En este artículo se analiza en qué medida los factores del entorno de la política energética de un país en desarrollo, tal como Argentina, son determinantes para la evolución de las inversiones en energías renovables. A partir del análisis se observa que la baja calidad institucional del país colabora en la configuración de condiciones de entorno no propicias que contrarrestan el efecto de los instrumentos de la política energética, reduciendo significativamente los incentivos a la inversión en tecnologías renovables en el país. Se desprenden entonces la necesidad de mejorar las condiciones institucionales de base de los países en desarrollo para poder avanzar en políticas de promoción de tecnologías renovables. ; The article presents an analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of the war of independence in New Granada between 1811 and 1824. By using fresh data of individual armed encounters in the Viceroyalty, the article presents a first approach between the spatial and temporal dynamics of the war and the development of the tax system. It sets out how the magnitude of the conflict modified forms of funding and how it affected the capacity of the loyal and insurgent provinces to sustain their long-term political position. ; Fil: Recalde, Marina Yesica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación Bariloche. Fundación Bariloche Sede Buenos Aires. Prog.de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo; Argentina
És àmpliament conegut que l'europeïtzació ha guanyat molt terreny en els estudis europeus. Des de finals de la dècada de 1990, ha gaudit d'una important expansió per tal d'avaluar l'eficàcia de les polítiques a escala europea en l'àmbit intern. En aquest procés la política energètica ha jugat un paper molt paradoxal, sent persistentment exclosos de l'agenda de recerca de la europeïtzació, encara que la seva creixent importància en l'elaboració de polítiques comunitàries. No obstant això, la realitat és que, tot i haver estat reconegut recentment com una àrea de la UE amb l'aplicació del Tractat de Lisboa, també ha estat influenciat, directament o indirectament, pels efectes de l'europeïtzació. Com a resultat d'això, la política energètica ha estat considerat com un "cas especial" de l'europeïtzació, portant fins al moment per a la construcció d'un sector caracteritzat la política energètica europea. En aquest context, el present treball pretén explicar l'europeïtzació de les polítiques energètiques nacionals en l'elaboració de l'actuació de la UE per mitjà de la seva competència ambiental. Més explícitament, aquesta investigació tracta de la naturalesa de la reglamentació comunitària en matèria d'energia renovable com un mecanisme d'europeïtzació amb especial èmfasi en el seu impacte a Espanya. Aquest treball sosté que (1) la lluita europea contra el canvi climàtic s'ha obert un camí per a la participació de la UE en matèria de política energètica, i que (2) encara que limitat aquest procés està produint alguns canvis en les polítiques energètiques nacionals. Universitat ; It is widely known that Europeanization has gained considerable ground in European studies. Since the late 1990's, it has enjoyed an important expansion in order to assess the effectiveness of the European-level policies at the domestic level. In this process energy policy has played a very paradoxical role, being persistently excluded from the Europeanization research agenda even though its growing importance in the EU policy-making. However, ...
In this study, we focus on the case of Spanish energy policy and its implications for sustainable energy development. In recent years, Spanish legislation has changed dramatically in its approach to sustainable energy sources. This change is despite EU and international efforts to increase energy efficiency, and to accelerate the transition to renewable energy sources (RES) in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Based on the socio-technical transitions literature, this paper assesses the role of the new legislation in this altered scenario, and analyzes the evolution of energy production in Spain in the EU context. The results are triangulated with two expert assessments. We find that Spanish energy policy is responding to the energy lobby's demands for protection for both their investment and their dominant position. This has resulted in a reduction in the number of investors combined with a lack of trust in both local and foreign investors in the sustainable energy sector, affecting also social innovations in energy transitions. We conclude that Spain is a particular case of concomitance between the energy sector and political power which raises concern about the viability of a higher level of energy sovereignty and the achievement of international commitments regarding climate change.
Encara falta per fer possible una transformació estratègica d'Europa del sistema d'energia, però el que és de la mateixa importància com a objectius a llarg termini de la FER i Reduccions de GEH són vinculants i forts objectius d'eficiència energètica, no només per 2020, però també per al 2030, 2040 i 2050, com aquesta força ajudaria a fixar l'augment de les energies renovables en el total d'energia consum i per reduir el total Emissions de GEH d'Europa en general, i les del sector de l'energia en particular, encara sent un dels majors emissors de gasos d'efecte hivernacle de tots els sectors. La refosa Directiva, prevista per 2011/12 ha de ser un bones finestres d'oportunitat per finalment establir objectius vinculants d'eficiència energètica, l'únic pilar que encara falta en la força energia interdependents i estratègia sobre el clima de la UE, basat en la reducció de gasos d'efecte hivernacle i i l'eficiència energètica. ; What finally is still missing to make possible such a strategic transformation of Europe's energy system but what is of equal importance as long term targets of RES and GHG reductions are binding and strong targets for energy efficiency, not only for 2020 but also for 2030, 2040 and 2050, as this would strongly help to fasten the increase of RES in the overall energy consumption and to bring down the total GHG emissions of Europe in general and those of the energy sector in particular, still being one of the biggest GHG emitters of all sectors. The recast of the Energy Service Directive, foreseen for 2011/12 should be a good windows of opportunity to finally establish binding energy efficiency targets, the only still missing pillar in the strongly interdependent energy and climate strategy of the EU, based on RES, GHG reductions and energy efficiency.
Extremadura currently produces four times more energy than it consumes. Despite this, the regional government plans to multiply the installed capacity of renewable energy generation, especially solar photovoltaic generation, by 2.7 times. This approach is based primarily on the construction of large photovoltaic plants and is justified by the positive impact they could have on local development through the generation of employment, the establishment of a local population and the general improvement of the economy. In order to evaluate these approaches, the objectives of this paper are to analyse the evolution and typology of electricity production in Extremadura and to assess the impact of electricity production on the development of Extremadura's municipalities through the generation of employment and its demographic and economic effects. The results indicate that the large figures for capital invested, surface area occupied, panels installed or energy produced are not related to the impact of electricity production on the development of the territories concerned. ; Extremadura produce en la actualidad cuatro veces más energía de la que consume. A pesar de ello, la Administración Regional proyecta multiplicar por 2,7 la potencia instalada de generación renovable, especialmente de tipo solar fotovoltaico. Este planteamiento se sustenta de modo prioritario en la construcción de grandes plantas fotovoltaicas y se justifica por el impacto positivo que podrían ejercer sobre el desarrollo local mediante la generación de empleo, la fijación de población en el territorio y la mejora general de la economía. Para valorar estos planteamientos, son objetivos de este artículo analizar la evolución y tipología de la producción eléctrica en Extremadura y ponderar la incidencia de la producción eléctrica en el desarrollo de los municipios extremeños a través de la generación de empleo y de sus efectos demográficos y económicos. Los resultados indican que las grandes cifras de capital invertido, de superficie ocupada, de ...
This study assesses the technological, environmental and economic feasibility of biodrying to valorise cellulosic sludge as a renewable energy source. Specifically, three different aeration strategies were compared in terms of biodrying performance, energetic consumption, gaseous emissions, quality of end-products and techno-economic analysis. These strategies were based on different combinations of convective drying with biogenic heat produced. Two innovative biodrying performance indicators (Energetic Biodrying Index and Biodrying Performance Index) were proposed to better assess the initial and operational conditions that favour the maximum energy process efficiency and the highest end-product quality. The end-products obtained consistently presented moisture contents below 40% and lower heating values above 9.4 MJ·kg-1. However, the best values achieved were 32.6% and 10.4 MJ·kg-1 for moisture content and lower heating value, respectively. Low N2O and CH4 emissions confirmed the effective aeration of all three strategies carried out, while NH4 and tVOCs were related either to temperature or biological phenomena. A techno-economic analysis proved the economic viability and attractiveness of the biodrying technology for cellulosic sludge in all the strategies applied. ; This study was carried out within the framework of the 'SMARTPlant' Innovation Action, which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 690323. Joan Colón has received funding from the 2018 call for Ramón y Cajal Grants from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (reference RYC2018-026231-I) co-financed by the State Research Agency and the European Social Fund. Authors thank CirTec B.V. for providing CS samples for the study and Aigües de Manresa S.A for their availability and orientation. Authors would like also thank Nicola Vitale (Univ. of Catania, Italy) for his support developing the economic model.
The energy transition has provided a framework for designing and implementing renewable energy policies in a growing number of countries in recent years. The discourse from both international energy organisations and national governments around these renewable energy policies highlights its -supposed- sustainable nature. However, much evidence shows that the 'renewable' component of these energy policies and the impact on local communities' sustainable development are much smaller than what is claimed in their discourse. This paper analyses the Mazar-Dudas hydropower project (Ecuador) case study, which is officially classified as a small renewable energy project (21 MW) with presumable low environmental impact and significant positive effects on sustainability of local communities. Although, the sustainability associated with hydropower production is one of the most controversial aspects of this energy production technology. Based on interviews with relevant actors and the subsequent thematic content analysis, the results highlight that the environmental impact is perceived as significant, contrary to what it is said in the official discourse. Additionally, the benefit-sharing scheme's effects of this hydropower project are far below expectations.
Abstract: This article aims to introduce and comment on the effects that the incorporation of energies based on renewable sources has on our energy system, analyzing its regulatory framework and taking into account the benefits of its inclusion in the national energy matrix. Likewise, to briefly present the public policies implemented in their development and the relevance of their design in the generation of energy. ; Fil: Frascarelli, Andrea. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Derecho. Cátedra Cátedra de Derecho Ambiental y Desarrollo Sustentable. Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Tema: Derecho Ambiental Urbano / Silvia Nonna, coord., Andrea Frascarelli, colab. -- Resumen: Este artículo se propone presentar y comentar los efectos que, en nuestro sistema energético, produce de la incorporación de energías basadas en fuentes renovables; realizando el análisis de su marco normativo y tomando en consideración los beneficios que otorga su inclusión en la matriz energética nacional. Asimismo, exponer brevemente las políticas públicas implementadas en su desarrollo y la relevancia de su diseño en la generación de energía.
"In diesem Beitrag werden professionelle Diskurse in Unternehmen analysiert, in denen ideologisch ökonomische Ansätze verteidigt werden, genauer: Diskurse, in denen die spanische Vereinigung der Erzeuger erneuerbarer Energien (APPA) auf Kritiken multinationaler Unternehmen hinsichtlich der öffentlichen Finanzierung insbesondere von fotoelektrischen Firmen reagiert. Die Ergebnisse der (pragmatisch-diskursiven und argumentativen) Analyse zeigen, dass die wesentlichste diskursive Ressource, die APPA nutzt, um diese Art der Energieproduktion und -finanzierung zu verteidigen, darin besteht, die Kritik vonseiten der multinationalen Unternehmen zu rekontexualisieren und in eine Makrostrategie zu transformieren, die erneuerbare Energien delegitimiert. Werden die diskursiven Strategien mit den argumentativen Strategien in Verbindung gesetzt, dann fällt weiter auf, dass diese Delegitimierung von der APPA als argumentativer Beleg genutzt wird, um die Absurdität der Kritik aufzuzeigen. Aus theoretischer und methodologischer Perspektive versucht die Autorin zu verdeutlichen, welche Bedeutung elokutive Ressourcen in Diskursen haben, d.h. Ressourcen, die spezifische kognitive, Emotionen auslösende Muster aktivieren und Intentionen ebenso wie Handeln affizieren." (Autorenreferat)
Retail electricity prices have substantially increased in the last decade in the European Union (EU) as a result of different regulations, raising the concern of policy makers. The growth in the support costs for electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E) has often been singled out as a main driver of the increase in these prices. The aim of this paper is to analyse the degree of influence of RES-E promotion costs on the evolution of the retail price of electricity in the EU Member States. The analysis is carried out for households as well as for industry, with the help of a panel data econometric model. Our results show that the impact of renewable energy promotion costs on retail electricity prices is positive and statistically significant, although relatively small. Differences across consumer types can be observed. An increase of 1% in those costs induces an average increase of only 0.023% in industrial retail prices and 0.008% in the residential retail prices. This impact on retail prices is mediated by the type of support scheme which is adopted, with price-based support instruments showing a greater effect than quantity-based ones.
Retail electricity prices have substantially increased in the last decade in the European Union (EU) as a result of different regulations, raising the concern of policy makers. The growth in the support costs for electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E) has often been singled out as a main driver of these prices. The aim of this paper is to analyse the degree of influence of RES-E promotion costs on the evolution of the retail price of electricity in the EU Member States. The analysis is carried out for households as well as for industry, with the help of a panel data econometric model. Our results show that the impact of renewable energy promotion costs on the retail electricity prices is positive and statistically significant, although relatively small. Differences across consumer types can be observed. An increase of 1% in those costs induces an average increase of only 0.023% in industrial retail prices and 0.008% in the residential retail prices. This impact on retail prices is mediated by the type of support scheme being adopted, with price-based support instruments showing a greater effect than quantity-based ones.
Dicho proyecto tiene como objetivo el realizar un análisis sobre cuál es el funcionamiento de la regulación energética española, para entender el funcionamiento del método de subastas en España y analizar el soporte regulatorio real que se les ofrece a las instalaciones de energía renovable ; El sistema eléctrico español ha experimentado cambios importantes en las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, esto continuará, el progreso de la tecnología y la regulación / desregulación conducirán a un mayor movimiento y cambios en el mercado. Entre la interrupción que creará la nueva tecnología hay, sin embargo, problemas más inminentes, ya que es probable que sucedan en el corto plazo. La interrupción a largo plazo, como el impacto de los vehículos eléctricos, Internet of Things (IoT), el comercio P2P a través de plataformas como Blockchain y el impacto de los consumidores activos sobre el modelo comercial existente, aún no está claro debido a las grandes incertidumbres que los rodean. Estas incertidumbres se relacionan no solo con los fundamentos del mercado y las estrategias de los actores del mercado, sino también con las barreras regulatorias que podrían no ser fáciles de superar. Los temas mas relevantes en la actualidad en e sistema energético español son los siguientes: Incertidumbres de capacidad convencionales: la decisión de cerrar plantas CCGT, nucleares y carbón. Las decisiones del gobierno español sobre una serie de temas, como qué hacer con los excedentes creados recientemente, y las decisiones políticas sobre cómo proceder con los diferentes impuestos en el sistema eléctrico Nuevo paradigma para las energías renovables: aumento de la capacidad en un entorno de subastas que da lugar a una gran exposición a riesgo de mercado. El sistema español, se liberalizó originalmente en 1997 cuando se introdujo la Ley de Electricidad (54/1997). Desde entonces, el sistema eléctrico en España ha sufrido una transformación bastante relevante que ha causado problemas importantes en todos los niveles. Los problemas que afectaban al gobierno, las empresas de servicios públicos, los usuarios finales, los inversores de renovables, los bancos, etc., ponían en riesgo todo el sistema. Durante todo este período, el gobierno español no estuvo inactivo. En el camino, se publicaron una serie de nuevas reglas y piezas legales con el fin de abordar partes del problema que, sin embargo, siempre fue creciendo. Como resultado de todas las cuestiones acumuladas a lo largo del tiempo, el sistema eléctrico español experimentó una gran transformación durante 2013, cuando el Gobierno español introdujo varios cambios que modificaron la estructura general de la regulación de la electricidad. Este cambio se produjo como la Ley 24/2013 que anuló la antigua Ley 54/1997, y desde una perspectiva de mercado proporciona medios para resolver los problemas relacionados con la fortaleza financiera de la electricidad sistema. Además, también se desarrolló una legislación posterior, el RD 413, que rige sobre las energías renovables. Además, también se introdujeron cambios en la regulación de las redes. Dada la magnitud de las necesidades de inversión en la generación de energía baja en emisiones de carbono para mitigar el efecto invernadero, la disponibilidad y el coste de capital es crucial para una transición energética se desarrolle con éxito. Recientemente, se ha podido observar un fuerte aumento de la financiación de proyectos sin recurso para los proyectos de generación de energía. Sin embargo, los cambios políticos y regulatorios que se han desarrollado en España han trucando o están truncando muchas posibles financiaciones para nuevos proyectos. El nuevo escenario de las subastas ha introducido mucha incertidumbre sobre cual es el soporte regulatorio real que tienen o pueden tener los nuevos proyectos de energía renovable. Este documento evalúa la importancia de la financiación de proyectos para proyectos de energía renovable, y los factores subyacentes para usar este tipo de financiación. Los cambios ocurridos en el sector eléctrico español desde 1997, la falta de garantía de la estabilidad financiera del sistema eléctrico y la dispersión regulatoria llevaron al Gobierno español a aprobar una nueva ley del sector eléctrico en diciembre de 2013 ("LSE"). Se discuten las implicaciones de los cambios regulatorios que ha habido recientemente en el sector, y como eso puede afectar a la financiación de los proyectos. También analiza el panorama financiero de las energías renovables y describe las tendencias clave a nivel mundial, examina las diferentes funciones y enfoques de la financiación, destaca el importante papel de los instrumentos de mitigación de riesgos y proporciona una perspectiva para la financiación de energías renovables en 2018 y más adelante en España. ; The Spanish electricity system has undergone significant changes in recent decades. However, this will continue, the progress of technology and regulation / deregulation will lead to greater movement and changes in the market. However, there are more imminent problems between the interruption that the new technology will create, since they are likely to happen in the short term. The long-term interruption, such as the impact of electric vehicles, Internet of Things (IoT), P2P trade through platforms such as Blockchain and the impact of active consumers on the existing business model, is not yet clear due to the great uncertainties that surround them. These uncertainties are related not only to market fundamentals and the strategies of market players, but also to regulatory barriers that may not be easy to overcome. The most relevant issues at present in the Spanish energy system are the following: Conventional capacity uncertainties: the decision to close CCGT, nuclear and coal plants. The decisions of the Spanish government on a series of topics, such as what to do with the surpluses created recently, and the political decisions on how to proceed with the different taxes on the electricity system New paradigm for renewable energies: increases in capacity in an auction environment that leads to a large exposure to market risk. The Spanish system was originally liberalized in 1997 when the Electricity Law was introduced (54/1997). Since then, the electrical system in Spain has undergone a quite relevant transformation that has caused important problems at all levels. The problems that affected the government, utilities, end users, renewables investors, banks, etc., put the whole system at risk. Throughout this period, the Spanish government was not inactive. Along the way, a series of new rules and legal pieces were published in order to address parts of the problem that, however, was always growing. As a result of all the issues accumulated over time, the Spanish electricity system underwent a major transformation during 2013, when the Spanish government introduced several changes that modified the general structure of electricity regulation. This change occurred as Law 24/2013 that annulled the old Law 54/1997, and from a market perspective provides means to solve the problems related to the financial strength of the electricity system. In addition, a subsequent legislation was also developed, RD 413, which governs renewable energies. In addition, changes were also introduced in the regulation of networks. Given the magnitude of the investment needs in the generation of low carbon energy to mitigate the greenhouse effect, availability and the cost of capital is crucial for an energy transition to develop successfully. Recently, it has been possible to observe a strong increase in the financing of non-recourse projects for power generation projects. However, the political and regulatory changes that have taken place in Spain have trickled or are truncating many possible financings for new projects. The new auction scenario has introduced a lot of uncertainty about the actual regulatory support that new renewable energy projects have or can have. This document assesses the importance of project financing for renewable energy projects, and the underlying factors for using this type of financing. The changes occurred in the Spanish electricity sector since 1997, the lack of guarantee of the financial stability of the electricity system and the regulatory dispersion led the Spanish Government to approve a new electric sector law in December 2013 ("LSE"). The implications of the regulatory changes that have recently occurred in the sector are discussed, and how that can affect the financing of the projects. It also analyzes the financial landscape of renewable energies and describes key trends worldwide, examines the different functions and approaches to financing, highlights the important role of risk mitigation instruments and provides a perspective for the financing of renewable energies in 2018 and later in Spain.
Màster en Diplomàcia i Funció Pública Internacional, Centre d'Estudis Internacionals, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2014-2015, Tutor: Fernández Pons, Xavier
