Suchergebnisse

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore how the Chaozhou-speaking communities in northeast Guangdong Province dealt with new barriers of border control during the 1950s, and how they circumvented these institutional obstacles to leave China for Hong Kong and Southeast Asia. The emigration process was reshaped by new social and political forces in Maoist China. How did the Chaoshan people apply for the travel permit to leave China? How did they enter the hosting countries? How did the emigration experience influence the identity formation of Chaoshan Chinese in the 1950s?


Design/methodology/approach
This paper draws on archival sources, memoirs and interviews to demonstrate the ways in which Chaoshan people pursued new strategies of emigration during the 1950s.


Findings
In Maoist China, the application for an entry-exit permit was a rather complicated bureaucratic process for ordinary people. One needs to consider the class status, geographical origins and overseas connections of the applicants as well as the changing official policies toward overseas Chinese.


Research limitations/implications
This paper emphasizes on the impacts of emigration experience on the identity formation of Chaoshan people and the incremental transformation of these emigrant communities in Guangdong Province.


Practical implications
This scholarly finding throws light on the transformation of Chaoshan from a fluid, mobile maritime environment to an increasingly state-centric agrarian society during the 1950s.


Originality/value
This paper is an original scholarly study of the history of Chaoshan communities in South China and their emigration to Southeast Asia.

International migration from poorer to richer states gives emigrants resources that they can use to exercise leverage over home states, but also leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and discrimination in host states, conditions that activate interventions by emigration states seeking to influence and protect nationals abroad. This paper traces the changing patterns of interaction between emigrants and emigration states over the past century and a half. Many of the underlying incentives for emigration state intervention have remained stable, yielding similar state responses over this entire period. By contrast, political changes in emigration states have altered the motivations of emigrants seeking to engage with the states and people left behind. Moreover, interactions between emigrants and emigration states are increasingly affected by international organizations and diffusion processes which, while present in earlier periods, lacked the influence exercised today.

International migration from poorer to richer states gives emigrants resources that they can use to exercise leverage over home states, but also leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and discrimination in host states, conditions that activate interventions by emigration states seeking to influence and protect nationals abroad. This paper traces the changing patterns of interaction between emigrants and emigration states over the past century and a half. Many of the underlying incentives for emigration state intervention have remained stable, yielding similar state responses over this entire period. By contrast, political changes in emigration states have altered the motivations of emigrants seeking to engage with the states and people left behind. Moreover, interactions between emigrants and emigration states are increasingly affected by international organizations and diffusion processes which, while present in earlier periods, lacked the influence exercised today.

Despite much recent revisionist analysis of the traditional stereotypes of Victorian women, the downtrodden and helpless {u2018}distressed gentlewoman{u2019} has survived or evaded historical scrutiny. This book examines the distressed gentle woman stereotype, primarily through a study of the experience of emigration among single middle-class women between 1830 and 1914. Based largely on a study of government and philanthropic emigration projects, it argues that the image of the downtrodden resident governess does inadequate justice to Victorian middle-class women{u2019}s responses to the experience of economic and social decline and to insufficient female employment opportunities. Although powerful factors operated to discourage distressed gentlewomen from risking the hardships of emigration, research among emigrants{u2019} letters and other records of female emigration societies from Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa, shows that middle-class women without economic resources persistently took advantage of the invariably meagre facilities enabling them to emigrate. Once out of Britain they proved to be remarkably adaptable emigrants. Instead of the helpless simpering gentility normally associated with the stereotype, women showed a willingness to risk their gentility by undertaking work which would have been unthinkable at home. Their experience raises wider questions about the potential for resourcefulness and adaptability among Victorian women and reveals qualities which are inconsistent with the traditional view of woman as victim.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Tables -- Abbreviations -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1. The Problem of the Distressed Gentlewoman -- 2. Pioneer Emigrants, 1832-1836 -- 3. Mary Taylor in New Zealand: A Case Study -- 4. Emigration and Respectability, 1849-1853 -- 5. Feminism and Female Emigration, 1861-1886 -- 6. Emigration Propaganda and the Distressed Gentlewoman, 1880-1914 -- Conclusion

Dokumentiert wird auszugsweise ein in der Nr.52 der "Literaturnaja Gazeta" vom 28.12.88 veröffentlichter Beitrag des sowjetischen Journalisten L. Potschiwalow, in dem er die "theoretische" Begründung des in letzter Zeit zu konstatierenden Wandels im öffentlichen Umgang zumindest mit einem großen Teil der Emigranten liefert. Der Autor bemüht sich um eine differenziertere Darstellung aller Emigrationsphasen bzw. -schübe von den Nachkommen der nachrevolutionären "weißen" Emigration über die "displaced persons" nach dem 2. Weltkrieg bis zur "dritten Welle" während der Breschnew-Ära. Postuliert wird, daß die sowjetische Justizreform die "ungesetzliche Praxis" der Zwangsausbürgerung beenden und die Beziehungen zu den Emigranten neu regeln müsse. Die Verantwortung für die Emigration liegt nach Aussage des Verfassers primär beim Sowjetregime. (BIOst-Klk)