese Thematik aufgrund der fast ausnahmslos vorhandenen proprietären Software gestaltet, zeigt das Beispiel Luftverteidigung. (Europäische Sicherheit & Technik / SWP)

The development of globalized semiconductor manufacturing processes and supply chains has lead to an increased interest in hardware security as new types of hardware based attacks, called hardware Trojans, are being observed in industrial and military electronics. To combat this, a technique was developed to help analyze hardware designs at the register-transfer-level (RTL) and locate points of interest within a design that might be vulnerable to attack. This method aims to eventually enable the creation of an end-to-end design hardening solution that analyzes existing designs and suggests countermeasures for potential Trojan attacks. The method presented in this work uses a set of base heuristics to evaluate the signals and logic within an RTL design. These signals and their assignments are ranked according to different heuristic selection criteria to determine if they belong to one of three types for potential behavior modification Trojans. The first type aims to identify locations for highly destructive Trojans that could completely inhibit device function. The second corresponds to locations where an intermittent issue could be created, such as errors in calculation edge cases. The final type considers critical signals used to connect submodules within a design, potentially limiting communication or injecting false data into calculations if attacked. Once ranked, the top-most location for each of these three groups is reported in a ranked list. From this list, markers can be automatically placed in copies of the original design files to indicate where a potential Trojan attack could occur. This approach was validated by using it to analyze two hardware designs. The results were investigated manually, where high-level understanding of the designs was used to evaluate the potential implications of each location selected. This validation demonstrated that this automatic process can not only identify signals and locations similar to what a domain-expert might select for Trojan insertion manually but can also ...

"A number of different system concepts have become important in the broader context of embedded systems over the past few years. Whilst there are some differences between them, this book argues that in fact there is much they share in common, particularly the important notions of control, heterogenity, wireless communication, dynamics/ad hoc nature and cost." "The first part of the book covers cooperating object applications and the currently available application scenarios, such as control and automation, healthcare, security and surveillance." "The second part discusses paradigms for algorithms and interactions. The third part covers various types of vertical system functions, including data aggregation, resource management and time synchronization. The fourth part outlines system architecture and programming models, including all currently available architecture models and middleware approaches that can be used to model the complexity of cooperating object technology. Finally, the book concludes with a discussion of the trends guiding current research and gives suggestions as to possible future developments and how various shortcomings in the technology can be overcome."--Jacket

It is conventional wisdom in defence systems that electronic brains are where much of the present and future weapons system capability is developed. Electronic hardware advances, particularly in microprocessor, allow highly complex and sophisticated software to provide high degree of system autonomy and customisation to mission at hand. Since modern military systems are so much dependent on the proper functioning of electronics, the quality and reliability of electronic hardware and software have a profound impact on defensive capability and readiness. At the hardware level, due to the advances in microelectronics, functional capabilities of today's systems have increased. The advances in the hardware field have an impact on software also. Now a days, it is possible to incorporate more and more system functions through software, rather than going for a pure hardware solution. On the other hand complexities the systems are increasing, working energy levels of the systems are decreasing and the areas of reliability and quality assurance are becoming more and more wide. This paper covers major failure modes in microelectronic devices. The various techniques used to improve component and system reliability are described. The recent trends in expanding the scope of traditional quality assurance techniques are also discussed, considering both hardware and software.

Missile defense systems are often related to major military resources aimed at shielding a specific region from incoming attacks. They are intended to detect, track, intercept, and destruct incoming enemy missiles. These systems vary in cost, efficiency, dependability, and technology. In present times, the possession of these types of systems is associated with large capacity military countries. Demonstrated here are the mathematical techniques behind missile systems which calculate trajectories of incoming missiles and potential intercept positions after initial missile detection. This procedure involved the use of vector-valued functions, systems of equations, and knowledge of projectile motion concepts.

Missile defense systems are often related to major military resources aimed at shielding a specific region from incoming attacks. They are intended to detect, track, intercept, and destruct incoming enemy missiles. These systems vary in cost, efficiency, dependability, and technology. In present times, the possession of these types of systems is associated with large capacity military countries. Demonstrated here are the mathematical techniques behind missile systems which calculate trajectories of incoming missiles and potential intercept positions after initial missile detection. This procedure involved the use of vector-valued functions, systems of equations, and knowledge of projectile motion concepts.

The increased complexity of embedded systems coupled with quick design cycles to accommodate faster time-to-market requires increased system design productivity that involves both model-based design and tool-supported methodologies. Formal methods are mathematically-based techniques and provide a clean framework in which to express requirements and models of the systems, taking into account discrete, stochastic and continuous (timed or hybrid) parameters with increasingly efficient tools.