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AbstractIn Roberts and Strayer (1996) we described how emotional factors were strongly related to children's empathy, which in turn strongly predicted prosocial behavior. This paper focuses on how these child emotional factors, assessed across methods and sources, related to parental factors (empathy, emotional expressiveness, encouragement of children's emotional expressiveness, warmth and control) for a subset of 50 two‐parent families from our earlier sample. Parents reported on their emotional characteristics and parenting; children (5 to 13 years old; 42% girls) also described parenting practices. Children's age and parenting factors accounted for an average of 32% of the variance in child emotional factors, which, with role‐taking, strongly predicted children's empathy. In contrast to earlier, less comprehensive studies, we found important paths between parents' and children's empathy, mediated by children's anger. These countervailing pathways largely neutralized each other, resulting in the low correlations usually seen when parents' and children's empathy are examined in isolation. Thus our findings are an important confirmation and extension of the theoretically expected link between parents' and children's empathy.

What is the political significance of difference? Why are ethnic, racial, or religious differences frequently politically significant while differences in height, hair color, or weight are not? Why are linguistic differences sometimes relevant politically, and other times are not salient? What about age? Gender or sexual preferences? What fosters tolerance of differences judged ethically and politically salient? What encourages respect for these differences, leading some of us to reach out across divides that isolate others? These questions take on a poignant immediacy with reports of continuing prejudice and discrimination; ongoing ethnic, religious, and sectarian violence—even genocidal activities and war; and increasing polarization over issues of race, religion, and ethnicity, at home and abroad. They are questions students need to consider as they go out into a world where they will meet new people, from diverse cultures, religions, and ethnicities. How can we best prepare them for this?

This article presents a social work model of empathy that reflects the latest interdisciplinary research findings on empathy. The model reflects the social work commitment to social justice. The three model components are: 1) the affective response to another's emotions and actions; 2) the cognitive processing of one's affective response and the other person's perspective; and 3) the conscious decision-making to take empathic action. Mirrored affective responses are involuntary, while cognitive processing and conscious decision-making are voluntary. The affective component requires healthy, neural pathways to function appropriately and accurately. The cognitive aspects of perspective-taking, self-awareness, and emotion regulation can be practiced and cultivated, particularly through the use of mindfulness techniques. Empathic action requires that we move beyond affective responses and cognitive processing toward utilizing social work values and knowledge to inform our actions. By introducing the proposed model of empathy, we hope it will serve as a catalyst for discussion and future research and development of the model.

Key Words: Empathy, Social Empathy, Social Cognitive Neuroscience

The health effects of intra-ethnic conflict include hatred and fear among neighbors and friends who have become enemies. The dehumanization of specific groups through concomitant stereotyping does not stop when conflicts end. The inability to see former enemies as real people impedes reconciliation. While much attention has been paid to the reconstruction of infrastructure and the establishment of rule of law, little thought has been given to what is required at the day to day level in order to restore a sense of interpersonal security. To reverse the destruction of social and familial networks that normally sustain health and well-being, a process of rehumanization must occur. We suggest that the promotion of empathy is a critical component of reconciliation.

The health effects of intra-ethnic conflict include hatred & fear among neighbors & friends who have become enemies. The dehumanization of specific groups through concomitant stereotyping does not stop when conflicts end. The inability to see former enemies as real people impedes reconciliation. While much attention has been paid to the reconstruction of infrastructure & the establishment of rule of law, little thought has been given to what is required at the day to day level in order to restore a sense of interpersonal security. To reverse the destruction of social & familial networks that normally sustain health & well-being, a process of rehumanization must occur. We suggest that the promotion of empathy is a critical component of reconciliation. Adapted from the source document.

The gender gap in contemporary American politics refers to differences in political attitudes & behavior between men & women that may be traced back to the 1980 presidential election & the Reagan presidency. For nearly two decades, men have displayed consistently more conservative & pro-Republican preferences than have women. Although the gender gap has been well-documented & recognized by practitioners & scholars alike, explanations of why women have been less supportive of the conservative agenda in the Reagan & post-Reagan years have not been explained satisfactorily. In this exploratory study, we suggest that the gender-based political divisions observed in American politics have their origins in exogenous dispositions that men & women bring with them to the political environment. Specifically, women are more predisposed than men to display empathy toward distressed others in society. Differences in dispositions toward empathy are stimulated in the political arena when the agendas of candidates emphasize issues that motivate empathic predispositions. Under such circumstances, women are more inclined than men to express support for liberal policy preferences, &, thus, empathy is a concept that may help us to better understand the nature of the political gender gap. 7 Tables, 1 Figure, 3 Appendixes, 32 References. Adapted from the source document.

Practical ethics training is now a requirement of nearly all professional training programmes. This timely and accessible book provides sustained, critical and multi-disciplinary treatment of the important and much-discussed question of addressing emotional aspects of moral functioning in professional ethics education. It offers practical evidence-based suggestions on how to incorporate the promotion of empathic development into the everyday teaching of professional ethics.

Based on Batson's Model of Altruism, in the present work it is argued that moral reasoning about the environment (number of moral reasons given for pro-environmental behaviors) can be improved by manipulating the emotion of empathy. It is also argued that the argument of moral reasoning will be different depending on whether the object of empathy is a natural object (vulture) or a human being (young man). The present work reports a study using a factorial design (2x2) with control group on the relationship between empathy level (high or low), empathy object (vulture or young man) and moral reasoning about ecological dilemmas. The reasoning was evaluated using four different ecological moral dilemmas, with responses coded in three categories (anthropocentric, ecocentric and nonvenvironmental). The results of the study indicate that participants who showed a high empathy level provided more arguments of moral reasoning than those in the low empathy group. When the object of empathy was a vulture the number of moral arguments of an ecocentric nature increased; when it was a young man the number of moral arguments of an anthropocentric nature increased.

Introduction / Richard Ashby Wilson and Richard D. Brown -- Histories and contexts -- Mourning, pity, and the work of narrative in the making of humanity / Thomas W. Laqueur -- Contemporary humanitarianism : the global and the local contemporary / David P. Forsythe -- Humanitarian reading / Joseph R. Slaughter -- Global media and the myths of humanitarian relief : the case of the 2004 Tsunami / Rony Brauman -- Hard struggles of doubt : abolitionists and the problem of slave redemption / Margaret M.R. Kellow -- Starving Armenians : the politics and ideology of humanitarian aid in the first decades of the twentieth century / Flora A. Keshgegian -- International bystanders to the holocaust and humanitarian intervention / Michael R. Marrus -- Narratives and redress -- Victims, relatives and citizens in Argentina : whose voice is legitimate enough? / Elizabeth Jelin -- Children, suffering and the humanitarian appeal / Laura Suski -- The physicality of legal consciousness : suffering and the production of credibility in refugee resettlement / Kristin Bergtora Sandvik -- Can you describe this human rights reports and what they tell us about the human rights movement / Ron Dudai -- Financial reparations, blood money, and human rights witness testimony : Morocco and Algeria / Susan Slymovics -- Remnants & remains : narratives of suffering in post-genocide Rwanda's Gacaca Courts / Lars Waldorf