Suchergebnisse

Cinematography was deliberately organized, financed and oriented towards the purposes of the system and consequently became the most effective element of political and cultural pedagogy. The synchronic correlation between word and image, the power of visual suggestibility, empathy as an emotional response to the actors' performance - all these had immediate effects on the collective imaginary, on the perception of reality as a social and identity-forging project determined by the emergence of the ideological discourse. The Romanian socialist cinematography from the time of Ceauşescu synthesized and systemized a coherent and explicit system of values wherein it integrated the message of literary and other artistic works, of variegated forms of cultural expression, so that Romanian cultural axiology could find new possibilities to stand out in strict dependence to the institutional and optional structures of mass culture. The cinema per se thus became a sort of pedagogy for universal use, rendering the past heroic, as it exacerbated the national ego via the instruments of entertainment. Highly permeated ideologically and quasi entirely subordinated to the Communist cultural policies, the cinema production, carried out because of the appeal to emotions and collective memory, thus became part of the official discourse and orientated its issues, especially after the 11th Congress of RCP, according with the political and ideological interests of the national Communist project. The analysis focuses on the Romanian historical films with subjects and episodes relevant for the ancient and mediaeval history, in relation with the efforts of identity reconstruction, coordinated during the Communist regime in relationship with the project of the socialist nation's building and, after 1989, in relationship with the attempt of reconsolidating, sometimes from a radical perspective, the nationalist mythologies. Socialist patriotism thus incorporated many stereotypes drawn out from the ante-bellum, as well as from the inter-bellum Romanian spirit: the lyric of self-identification expressed by the film soundtrack and by the majestic character of the heroic gestures, the heroic epic obvious in the popular ballad pattern of pre-modern nature, the activist pedagogy specific to all forms of identitarianism. Despite all this ideological infusion, the mythology of Romanian historical films during the Communist nationalist times remains one of a sadistic-masochistic nature, cultivating the fear towards the Other, fatalism, expectation and obedience, all chronic and historicized.

В работе путем семантического и контекстуального анализа рассматриваются русские паремические единицы, вербализующие понятийную сферу «благодарность», отобранные из сборника пословиц В. И. Даля. Актуальность исследования обусловлена важностью рассматриваемого фрагмента паремического дискурса для выявления характерных черт и особенностей базовых концептов русской лингвокультуры. Формирование данного чувства способствует развитию социальной эмпатии, построению нравственных и ценностных ориентиров членов сообщества. Анализ феномена благодарности, отраженного в архаичном сознании русского народа, позволяет проследить его трансформацию в социуме. В работе рассматриваются некоторые философские и психологические основания феномена «благодарность», основные субсферы метафоризации, базовые метафорические модели, их фреймовые структуры и слоты. Были выявлены метафорические модели субсфер «человек», «природа», «артефакты», «социум». Субсфера «человек» репрезентируется метафорическими моделями «Благодарность - человеческий организм», «Благодарность - действия человека». Метафорические модели субсферы «природа» представлены миром животных, миром растений и небесными телами. Метафорические модели субсферы «социум» содержат слоты, связанные с религией и пенитенциарными учреждениями. Субсфера «артефакты» репрезентируется фреймами «еда и напитки», «одежда», «деньги», «ткани», «инструменты» и некоторыми другими. Самой значительной по количеству является группа антропоморфных метафор, насчитывающая 38 единиц (41,8 %); группа артефактных метафор включает 31 единицу (34 %); природоморфные метафоры составляют 14 единиц (15,4 %) и группа социоморфных метафор представлена 8 единицами (8,8 %).
The article considers the semantic and contextual analysis of Russian paroemic units verbalizing a conceptual sphere Gratitude. The units were selected from the book of proverbs by V. Dahl. This conceptual sphere is important to reveal characteristic features of basic concepts in Russian linguoculture. The formation of this feeling and emotion contributes to the development of social empathy, creation of moral values in society. The analysis of the phenomenon of gratitude reflected in the archaic consciousness of Russian people helps to observe its transformation in social continuum. The article considers some philosophical and psychological aspects of gratitude in Russian archaic consciousness, basic metaphorization subspheres, their frame structures and slots; reveals metaphorical models of subspheres Man, Nature, Artifact, Socium. The subsphere Man is represented by the metaphorical models Human Body and Actions Performed by Man. Metaphorical models of the subsphere Nature contain Flora World, Fauna World and Celestial Bodies. Frame structures of the subsphere Socium are verbalized by the slots connected with religion and penitentiary institutions. The subsphere Artifacts is represented by the models Food and Drinks, Clothes, Money, Fabrics, Instruments. The group of anthropomorphical metaphors is the largest one containing 38 units (41,8 %); the second one is the group of artifact metaphors with 31 units (34 %); the third place is taken by phytomorphical metaphors - 14 units (15,4 %) and sociomorphical group is the last one with 8 units (8,8 %).

English abstract:
This article addresses the importance of understanding the ethical values that underpin cross-border cooperation (CBC). This is done by elaborating a theoretical framework that focuses on the ethical dimension of CBC. A clear distinction is drawn between an ethical and a normative dimension of CBC. The article argues that European CBC policies lack a defined conceptualization of ethical, humanistic, and value-laden bases. By considering three ethical values—rootedness, empathy, and justice—underpinning European governance, this research finds that the operationalization of these values helps to overcome a consumeristic approach, according to which people are passive consumers of CBC. The analysis shows why and how the operationalization of these key ethical values develops a cross-border community where people feel responsible for
the territory perceived as a "common good."Spanish abstract:
Este artículo aborda la importancia de comprender los valores éticos que sustentan las actividades de cooperación transfronteriza (CBC) mediante un marco teórico centrado en explorar la dimensión ética de CBC. Una distinción clara plantea la dimensión ética de la CBC frente a la normativa. El punto ciego de las políticas de CBC europeas yace en la ausencia de una conceptualización definida de las bases éticas y humanísticas. Los valores éticos de arraigo, empatía y justicia sustentan las actividades de CBC, y su operacionalización ayuda a superar la aproximación consumista. El análisis muestra por qué y cómo la operacionalización de estos valores éticos contribuye a desarrollar una comunidad transfronteriza en la que las personas se sientan responsables del territorio percibido como un "bien común".French abstract:
Pourquoi est-il important de mieux comprendre les valeurs qui sous-tendent les activités de coopération transfrontalière? Cet article aborde cette question à partir d'un cadre théorique centré sur l'exploration de la dimension éthique de la coopération transfrontalière en la distinguant de la dimension normative. Il soutient que la faiblesse des politiques européennes de coopération transfrontalière ne réside pas dans l'absence "normative", mais dans le manque d'une conceptualisation précise de ses bases éthiques et humanistes. En considérant trois valeurs - l'enracinement, l'empathie et la justice - qui sous-tendent les activités de coopération transfrontalière, cette étude conclut que leur opérationnalisation aide à surmonter une approche consumériste de la coopération transfrontalière, selon laquelle les gens sont des consommateurs passifs. L'analyse montre pourquoi et comment l'opérationnalisation de ces trois valeurs contribue à développer une communauté transfrontalière dans laquelle les personnes se sentent responsables du territoire transfrontalier perçu comme un "bien commun".

The article highlights the results of the study of health as a subject of research within the psychological scientific fields. The scientific status of the concept of «psycho-emotional health of the individual» is substantiated; its structural and component composition is presented in the staging plan. The context of the constructs «mental health», «psychological health», «emotional health» in the expansion of scientific ideas about the psycho-emotional health of students is proved.
Based on the results of factor analysis, it is established that the basis of psycho-emotional health of the individual in early adulthood is the severity and significance of emotional experiences, features of the psycho-emotional sphere of personality, emotional maturity, emotional awareness, and emotional saturation of life.
As a result of using factor analysis as a means of determining correlations, a four-factor model has been established, which is aimed at determining the basics of students' psycho-emotional health. It has been empirically established that the first factor (based on expressiveness, self-regulation, empathy and integrative level of emotional maturity, emotional awareness, and integrative level of emotional intelligence) is the most loaded.
The second factor was formed by indicators of psychological resourcefulness of the individual. These are such indicators as: «success», «self-confidence», «love», «creativity» and others. At the negative pole is «maladaptation». Regarding the third factor, which is conditionally called «means of self-regulation», it was formed, in particular, indicators of the following content: «work on yourself», «control», «risk-taking», as well as the parameters of meaningful life orientations. The negative poles of this factor were «consolidation» and «escanism». The fourth factor is the factor of «social conditioning». It is formed by a number of indicators: «helping others», «satisfaction with the learning process, relationships with classmates and learning activities» and others. At the negative pole of this factor is «emotional discomfort».
As a result of the factor analysis, it seemed possible to establish the vectors that form the plane of the foundations of students' psycho-emotional health. The results of multiple regression analysis contributed to the certainty in the research position on the development of psychological strategy, which takes into account the most important segments, the set of which represents the basics of psycho-emotional health of higher education, and which can be considered its predictors.
Thus, determining the stages of the psychological experiment (orientation-motivational, executive, reflective-evaluative), it seemed possible to specify the current tasks and direct the psychological support of their solution.

Citation: Shmidt M. (2019) The Sharing Economy and its Paradoxes: A Sociological Study of Sharing Communities in Russia. Mir Rossii, vol. 28, no 2, pp. 148–171. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2019-28-2-148-171
Over the past decade there has been an enormous rise in alternative forms of economic organization, such as the sharing economy – an under-theorized and contradictory empirical phenomenon. The paper studies the variety of interaction practices and motivations for participation and identifies common and specific features of self-organization by comparing three platforms: Darudar (sharing goods), Bank Vremeni [Time Bank] (sharing time and services) and Couchsurfing (sharing accommodation and leisure). The data, which was triangulated, includes: (i) 25 in-depth interviews conducted with experts and active users of the platforms, (ii) ethnography from participant observation of users' offline meetings, (iii) systematic online observation. This study employs a blended ethnography/netnography approach – studying the sharing economy communities both online and face-to-face to provide 'thick' description of community-building. We theorize that sharing in the sharing economy is a separate principle of resource allocation, which is characterized by the priority of goods over the structure of relations between parties. In contrast to the reciprocity principle, the recipient in sharing is selected with respect to a fixed amount of resources which the donor possesses. Sharing is moving far beyond the boundaries of kindred, friend, partner or other personal relationships, as far as the counterparty is selected among the participants of an extended network of social contacts. The circle of people who can enjoy the benefits of a joint resource expands to the many thousands of users of the virtual sharing platform. What motivates the well-resourced users of the sharing economy platforms, who possesseconomic and cultural capital, to become practitioners of sharing? Aspiration for communitybuilding, deriving from the extrapolation of the self to the aggregate level: the 'extended self'. Sharing contributes to a sense of an imaginary community, making ourselves an integral part.Practically, sharing transforms into a ritual chain: from the preparation of resources for exchange to the choice of counteragent, communication before the act of sharing, during and after, all of which create a full part of social life. When offering to share material and immaterial objects, participants of the platforms offer a part of themselves – talents and opportunities, communication and empathy, belonging to cultural tradition. In return, they receive a means of reducing loneliness and overcoming social alienation.

Jordan, with a population of about ten million, hosts 1.3 million Syrians of whom 670,000 are UNHCR-registered refugees, as well as nearly 85,000 registered refugees from other countries and is thus one of the countries with the highest proportion of refugees in the world. Most of them (83 per cent) are staying outside camps and many have rented flats mainly in the Jordanian capital Amman and its surroundings. The particular conditions for refugees from Syria staying in a receiving area among people with a history of protracted displacement are in the focus of this Working Paper. How do refugees from Syria secure their livelihood in the neighbourhoods of Palestinians who share the experience of a volatile legal status and limited economic rights? Does the EU-Jordan Compact improve Syrians' livelihoods? These questions are addressed by an analytical livelihood approach that includes social relationships as a significant conducive or constraining factor for refugees' agency (ability to act) in making use of local livelihood options. The findings generated in field research between November 2016 and July 2017 reveal dynamics within the Palestinian receiving community that have shifted from empathy and solidarity to more ambiguous interaction up to the exploitation and seclusion of refugees. The Paper shows how self-organised assistance groups of Jordanians with Palestinian origin take care of refugees from Syria in dire need for help, no matter what legal status they have. They support some refugees in regaining their agency and thus contribute to securing their livelihood. The central argument of this Paper is that the agenda of international aid and development agencies of enhancing resilience and promoting self-reliance of refugees does not strengthen refugees' agency. Instead of considering the refugees' own priorities and intentions about their livelihood, it pre-designs basic needs to different refugee groups and attempts to integrate them into a presumed market economy that in fact is distorted for political purposes (mainly shielding Jordanians from foreign competitors). This is most pronounced in the EU-Jordan Compact, established to provide Syrians with preferential access to (low-skilled) employment in return for alleviated access of Jordanian companies to the European market. The study discloses how the Compact contradicts the idea of resilience of the refugees. In the conclusion, the Paper questions the collusion of the international community with the Jordanian government in using the presence of the refugees for external interests - promoting liberal market expansion through the EU - Jordan Compact in return for continuous aid.

The aim of the study is to find mystical elements in Edith Stein's anthropology as a connecting principle between phenomenology and Thomism. Relying on methodological definition of philosophical mystic, as a matching of theological and philosophical doctrines, based upon reflection on experience of ecstatic unity with the Absolute, it was shown that phenomenology is implicitly directed towards research of real structure of immediate experience which in all its limits approaches to mystical experience. Not the mind and not the faith, but will (that directs knowledge to mystical unity of immanent subject and transcendental object in finding the truth) is defining for the mystical character of Stein's creative method. Stein, being a bright representative of phenomenology, gradually disagrees with Husserl at some points: 1. Stein considers the world as an immediate contemplation on the entity that transcends the identity of being and thinking; 2. In her opinion, phenomenology neglects the ontological Absolute. As a result, there is misplace of the Absolute by structural-cognitive aims, that, in its turn, was a reason for amalgamation of onthology and epistemology, according to Stein's views. 3. Stein strives to overcome epistemological rationality and achieve a sphere of philosophical mystic where ontological object and epistemological subject are identical in the act of mystical contemplation. 4. Lack of metaphysical elements in phenomenology leads Stein to Thomism in which she potentially seeks a way out of metaphysical limits and the way which leads to the level of transpersonal states of mind. 5. Stein reproaches transcendentalism in loss of the world and she ignores the changes in Husserl's world outlook, his transcendental turn and genealogy of the trustworthy acquaintance with the world. An empathy, as a model of extrapolation of the principle (of to be get used to the experience of the Other) onto mystical act of overcoming of subject-object opposition of transpersonal content and an intuition, as a movement inside the self, an ability to complete an integral image refusing the subjectivity and bringing back generic, spiritual subject, are considered to be key-constructs of the Edith Stein's evolutionary views development on her way to philosophical mystic. At the same time, mystical does not drop out of the phenomenological series but fills it with new existential meaning. The novelty of the study is in its showing up the productive meaning of philosophical mystics in the creativity of Edith Stein, who enriched contemporary anthropology by metahistorical content of moral and existential meaning on the basis of synthesis of philosophy of mind and Thomistic metaphysics.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to contribute to understanding social entrepreneurship via a systematic literature review (SLR) of the construct's varied definitions to assess the means by and the context in which the phenomenon is studied.


Design/methodology/approach
The SLR follows a deliberative, replicable, methodical and transparent process, including a quality assessment tool of definitional sources. SLR results are organized around Gartner's (1985) framework of new value creation, thus additionally analysing the dimensionality with which social entrepreneurship has been studied. Finally, a qualitative analysis of the definitions reviews commonalities of themes within definitions to assess trends.


Findings
Significant research has been dedicated to defining social entrepreneurship. However, many efforts do not explore the full dimensionality of the concept, as findings reveal that no definition explored the four dimensions of entrepreneurship posited by Gartner (1985). Further, a time-series review of definitions demonstrates limited advancement in definitional development. Geographic location of definition authors and key word analysis challenge previous research on the activation of social entrepreneurship in literature.


Research limitations/implications
Although the SLR was conducted in a controlled manner, this study is time-bound and only reviews English-language publications. While results are analysed using a recognized framework (i.e. Gartner, 1985), other conceptual models are available. Although two researchers independently categorized and analysed definitions, assessment of quality was limited. The results offer an insight into how the conceptualization of social entrepreneurship may be advanced as well as the important role of practitioners in the development of the construct's theory and practice.


Practical implications
The detailed appraisal of definitions may guide practitioners as they strive to define their own organizational efforts. The multi-dimensional conversation of social entrepreneurship in this study enables the leaders of different organizational types to ensure their social entrepreneurship activities consider all dimensions (i.e. environment, individual, organization and process). The SLR allows the practitioner to further engage in deep discussion on the future of the field by cataloguing their influence on the multi-dimensionality of the social entrepreneurship construct. Organizational leaders may also use the findings to generate more discussion around what is missing from the definitions (i.e. empathy, responsibility, resourcefulness and transparency).


Originality/value
The findings synthesize social entrepreneurship definitions across multi-disciplinary fields and contexts and within a multi-dimensional framework utilizing an infrequently used literature review method within social sciences.

Vilniaus universitetasUniversiteto g. 9/1, LT-01313 VilniusTel. 266 76 10. El. paštas: vilep@delfi.ltVilniaus universitetasUniversiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 VilniusTel. (8 674) 600 93. El. paštas: justina.zur@gmail.com
Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos socialinio darbo studentų studijų programos rinkimosi motyvų ir ketinimo dirbti pagal specialybę sąsajos su studentų sau priskiriamomis asmenybės savybėmis. Straipsnio tikslas – apžvelgti įvairių šalių autorių požiūrius į socialinio darbuotojo asmenybės savybių vaidmenį profesinėje veikloje ir ištirti, kokiomis asmenybės savybėmis pasižymintys studentai (jų pačių požiūriu) ketina dirbti šį darbą ir kokius įvardija studijų programos rinkimosi motyvus. Išanalizavus 118 Vilniaus universiteto studentų atsakymus paaiškėjo, kad dominuojantys studijų programos rinkimosi motyvai – noras bendrauti su žmonėmis ir įsitikinimas, kad profesija atitinka poreikius ir interesus. Norėję įstoti į socialinio darbo studijų programą studentai laiko save empatiškesniais ir humaniškesniais nei nenorėję įstoti, kelis kartus dažniau reiškia pagarbą žmonėms ir teikia jiems nešališką pagalbą. Ketinančiųjų dirbti pagal specialybę elgesyje dažniau reiškiasi empatija, pagarba, užuojauta, šiluma ir nešališka pagalba. Taigi respondentų ir studijų programos rinkimasis, ir ketinimas dirbti socialinį darbą yra susiję su sau priskiriamomis asmenybės savybėmis, įvardijamomis kaip būtinos socialiniams darbuotojams.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: studijų programos rinkimosi motyvai, socialinių darbuotojų asmenybės savybės.The relevance of social work students' assessmements of their personality traits to the choice to study social work and intention to work in the fieldVitalija Lepeškienė, Justina Žuromskaja
SummaryThe article deals with the issue of the relationship between the motives of choosing social work study program, intention to work as social workers, and personal qualities which the students attribute to themselves. 118 students (from first to fourth year) of social work program of the Vilnius University were surveyed using standardized questionnaire. The research proved that dominating motives for choosing the study program are willingness to deal with people and notion that the profession fits needs and interests of the students. Both choosing of the program and intention to work as a social worker are related to possessing personal qualities required for an efficient social worker, such as empathy, unconditional positive regard, warmth, compassion and willingness to help. Those who intend to work as social workers base their decision on believe that the profession will provide possibilities for self-realization, as well as believe that their personal qualities fit demands of the profession, and also their willingness to help people.Key words: motives of choosing of the study program, personal qualities of the social workers.

The literature supporting leadership as the most important factor related to organizational success or failure is burgeoning. To a large extent, this may explain why so much research focuses on factors influencing leadership effectiveness. A crucial aspect of leadership research is to determine why some individuals perform effectively in leadership roles while others demonstrate mediocre or low levels of effectiveness. Once measures of individual characteristics have been validated within a relevant context, they become useful sources of information for selecting, placing, and promoting people into leadership positions. The aim of this study was to determine if there are statistically significant differences in emotional intelligence between effective and ineffective leaders. The sample included 114 leaders at the middle management level in a public sector institution in South Africa. Each leader's effectiveness was rated by themselves (self-rating), as well as by four subordinates, thus involving 570 participants. The EQ-i® was used as a measure of emotional intelligence, while Spangenberg and Theron's Leadership Behaviour Inventory was used to determine leadership effectiveness. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the effective leaders scored significantly higher on the total emotional intelligence measure. They also scored significantly higher on two emotional intelligence composite scales (Interpersonal EQ and Stress Management EQ) and six sub-scales (Self-actualization, Empathy, Social Responsibility, Stress Tolerance, Problem-solving, and Optimism). Points for practitioners The relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness seems to warrant organizational consideration of the possible inclusion of emotional intelligence, among other competencies, as a selection and promotion criterion for future leaders. Job analyses and the subsequent identification of job competencies can be used in order to determine, among others, the emotional intelligence requirements of specific leadership tasks, duties, and behaviours at different managerial levels within the organization. Based on such predetermined criteria, valid measures of emotional intelligence could be included as part of the selection and promotion process, along with other desirable individual attributes, such as verbal and numerical abilities, personality attributes, and specific managerial and leadership competencies required for effective leadership specifically within public sector institutions. Leadership development courses may also include programmes to develop emotional intelligence competencies. Potential candidates nominated to attend these courses could be equipped with a vital understanding of their own emotional functioning as well as an awareness of their influence on their followers. The continuous provision of feedback, mentoring, and modelling is also a key consideration in the development of emotional intelligence.

This paper explores two very different contexts in South Africa where witnessing and secondary witnessing have a special impact on the nature of national memorialization: women's narrative accounts of their prison experiences; and therapeutic initiatives around HIV/AIDS. It asks whether experiences related through testimony of one kind or another can be embodied in forms which might enable access for non‐participants, especially since the power of witnessing relies so heavily on qualities of voice and performance. What would be an adequate and relevant form which might translate personal trauma into a publicly accessible and affective monument or memorial? And if, unlike most of the public commemorative initiatives in South Africa since 1994, we take gender into consideration, is there anything particular about aspects of women's experience that might influence such a decision? Is it possible for us as non‐participants to adopt an ethical viewing position in relation to this material which takes on board both Susan Sontag's caution about voyeurism and Gayatri Spivak's insistence on the importance of listening without engaging in a necessarily narcissistic empathy that might obliterate the speaker's right to an incommensurable experience?RésuméL'article étudie deux contextes très différents en Afrique du Sud, dans lesquels le témoignage et le témoignage secondaire ont un effet spécifique sur la nature de la mise en mémoire nationale : les récits de prison faits par des femmes et les initiatives thérapeutiques contre le VIH et le SIDA. L'auteure se demande s'il est possible de donner aux expériences reliées par l'un ou l'autre type de témoignage une forme qui les rendrait accessibles à ceux qui n'y ont pas été impliqués, d'autant plus que la puissance du témoignage doit beaucoup aux qualités de la voix et de la performance. Quelle forme pourrait être adéquate et pertinente pour traduire le traumatisme personnel en mémorial affectif accessible à tous ? Si, contrairement à la plupart des commémorations publiques en Afrique du Sud depuis 1994, on prend le sexe en compte, y a‐t‐il quelque chose de particulier dans l'expérience des femmes qui pourrait influer sur cette décision ? Est‐il possible que ceux qui n'ont pas été impliqués adoptent une position de spectateurs éthiques par rapport à ce qui est présenté, en intégrant à la fois la mise en garde contre le voyeurisme de Susan Sontag et l'insistance de Gayatri Spivak sur l'importance d'écouter sans s'engager dans une empathie nécessairement narcissique, qui pourrait occulter le droit du narrateur à une expérience sans commune mesure avec celle des autres ?

La filosofía moral smithiana se fundamenta en un principio axiomático: la pertenencia necesaria del individuo a la sociedad y la acción moral como determinante del bienestar individual. La condición social inherente al sujeto por su imposibilidad de supervivencia autonónoma psicológica y ontológica, además, la identificación moral con la propia felicidad y la de otros lograda por medios directos o involuntarios, la empatía con el éxito o el dolor de otros. Es la acción prudencial la que explica el carácter civil de la autodeterminación y del autocontrol de las resoluciones; para Smith, los seres humanos no son únicamente autointeresados porque ellos tienen conciencia moral y existencia socializada. Palabras Clave: compatibilidad de sentimientos, simpatía, juego cooperativo, felicidad, prudencia, egoísmo. Clasificación JEL: B12, B10. Abstract: Smithian moral philosophy is based on an axiomatic principle: the individual's necessary belonging to society and moral action as a determinant of individual wellbeing. The inherent social condition of the individual due to the impossibility of autonomous psychological and ontological survival, and the moral identification with one's own happiness and that of others, achieved through direct or involuntary means, the empathy with the success or the pain of others. It is the prudent action that explains the civilian character of self-determination and self-control of decisions. For Smith, human beings are not only self-interested because they have a moral conscience and a socialized existence. Keywords: Congeniality, Sympathy, Cooperative Game, Happiness, Hate, Moral Philosophy, Prudence, Selfishness. JEL classification: B12, B10. Résumé : La philosophie morale smithienne est fondée sur un principe axiomatique: l'appartenance nécessaire de l'individu à la société et l'action morale comme facteur déterminant du bien-être individuel. Dans ce contexte, la condition sociale de l'individu est donnée par l'impossibilité de celui-ci à survivre de manière autonome du point de vue psychologique et ontologique. En outre, l'identification morale de l'individu avec son propre bonheur et celui des autres est obtenue à travers des moyens directs ou involontaires, alors que l'empathie est obtenue à travers le succès ou la douleur de autres. C'est l'action prudente qui explique le caractère civil de l'autodétermination et de l'autocontrôle des solutions. Pour Smith, les êtres humains ne poursuivre que leur intérêt personnel car ils ont une conscience morale et une existence socialisée. Mots clés: Accord de sentiments, sympathie, jeu coopératif, bonheur, haine, philosophie morale, prudence, égoïsme. Classification JEL: B12, B10

The quality of service does not only involve physical recovery but also concerns satisfaction with the attitude, knowledge and skills of staff in providing services as well as the availability of adequate facilities and infrastructure at the Community Health Center (Hartawan et al., 2018). Standards of pharmaceutical services at community health centers, counseling and providing drug information (PIO) is one of the jobs of pharmacists at community health centers. Providing pharmaceutical services, pharmacists can identify and overcome drug-related problems, empower patients to implement positive behavioral management, increase patient satisfaction, and can optimize the quality of patient care. The level of patient satisfaction is the patient's feeling that arises from the performance of health services obtained after comparing it with what is felt. The level of patient satisfaction is viewed from five Servqual dimensions, namely the reliability dimension, which is the ability to provide services that satisfy patients. The responsiveness dimension is the ability to help patients and fulfill their requests. The assurance dimension is the ability to create trust and a sense of security. The empathy dimension is personal attention to consumers. The tangible dimension is physical facilities and equipment. (Kevin, 2016). The general objective of this research is to analyze the level of community service satisfaction at the pharmacy unit health service facility at the Pengadang Community Health Center, Central Lombok Regency. The method used in this research is a descriptive survey method which collects data using a questionnaire that has been tested on pharmacy visitors/patients incidentally or momentarily on patients who visit the pharmacy unit, and/or have visited and received health services from the pharmacy unit at the Community Health Center. Central Lombok Regency Roadblocks in 2023, through direct interviews by filling out a questionnaire. The population in this study is based on the number of outpatient and inpatient visitors to the Pengadang Community Health Center, Central Lombok Regency in 2023, based on initial observations at the Pengadang Community Health Center of 770 patients. The total sample (Slovin) was 88 respondents. The conclusion of this research is that the level of service satisfaction in the reliability dimension is 79.05% in the satisfied category, the level of service satisfaction in the responsiveness dimension is 75.65% in the satisfied category, the level of service satisfaction in the guarantee dimension is 84.1% in the very satisfied category, the level of service satisfaction Empathetically it was 85.77% in the very satisfied category, the level of service satisfaction in appearance was 64.42% in the satisfied category. Analysis of the Level of Community Service Satisfaction in the Pharmacy Unit Health Service Facilities at the Pengadang Community Health Center, Central Lombok Regency in 2023, with an average value of 77.79% in the satisfied category. Recommendations for good service are maintained and improved.

PurposeThe "what is beautiful is good" (WIBIG) effect implies that observers tend to perceive physically attractive people in a positive light. The authors investigate how the WIBIG effect applies to user personas, measuring designers' perceptions and task performance when employing user personas for the design of information technology (IT) solutions.Design/methodology/approachIn a user experiment, the authors tested six different personas with 235 participants that were asked to develop remote work solutions based on their interaction with a fictitious user persona.FindingsThe findings showed that a user persona's perceived attractiveness was positively correlated with other perceptions of the persona. The personas' completeness, credibility, empathy, likability and usefulness increased with attractiveness. More attractive personas were also perceived as more agreeable, emotionally stable, extraverted and open, and the participants spent more time engaging with personas they perceived attractive. A linguistic analysis indicated that the IT solutions created for more attractive user personas demonstrated a higher degree of affect, but for the most part, task outputs did not vary by the personas' perceived attractiveness.Research limitations/implicationsThe WIBIG effect applies when designing IT solutions with user personas, but its effect on task outputs appears limited. The perceived attractiveness of a user persona can impact how designers interact with and engage with the persona, which can influence the quality or the type of the IT solutions created based on the persona. Also, the findings point to the need to incorporate hedonic qualities into the persona creation process. For example, there may be contexts where it is helpful that the personas be attractive; there may be contexts where the attractiveness of the personas is unimportant or even a distraction.Practical implicationsThe findings point to the need to incorporate hedonic qualities into the persona creation process. For example, there may be contexts where it is helpful that the personas be attractive; there may be contexts where the attractiveness of the personas is unimportant or even a distraction.Originality/valueBecause personas are created to closely resemble real people, the authors might expect the WIBIG effect to apply. The WIBIG effect might lead decision makers to favor more attractive personas when designing IT solutions. However, despite its potential relevance for decision making with personas, as far as the authors know, no prior study has investigated whether the WIBIG effect extends to the context of personas. Overall, it is important to understand how human factors apply to IT system design with personas, so that the personas can be created to minimize potentially detrimental effects as much as possible.

Purpose
In view of the complexity of supply chain management (SCM) in the insurance industry, to the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper was the first to use symmetrical and asymmetrical methos to examine how the insurer's service quality and SCM can be configurated to explain the relationships between the insurance companies and brokers as the intermediaries. This study positions insurance brokers as the insurance companies' customers and supply chain partners, aims to examine the relationships between service quality, SCM and relationship quality.


Design/methodology/approach
This paper undertook two studies and used two methods to examine how the insurer's service quality and SCM can be configurated to explain the relationships between the insurance companies and brokers as the intermediaries. Both symmetrical and asymmetrical analyses were performed including regression and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA).


Findings
The results from symmetrical analyses and fsQCA from two countries show substantial differences in how service quality and SCM affect relationship quality. In particular, fsQCA show that all service quality dimensions are important antecedent conditions of relationship quality for Portuguese brokers. Interestingly for Irish brokers, the combination of assurance, responsiveness and the insurer' empathy conjunctively accounted for their satisfaction, whereas none of these quality factors are related to their commitment and trust. All SCM factors are important to explain the brokers' relationship quality with their chosen insurers for both countries.


Research limitations/implications
This study contributes to three areas of research: service quality, SCM and relationship marketing. Firstly, this study used an asymmetrical approach to providing insights into the effect of service quality dimensions by showcasing how these dimensions were configurated to explain the outcome of interest, rather than examining their symmetrical path coefficients. Secondly, this study identified the key factors of SCM in the insurance industry and how these factors can be configurated through Boolean algebra to explain relationship quality between supply chain partners. Finally, this study has implications for relationship marketing research.


Practical implications
As the study was conducted with the insurance brokers in Portugal and Ireland, the findings have implications for the insurance companies for the two countries. As different service quality factors and SCM exert different effects on relationship quality, the insurance companies should look into these factors to modify their current practice to improve relationship quality with their brokers.


Originality/value
Theoretically, to the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to approach from intermediaries to address effectiveness of SCM. Methodologically, to the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to use fsQCA – a case-based approach to understand SCM and relationship quality between stakeholders.