Suchergebnisse

The main topic of the article is the analysis of political views and ideological conceptions of the Ukrainian political emigration after WWII also known as the Third wave of Emigration. According to the done overview it is shown, that the Ukrainian political emigration of the after-war period was politically and ideologically heterogeneous community which activity in political area on theoretical and practical levels had mostly conflicting character. The common principles were however the idea of the national independent of Ukraine as well as aspiration to overthrow of the Soviet communist power. Meanwhile the differences in the views of the most influenced political circles consisted in various strategies and tactics of the liberation struggle, in search for allies and the definition of their own role in the liberation movement. An important point for elaboration of principles and methods of the national liberation was the attitude to the Soviet Ukraine, and the positions of different political parties in this case were extended from its recognition as formal and limited form of the national statehood till the deny of its political subjectivity and proclaiming it as a territory occupied by Moscow bolshevist power. An important aspect of the question of attitude towards Soviet Ukraine by different political groups was the fact of the membership of the Ukrainian SSR in the UNO as well as the interpretation of the international and legal role of this fact in the context of defending of political sovereignty and rights of Ukraine. On these examples it is shown, that political views of the Ukrainian emigration constituted a wide pluralistic spectrum from the left to the right political opinions.

The publishing activity of Yurij Tyshchenko (Siryi) in Ukraine and emigration (1907–1953) as one of the brightest representatives of the process of Ukrainian revival of the first half of the XX century is traced. It is analysed the efforts of a prominent Ukrainian on business in the awakening of national consciousness, forming of identity, knowledge dissemination among the great masses of Ukrainians, distribution of Ukrainian books in Ukraine and in the world through organizing and operation of publishing houses "Dzvin", "UT Publishing House (Yurij Tyshchenko)", active public activity. It is updated the book products of the publishing houses, managed by Yu. Tyshchenko, from the fund of the Foreign Ukrainistics Department of the Bibliology Institute of Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine. Special attention is paid to scientific, popular science, educational and children's book. There are given content and book characteristics and there are found out the ways of distribution of the Ukrainian book in emigration conditions. There are traced the relationship of the enterprises managed by Yu.Tyshchenko with Ukrainian establishments, organizations and public associations in emigration and in Ukraine. On the example of activity of Yu.
Tyshchenko in emigration, it is shown the complexity of publishing process organization and the life and activities of Ukrainian political emigration abroad. Considerable attention is paid to the works of Yu. Tyshchenko himself, prepared, published and reprinted in Ukraine and the diaspora. The personal connections and cooperation of Yu.
Tyshchenko with prominent Ukrainian scientific, political and public figures of the first half of the XX century are revealed. Attention is accented on the contribution of a prominent Ukrainian figure in the development of Ukrainian book publishing, book distribution, Ukrainian cultural and national revival. On the example of Yu. Tyshchenko's activity in emigration, the complexity of the organization of the publishing process and the life and activity of Ukrainian political emigration abroad is shown.

The article deals with the Ukrainian emigration to Poland. The article emphasizes that migration is a normal phenomenon in the global world, and therefore it is important not to dramatize the situation but to pay more attention to the adaptation of migrants in the recipient countries. Main terminology used for migrants and migration' description is sharpened. It is emphasized that it is not appropriate to treat any migration from Ukraine as "labor migration". The article provides quantitative data on Ukrainian migration abroad and its dynamics as well as results of researches on migrational intentions and plans. Arguments are being made that the current migration of Ukrainians (after 2010) can be identified as the fifth wave of Ukrainian emigration. The dynamics of the structure of Ukrainian migration abroad is described. Quantitative estimates of Ukrainian migration in Poland are given as well. It is shown that the Ukrainian migration to Poland is changing both quantitatively (growing) and qualitatively: the number of highly educated migrants and those who intend to stay in the country for permanent residence increases. It is reasoned that Poland is interested in Ukrainian workers because they produce reasonable part of Polish GDP and replace Poles who leave the country. That's why Polish state and non-state institutions and organizations try to improve conditions for Ukrainians in Poland and create new opportunities for work and living in the country. It is argued that research on this topic will be an important contribution to understanding the (post)modern society because the role of migrations in it is changing. Migrants' self-awareness and identity are changing as well which leads to changes in ways of adaptation and integration of migrants in recipient countries. In particular, cultural factors that determine the decision about emigration become more important: seeking for the environment that fits best for cultural demands of potential migrants becomes crucial. Differential approaches to different groups of migrants on the basis of sociological researches can be a better ground for practical decisions to improve adaptation of migrants.

The author of this publication is Oleksandr Kolianchuk, Doctor of Philosophy (2001) and Doctor of History (2013), Vice-President of the South-Eastern Scientific Institute in Przemyśl (Poland). Born in the Chełm Land, as a result of the «Vistula» operation, he moved to northern Poland, where he began his career as an educator and research scientist. For many years he was the editor of Ukrainian-language radio programs in Olsztyn. He actively collaborated with the editorial boards of Ukrainian-language newspapers and magazines published in Poland. Dr. Kolianchuk devoted a significant part of his life to return to the historical memory of the fighters for the freedom of Ukraine, whose life ended in Poland. He wrote and published a number of well-known books in the West about the personalities of those who died forUkraine's resurrection, their places of living, activities and burials abroad. Among them: in Polish: «Umarli, aby zmartwychwstala Ukraina», «Ukraincy emigranci polityczni w zyciu naukowym, kulturnym, spolecznym I gospodarczym w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej», in Ukrainian – «Generality of the Ukrainian Liberation Struggle: Generals and Admirals Biographies», «Ukrainian Military Emigration in Poland 1920–1939», «Perpetuation of the Unconquered: «Ukrainian War Memorials '20-'30s of the 20th century in Poland»,«Unforgotten graves «and others. In these and other publications, the author's field of observation included the press and publishing activities of Ukrainian immigrants in Poland. Even before the signing in April 1920 of the Polish-Ukrainian agreement on the joint struggle against Bolshevik Russia, which threatened the independence of both Poland and Ukraine, there was a Ukrainian diplomatic mission and its military section in Warsaw. Under its auspices, in the Polish capital was published the periodical «Son of Ukraine», edited by the writer and poet Mykola Voronyi. As the authorities treated the stay of a large group of Ukrainian refugees in Poland as a temporary state, the emigration structures of the ...

The article deals with challenges and opportunities for international labour migration in Ukraine. It is stressed that the approach to regulation of international labour migration should be comprehensive and should encompass a whole range of factors influencing migration flows, which will ensure making appropriate economic and social changes. The present concept of regulation of international labour migration in Ukraine is analyzed and the need for its improvement is discussed. The priority goals of the Concept of State Migration Policy in Ukraine are highlighted. It is stated that state migration policy is carried out in both emigration and immigration. Some of the key factors of immigration and emigration are identified. It is proved that migration policy in Ukraine is being shaped towards the European Union, which envisages a mutually beneficial redistribution of human resources over the countries. The paper claims, that achieving the quality of life as high as in the EU countries is a key demand for the integration into the European Union. It is emphasized that the existing legislation on migration has some weak points related to developing and fulfilling human potential of migrants. A range of measures to regulate international labour migration is introduced. Based on the research findings, the following actions are proposed to meet the aims of regulation of international labour migration in Ukraine: reduction of emigration from Ukraine by improving its socio-economic status; training and retraining of potential emigrants tailored to the specific characteristics of labor market growth in the country; stimulation of internal mobility aimed at the reduction of emigration; regulation of external employment of Ukrainian citizens; creation of conditions for attracting and efficient using of migrants' money transfers; using transnational connections of migrants; halting the employment of national human resources; stimulation of immigration attractiveness for certain professional; halting illegal and undesirable migration; regulation of immigrants in Ukraine; legalization of illegal present immigrants; signing bilateral agreements between countries on return migration; stimulating re-emigration; protection of the rights and interests of labour migrants in Ukraine and abroad.

The article examines the impact of labor emigration on the economic security of the border regions of Ukraine and the economy of the country as a whole. It has been proved that globalization processes have more or less influence on different spheres of life, in particular on politics, economy, socio–cultural sphere. It was determined that in the context of globalization, the problems of emigration and its impact on the economic security of the country, in particular the border regions, became of strategic importance. The economic essence of the term «security» is defined as the absence of threats and the availability of opportunities for activity and development. Scientific approaches have been defined in the context of the meaning and essence of the term «economic security». The economic security of the border regions of Ukraine is outlined as the level of protection of the economic system of the border territories from the negative impact of external and internal factors that create threats, the likelihood of causing damage and providing appropriate measures to eliminate their negative impact. The development of processes of labor emigration in Ukraine is characterized. The internal and external factors causing labor emigration as a threat to the economic security of the border regions have been identified. The system of internal and external measures for slowing down the processes of labor emigration in the country is proposed.

The article contains the analysis of archive sources, published primary sources as well as historiography. It covers the peculiarities of the emigration of ethnic Germans from the territory of Volhynian Province in interwar Poland. The author defines the reasons that encouraged German population to emigrate. The author also determines main directions of this emigration, which were the USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. Main attention is paid to the quantified data of this emigration in different periods of interwar time as well as to encouraging and restricting measures performed by American and European states.The author states that the Province of Volhynia was an important part of interwar Poland. According to the census of 1921, there were 983 596 Ukrainians, 240 922 Poles, 151 744 Jews, 1 118 Belorussians, 25 405 Czechs, 24 960 Germans, and 9 450 Russians in this province. The census of 1931 recorded the quantitative growth of the German population of the Volhynian Province, which increased to 46 883 people. During the interwar period, the German colonists were drawn into the emigration movement, the reasons of which were mainly social, economic, and sometimes national. The government circles in Warsaw sought to mechanically increase the number of Poles in the Volhynian Province, in order to modify its national structure.The United States of America was the priority direction of German emigration from the western part of Volhynia during the interwar years. During 1919–1938, almost 1 thousand Germans emigrated from the Volhynia Province to the United States. It is also noteworthy that the bulk of the settlers (80%) arrived in the United States during the 1919–1925 – exactly when emigration to other areas was only in the period of formation.Canada was also one of the main directions of the German overseas emigration from Volhynia in the interwar period (The Germans, together with the Scandinavians, the Belgians, the Dutch, the French and the Swiss belonged to the so-called privileged peoples whose emigration was not subject to restrictions). The peak of the emigration of Germans from the Volhynian Province to Canada occurred in 1926–1938: over 640 Germans emigrated; they represented 5,8% of the total emigration population of the western part of Volhynia (11 135 people). An emigration to Argentina and Brazil was another part of the emigration movement from Volhynia during the interwar years. Thus, during 1926–1938, over 1 000 Germans moved to Argentina and about 300 left for Brazil, all of them were from the western part of Volhynia. In 1937–1938 many people of Volhynia left for Paraguay. During this period about 5 thousand people moved there, including 500 Germans.In general, during the interwar period, about 3 500 Germans emigrated overseas from the Volhynian Province. The greatest extent of this emigration occurred during 1926–1929. Its subsequent evelopment was largely influenced by the global economic crisis and the anti-immigration legislation of the countries of immigration. ; У статті, на основі аналізу архівних матеріалів, опублікованих джерел та історіографії, охарактеризовано особливості еміграції етнічних німців з території Волинського воєводства міжвоєнної Польщі. Визначено причини, які впродовж 1919–1939 рр. спонукали німецьке населення до еміграції, її головні напрями (США, Канада, Бразилія, Аргентина, Парагвай). Особливу увагу звернено на кількісні показники німецької еміграції на різних етапах міжвоєнного періоду й заохочувальні/рестрикційні заходи стосовно неї з боку держав Америки та Європи. На основі статистичних даних автор доводить, що пріоритетним напрямом німецької еміграції із західної частини Волині упродовж міжвоєнного двадцятиліття були держави Америки: США (упродовж 1919–1938 рр. сюди емігрувала майже 1 тис. німців) та Канада (пік еміграції припав на 1926–1938 рр., коли до країни емігрувало понад 640 німців), а також Аргентина та Бразилія (упродовж 1926–1938 рр. до Аргентини із західної частини Волині переселилося понад 1 тис. німців, до Бразилії – близько 300).

The emergence and rapid extension of memory studies is obviously explained by a rather huge number of tragic events, i.e. World Word II, Holocaust, which led to an abundance of memoirs, recollections of victims as well as public testimonies of witnesses of these disasters. The literature in the second part of the 20th century became a signifi cant place for searching the hidden forms, modes, and circumstances of the processes of remembering and forgetting, especially in the writings by Moris Halbwachs, Pier Nora, Cathy Caruth, Aleida Assmann, Michael Rothberg etc. Yet this «memory boom» was restricted to the «West» and, in contrast, neither occurred in Ukraine, nor in most other post-soviet countries. It is primarily due to the political pressure (and repression) as well as prolonged and severe censorship that it did not take place in Ukraine. Consequently, the texts containing different cultural traumas and would hence belong to «survivor literature» still remain unknown for readers. However, if Holodomor has been presented and researched in the scientifi c discourse, Holocaust in Ukraine is still a rarely discussed topic. The true dynamics in the Ukrainian cultural memory can be demonstrated on the samples of the autobiographical texts, which were written and published by emigrant writers, who left Ukraine during or after the World War II. In this line of reasoning, the present article sets out to mainly analyze the specifi city of the Ukrainian memory processes in the post-war «survivor literature» by defi ning the peculiarities in representing Holodomor and Holocaust in memoirs and novels that are not included in the literary canon. These are «Kreschaty Yar» by Dokia Humenna, «On the Black Horse» by Ulas Samchuk, «Deadly Road», «Bells Did Not Ring for Them» by Oleksa Haj-Holovko and «Poltava», «The Summer on the Lake» Oleksa Izarskyj. Their works elucidate the fi rst direct experiences of the totalitarian crimes in Ukraine, both Soviet and German, thus constitute a powerful source for the reconstruction of the past and for search of the historical truth and holistic restoration of the memory. Contemporary scholarly progress provides us with a unique possibility to arrange a dialogue between different traumas, like Holodomor-Holocaust, and to reconstruct our national histories as multidirectional. Therefore, the literary testimony of Ukrainian witnesses should be brought to light and unearthed for its prospective representation to the current and next generations. Keywords: survivor literature, trauma, collective memory, individual memory postmemory. ; Проаналізовано специфіку меморативних процесів в українській післявоєнній «літературі уцілілих», виявлено особливості репрезентації травм Голодомору і Голокосту у спогадах та романах, які не ввійшли до літературного канону (Д. Гуменної «Хрещатий Яр», У. Самчука «На коні вороному», О. Гай-Головка «Смертельною дорогою», «Їм дзвони не дзвонили», О. Ізарського «Полтава», «Літо над озером»), продемонстровано можливості взаємодії колективної (генераційної) та індивідуальної пам'яті у художньому тексті. Ключові слова: «література уцілілих», травма, колективна пам'ять, індивідуальна пам'ять, постпам'ять.

The aim of the article is to analyze the specifics of archival and museum activities of Ukrainian emigrants of the 20s - 30s of the XX century and finding out the essenсe and reasons for their differences of opinion on the preservation of Ukrainian archival heritage.
The phenomenon of Ukrainian interwar emigration was a unique phenomenon in Ukrainian history and culture given the importance of its functioning in all spheres - state, political, cultural. Characterizing the conditions and specifics of the second wave of Ukrainian emigration, it should be noted that it was complicated by material shortages and lack of consolidated unity, which led to the confrontation of certain groups in solving various problems of everyday emigration.
Based on the analysis of published and out-of-date archival materials, the article concludes that there was no common vision in the circles of Ukrainian interwar emigration on the protection of national monuments, which caused confrontation between its separate groups. The causes of the conflict largely lay in the party affiliation of the conflicting parties (the Petliurists, represented by the State Center of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile and the Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries), through whose prism the preservation of Ukrainian monuments was considered. Party interests were placed above national ones, resulting in a lack of understanding and a loss of unity of Ukrainian patriotic forces.

У статті розглядається проблема еміграції українського населення Наддніпрянщини на Західну Волинь, розділену радянсько-польським кордоном на дві частини, адаптація емігрантів до нових умов, їх відносини з органами влади та місцевим населенням, вплив цих процесів на політичне, економічне й духовне життя регіону. The paper considers the problem of emigration of Ukrainian population in Volhynia Dnieper, divided Soviet-Polish border in two parts, the adaptation of immigrants to the new conditions, their relationship with authorities and local population, the impact of these processes on political, economic and spiritual life of the region.

. Introduction. Integration of Ukraine into the world market of labour force that takes place during the whole independence period is mainly one-sided process as the state proves to be the international donor of cheap but qualified human resources. The consequences of large in scale and very often uncontrolled external labour migration of Ukrainians for national economy and society are really threatening. It leads to the loss of country's intellectual potential, fall of GDP production, critical deterioration of demographic situation, etc. All these socioeconomic processes grew worse since the events of 2014. As a result, elaboration of national migration policy (its immigration component) is seen to be of vital importance to regulate effectively the international mobility of human resources in Ukraine. Purpose. To argue the objective necessity of international human resources attraction into Ukraine; to single out basic groups of necessary immigrants for national economy; to prove the importance of migration flows returning (remigration); to outline crucial directions of national migration policy (its immigration component).Results. In the article the objective necessity of international human resources attraction into Ukraine as a substitute for national labour force that migrates abroad is pointed out. Argued the immediacy of national migration policy (its immigration component) elaboration in order to regulate effectively the international mobility of human resources in Ukraine. By using selective approach basic groups of necessary immigrants for national economy are singled out. Among them highly-skilled professionals and labouring men are proved to be. Special attention is paid to foreign students mobility and study throughout Ukraine. In the article the importance of migration flows returning (remigration) is emphasized by the author. Revealed a special importance of Ukrainian returnees for socioeconomic development of national economy. Besides, in the article some other crucial directions of national migration policy are characterized. Originality. Asserted a true significance of immigration regulation in Ukraine as a means of overcoming of negative socioeconomic and demographic consequences concerning external labour migration of Ukrainians.Conclusion. Social importance of the problems of human resources international mobility in Ukraine deserves constant attention from the government and society. Such attention should lead to the elaboration of such national migration policy (its immigration component) that must be in the interests of national economy and society as a whole, enrich domestic labour resources, provide steady economic growth of Ukraine, increase its influence in the world.

The article is based on the author's research of documents and materials of the UYA Board, conducted during his scholarly internship in the UK. The materials belong to the library of the Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain in London and the archives which exclusively store complete files of such periodicals as Holos Molodi, Avanhard, Ukrainska Dumka, and Vyzvolnyi Shliakh, which were also studied.In the ongoing scientific debate over the assumption whether the Ukrainian Youth Association was a project of the Soviet secret services formed to identify and eliminate the nationally conscious part of the Ukrainian society in the 1920s and early 1930s, or the hypothesis that it was backed up by real organizers and cases, the author belongs to the group of researchers that share the second point of view.Modus operandi of this organization was as follows: it was founded in Kyiv on the basis of the First Shevchenko Kyiv Labor School in late 1925 as an alternative to the Moscow organization of the Communist Komsomol. Mykola Pavlushkov became the founder and first head of UYA. In 1929, UYA was exposed by the punitive Soviet authorities as an "underground counterrevolutionary organization". In 1946, the organization resumed its activity in Germany, in the camps of American-funded forced refugees from Eastern Europe. The first volume of the organization's main publication was released in Munich in December 1946. In December 1949, Holos Molodi magazine was founded in London. The active book publishing movement of this organization begins there.The author's attention is focused on the analysis of printed materials produced by this organization and not fully available today in Ukraine. They include a number of small-print cyclic publications issued in Munich and London, as well as Avanhard and Holos Molodi monthlies, and the thematic page of the UK regional branch of UYA in the London newspaper Ukrainska Dumka. According to the thematic principle, the following main subjects of the publications are analyzed: propaganda of the ideas of belligerent Ukraine in the non-Bolshevik democratic world; protection and continuation of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army's deeds and those of fallen heroes of Ukrainian national liberation struggles of all times; assimilation of foreign experience in all spheres of life and state-building for its further use in Ukraine liberated from Bolsheviks. ; Стаття написана на основі проведеного автором під час наукового стажування у Великій Британії дослідження документів і матеріалів Крайової управи СУМ, що зберігаються в архіві та бібліотеці Союзу Українців у Великій Британії в Лондоні. Також вивчені всі підшивки періодичних видань «Голос Молоді», «Авангард», «Українська Думка» та «Визвольний Шлях», повні комплекти яких наявні лише в цьому архіві. У науковій дискусії, яка й досі не затихає, з приводу того, чи Спілка Української Молоді була проектом радянських спецслужб із метою виявлення і ліквідації національно свідомої частини українського суспільства у 20-х – на початку 30-х років ХХ ст., чи за нею стояли реальні організатори і реальні справи, автор відноситься до числа дослідників, що поділяють другу точку зору. Схема життєдіяльності цієї організації була такою: заснована в Києві на базі Першої Київської трудової школи ім. Шевченка наприкінці 1925 року як альтернатива московській організації комуністичного комсомолу. Засновником і першим очільником СУМу став Микола Павлушков. 1929 року СУМ як «підпільна контрреволюційна організація» була викрита каральними органами радянської влади. 1946 року СУМ відновилася в Німеччині, в таборах фінансованих Америкою вимушених збігців із Східної Європи. Перше число головного друкованого органу організації вийшло в Мюнхені у грудні 1946 року. У грудні 1949 року у Лондоні засновується журнал «Голос Молоді». Там починається активний книговидавничий рух цієї організації.Увага автора зосереджена на аналізі друкованих матеріалів, які продукувала ця організація і які в повному обсязі недоступні сьогодні в Україні. Йдеться про низку циклостильових видань засобами малої поліграфії, що виходили в Мюнхені та Лондоні, а також місячники «Авангард», «Голос Молоді» та тематичну сторінку крайового осередку СУБ у Великій Британії на сторінках лондонської газети «Українська Думка». Проаналізовані за тематичним принципом такі головні теми публікацій: пропаганда в позабільшовицькому демократичному світі ідей воюючої України; захист і продовження справи УПА, полеглих героїв національно-визвольних змагань українців усіх часів; засвоєння в чужинців їхнього досвіду праці в усіх галузях життя і державного будівництва з тим, щоб потім використати його у визволеній від більшовиків Україні.