Suchergebnisse

Résumé La part du revenu du travail dans le produit national a baissé dans de nombreux pays développés au cours des trente dernières années. Cependant, nombreux sont les économistes qui demeurent convaincus que la part des salaires reste plus ou moins constante à long terme. La stabilité relative de la part des salaires à long terme est considérée comme un fait stylisé, voire comme une « loi de l'économie ». L'article tente de montrer comment la stabilité alléguée de la part du travail dans le revenu est devenue l'une des « caractéristiques centrales de la science économique ». Il montre aussi comment cette « loi » a pénétré les trois principales théories macro-économiques de la répartition : néoclassique, post-keynésienne et kaleckienne. Puisque les données révèlent des fluctuations marquées dans le temps des parts des revenus, on peut en conclure que les principales théories macro-économiques de la croissance et de la répartition sont construites autour d'une hypothèse erronée – ou très discutable. JEL classi?cation : B22, E25

Circular economy is concerned with rethinking economic models to reduce both the pressure on resources and the generation of waste. The implementation of such models often implies new forms of coordination across different processes, actors and scales. The literature on value chains has struggled to conceptualise such transitions. Recent contributions have advocated to frame circular economy initiatives as giving rise to new 'value systems' rather than conventional value chains. Empirical studies on how such 'circular value systems' come about are still rare and lack a firm conceptual basis. We close this gap by applying a conceptual framework to three case studies, respectively concerned with material flows of excavated earth, urban wood and coffee grounds. Our results provide novel empirical evidence on value creation in circular economy initiatives. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/inPress

A partir des données de l' European Working Conditions Survey de 2010, cette étude s'intéresse aux déterminants des absences au travail pour raisons de santé dans les pays européens. L'accent est mis sur l'impact des règles d'indemnisation des arrêts maladie. Cinq paramètres du système d'indemnisation sont pris en compte : l'obligation ou non de fournir un certificat médical dès le premier jour d'absence, la durée minimale d'affiliation au régime d'assurance sociale, l'existence ou non d'un délai de carence, le niveau d'indemnisation et la durée maximale de versement des indemnités maladie. Les comportements d'absence des salariés sont analysés à l'aide de régres sions logistiques multiniveaux. Les résultats montrent que les écarts entre pays dans la probabilité d'absence au travail peuvent en partie s'expliquer par les différences de législation en matière d'indemnisation des arrêts maladie. Le fait que le salaire soit intégralement maintenu par l'employeur en cas de maladie est l'élément le plus déterminant. Comme attendu, dans les pays où cette règle s'applique, la propension à s'absenter est significativement plus élevée.

The UV absorption spectra of the charge transfer (CT) complexes formed by iodine with ethylenimine, ethylene oxide and ethylene sulfide were studied in order to interpret the first ionization potential of these organic molecules by using the empirical relationships (FORMULE). Taking into account the basical specificity of these relations, the trend of the CT data shows ethylenimine and ethylene oxide to be «-donors towards iodine and the first ionization potential of the same donors could be ascribed to the removal of an electron from a non-bonding orbital localized on the heteroatom. Theoretical calculations however do not support this interpretation in the case of ethylenimine.

International audience Since the beginning of the twentieth century, when the concept of "Well-being" has found its new place in economics, the welfare economics, has since consisted of evaluating economic situations, and mainly, the terms of distribution. The debate that was before is only about the measurement of value and utility. Happiness, or well-being, was synonymous with anything that provides satisfaction without necessarily being "useful", yet the relativity of measuring utility was simplified by cumulative aggregation. Indeed, collective well-being represents the sum of the levels of well-being (or utility) of the individuals who make up the community considered. The useful is therefore anything that contributes to maximizing social well-being.Utilitarianism, through functions of marginal utility, has made it possible to identify the optimum of collective and social well-being. On the other hand, and according to the principle of maximization of the sum of well-being, the hypothesis of an equitable distribution of shares, in particular of income between the members of a society, requires that the marginal gain in well-being, in the allocation of resources to different individuals, ie the same everywhere. The fundamental and recapitulated matrix of utilitarianism was uttered by Jeremy Bentham: "The greatest happiness of the greatest number is the measure of just and unjust." The utilitarian doctrine was therefore crucial in the development of several theories in economic and social sciences. We cite in particular the theory of justice. The latter stipulates according to its founder John Rawls, that Men are too egocentric and selfish to determine the principles of fair and equitable distribution of wealth: they seek only to derive their own benefit.Through a theoretical base which presents the economy of well-being, and the theory of justice, our article will deal with the problem of economic inequalities and its perspectives on the attainment of social well-being, in its most extreme ideal's ...

International audience ; Since the beginning of the twentieth century, when the concept of "Well-being" has found its new place in economics, the welfare economics, has since consisted of evaluating economic situations, and mainly, the terms of distribution. The debate that was before is only about the measurement of value and utility. Happiness, or well-being, was synonymous with anything that provides satisfaction without necessarily being "useful", yet the relativity of measuring utility was simplified by cumulative aggregation. Indeed, collective well-being represents the sum of the levels of well-being (or utility) of the individuals who make up the community considered. The useful is therefore anything that contributes to maximizing social well-being.Utilitarianism, through functions of marginal utility, has made it possible to identify the optimum of collective and social well-being. On the other hand, and according to the principle of maximization of the sum of well-being, the hypothesis of an equitable distribution of shares, in particular of income between the members of a society, requires that the marginal gain in well-being, in the allocation of resources to different individuals, ie the same everywhere. The fundamental and recapitulated matrix of utilitarianism was uttered by Jeremy Bentham: "The greatest happiness of the greatest number is the measure of just and unjust." The utilitarian doctrine was therefore crucial in the development of several theories in economic and social sciences. We cite in particular the theory of justice. The latter stipulates according to its founder John Rawls, that Men are too egocentric and selfish to determine the principles of fair and equitable distribution of wealth: they seek only to derive their own benefit.Through a theoretical base which presents the economy of well-being, and the theory of justice, our article will deal with the problem of economic inequalities and its perspectives on the attainment of social well-being, in its most extreme ideal's ...